This article is a narrative review that discusses the recommended sample size requirements to design a pilot study to assess the reliability of a questionnaire. A list of various sample size tables that are based on the kappa agreement test, intra-class correlation test and Cronbach’s alpha test has been compiled together. For all calculations, type I error (alpha) was set at a maximum value of 0.05, and power was set at a minimum value of 80.0%. For the kappa agreement test, intra-class correlation test, and Cronbach’s alpha test, the recommended minimum sample size requirement based on the ideal effect sizes shall be at least 15, 22, and 24 subjects respectively. By making allowances for a non-response rate of 20.0%, a minimum sample size of 30 respondents will be sufficient to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The clear guideline of minimum sample size requirement for the pilot study to assess the reliability of a questionnaire is discussed and this will ease researchers in preparation for the pilot study. This study provides justification for a minimum requirement of a sample size of 30 respondents specifically to test the reliability of a questionnaire.

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The implementation of imaging methods that enable sensitive and specific observation of anatomical structures has been a constant in the evolution of endodontic therapy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables 3-dimensional (3D) spatial anatomical navigation in the 3 volumetric planes (sagittal, coronal and axial) which translates into great accuracy for the identification of endodontic pathologies/conditions. CBCT interpretation consists of 2 main components: (i) the generation of specific tasks of the image and (ii) the subsequent interpretation report. A systematic and reproducible method to review CBCT scans can improve the accuracy of the interpretation process, translating into greater precision in terms of diagnosis and planning of endodontic clinical procedures. MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2023. This narrative review addresses the theoretical concepts, elements of interpretation and applications of the CBCT scan in endodontics. In addition, the contents and rationale for reporting 3D endodontic imaging are discussed.

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• Effectiveness of microscope-assisted root canal treatment in permanent posterior teeth: A retrospective cohort study
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• MANAGEMENT OF INTRACANAL SEPARATED INSTRUMENTS: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ENDODONTIC FILE SEPARATION — A NARRATIVE REVIEW
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• Color Stability Under Challenge: Effects of Thermo-Aging and Mouthrinse Exposure on Anterior Teeth and Esthetic Composites
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• Micro- and Nanoplastics and the Oral Cavity: Implications for Oral and Systemic Health, Dental Practice, and the Environment—A Narrative Review
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• The Effect of Intraorifice Barrier Materials on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
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• Alkasites in restorative dentistry: a review of their performance and properties
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• Comparative Analysis of Flexural and Compressive Strengths of Bioactive Alkasite Compared to Other Ion-Releasing Restorative Materials
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This study aimed to answer the question through a systematic review: Can carbamide peroxide be as effective as hydrogen peroxide and cause less in-office bleaching sensitivity? A literature survey was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and gray literature. Primary clinical trials that compared the efficacy or the in-office bleaching sensitivity between carbamide and hydrogen peroxides were included. The risk of bias was evaluated using the RoB2. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. DPI training significantly improved the mean scores of the dental undergraduates from 7.53 in the pre-DPI-training test to 9.01 in the post-DPI-training test (p < 0.001). After 6 weeks, the mean scores decreased marginally to 8.87 in the retention test (p = 0.563). DPI training increased their confidence level from 5.68 pre-DPI training to 7.09 post-DPI training. The limited evidence suggests that the 37% carbamide peroxide may be similarly effective to the 35% hydrogen peroxide for bleaching teeth in-office and causes less bleaching sensitivity. However, more well-designed split-mouth clinical trials are necessary to strengthen the evidence.

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• Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Enamel Surface Roughness Following High-Concentration Peroxide Bleaching: A Comparative In Vitro Study
  Mamnoon Ghafir, Nida Mehmood, Leeza Bharati, Shreya Bhukal, Ritika Sethi, Aanchal Chaudhary, Seema Gupta
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• Using violet light during in-office tooth bleaching to enhance the efficacy of carbamide peroxide without increasing bleaching sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Mariana Silva de Bessa, Kaiza de Sousa Santos, Patrick Wesley Marques de Boa, Francisca Jennifer Duarte de Oliveira, Bárbara Faria de Sá Barbosa, Boniek Castillo Dutra Borges
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  Mandana Karimi, Elmira Ataee, Ladan Ranjbar Omrani, Mahdi Abbasi, Elham Ahmadi
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• Evaluation of Endodontic Retreatment Videos on The Youtube Platform: Quality and Content Analysis
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• Antibacterial Effects of Ethanolic Extractions of Aloe Vera, Black Tea, Pomegranate and Orange on Streptococcus mutans: An In-vitro Study
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• Evaluation of color stability in single-shade composite resins using spectrophotometer and cross-polarized mobile photography
  Hatice Tepe, Ozge Celiksoz, Batu Can Yaman
  BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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This review aimed to evaluate and compare the biological response (biocompatibility and cytotoxicity) of resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) in contrast to conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) on human cells. Articles reporting parallel and split-mouth clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, prospective studies, and in vitro studies on human permanent teeth that assessed the biological response of GIC and RMGIC were included. The following electronic bibliographic databases were searched using the keywords: MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. For the risk of bias MINORS tool and the modified scale of Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials were used. Initial screening identified 552 studies, of which 9 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Different parameters such as odontoblastic changes, inflammatory response, tertiary dentin formation, presence of microorganisms, morphological changes, cell viability, number, and metabolism were used to evaluate the biological response of conventional GIC and RMGICs. Conventional GIC shows lower cytotoxicity compared to RMGIC in vital pulp therapy procedures. Further, in vivo studies and long-term clinical trials are needed to compare these observations for pulp therapy using the 2 test materials.

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• Thermal Aging-Induced Alterations in Surface and Interface Topography of Bio-Interactive Dental Restorative Materials Assessed by 3D Non-Contact Profilometry
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• Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin Plus Sealed Exclusively with Glass Ionomer Cement: Setting a New Standard for Healing, Aesthetics and Predictive Modelling in Regenerative Endodontics
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• The conventional glass ionomers – A forgotten paradigm
  Shishir Singh
  Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2024; 27(12): 1201.     CrossRef

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the success rate of direct pulp capping (DPC) on permanent teeth, comparing the use of MTA with calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate-based cements. A systematic search was carried out in 4 databases until July 2023. The selection was based on PICOS criteria and only randomized clinical trials were included. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2 tool, and meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 software. The overall quality of evidence was determined using the GRADE tool. Thirteen studies were included. Meta-analyses indicated significantly higher success rate for DPC using MTA compared to calcium hydroxide, while no significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine, showing a success rate from 80% to 100% even after 3 years of follow-up. Five studies were classified as having high risk of bias and the GRADE assessment revealed low certainty of evidence. DPC is highly effective for permanent teeth when using MTA or Biodentine. There is a need for future well-designed randomized clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of DPC using newer bioceramic materials.

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• Physicochemical effects of nano type-B bone substitute on pulp protective cement formulations
  Njwan Fadhel SHEHAB
  Dental Materials Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2025; 28(8): 714.     CrossRef

This study aimed to identify and analyze articles on enamel microabrasion for the treatment of white spot lesions. A search was conducted on the Web of Science. The following parameters were recorded and analyzed: number of citations, year, journal, impact factor, study design, theme, country and continent, institution, authors, and keywords. Data was analyzed using VOSviewer software. The initial search resulted in 1,126 documents, of which 94 articles were included. The highest number of citations an article received was 65. The oldest article was published in 1975, and the most recent in 2023. The most frequent study design was case report (n = 42). Regarding the themes, it was observed that the main objective of the studies was to evaluate the clinical performance of enamel microabrasion (n = 75), primarily using Opalustre (Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) (n = 37) for treating white stains caused by dental fluorosis (n = 41). Most articles originated from Latin America (n = 31), mainly from Brazil (n = 26). The most frequent author was Sundfeld RH (n = 10). This study reveals research trends in the field of enamel microabrasion. The publications were mainly case reports/series using Opalustre for the removal of fluorosis stains.

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• Impact of microabrasion and a remineralizing agent before in-office bleaching on hydrogen peroxide permeability, color alteration, and enamel morphology
  Michael Willian Favoreto, Leticia Condolo, Camila Mendes Camargo, Rafael Rodrigues Lima, Karol Carrillo, Abraham Lincoln Calixto, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio
  Journal of Dentistry.2025; 156: 105655.     CrossRef
• Micro- and Macroabrasion in the Esthetic Zone: A Narrative Review and Case Study
  Jose Villalobos-Tinoco, Carlos A. Jurado, Silvia Rojas-Rueda, Nechama S. Citrin, Staley Colvert, Jose Luis Gutierrez-Quintero, Salwa Mekled
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• Evaluation of demineralization changes in molar tissues in vitro using electrical impedance spectroscopy
  V. D. Goncharov, M. A. Gorelikova, K. V. Shadrina, L. Yu. Orekhova, V. D. Berezkin, E. S. Nemovskaya, A. A. Petrov
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• Repair of furcal perforations using different calcium silicate cements: An in vitro study
  Ariana Esperanza Apolo Aguilar, Maria Soledad Peñaherrera Manosalvas, Henry Paul Valverde Haro
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• Impact of Downward Load and Rotational Kinematics on Root Canal Instrumentation with a Heat-Treated Nickel–Titanium Rotary Instrument
  Risako Yamamoto, Keiichiro Maki, Shunsuke Kimura, Satoshi Omori, Keiko Hirano, Arata Ebihara, Yoshio Yahata, Takashi Okiji
  Materials.2025; 19(1): 108.     CrossRef
• ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF ROOT CANAL OBTURATION AND PREVALENCE OF APICAL PERIODONTITIS IN ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
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  Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation.2024; 16(4): 311.     CrossRef

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• Color Stability of Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials After Exposure to Arabic Coffee and Black Tea: A Systematic Review
  Abdulrhman Y Alenezi, Abdulwahab M AlEyada, Yousef H Aldhafiri, Mohammed S Alsubaie, Mohammed S Alshahrani, Mahesh Shenoy
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• A novel deep learning-based pipeline architecture for pulp stone detection on panoramic radiographs
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• Association between pulp stones and systemic diseases: a retrospective study using digital panoramic radiographs in a Turkish population
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Chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis, known as Garre’s osteomyelitis, is a type of osteomyelitis characterized by a distinctive gross thickening of the periosteum of bones. Peripheral reactive bone formation can be caused by mild irritation or infection. Garre’s osteomyelitis is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and the mandible is more affected than the maxilla. The following is a case report of a 12-year-old female patient with Garre’s osteomyelitis of the mandible due to an infection of a root canal-treated tooth. Without surgical intervention, the patient’s symptoms were relieved through nonsurgical root canal re-treatment with long-term calcium hydroxide placement. A cone-beam computed tomography image obtained 6 months after treatment completion displayed complete healing of the periapical lesion and resolution of the peripheral reactive buccal bone. Due to the clinical features of Garre's osteomyelitis, which is characterized by thickening of the periosteum, it can be mistaken for other diseases such as fibrous dysplasia. It is important to correctly diagnose Garre's osteomyelitis based on its distinctive clinical features to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention, and it can lead to minimally invasive treatment options.

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• Focal osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis
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  South African Dental Journal.2025; 79(09): 508.     CrossRef
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  Wiem Feki, Imen Haddar, Marwa Bahloul, Zeineb Mnif, Thouraya Kammoun, Ines Maaloul
  Journal of Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Garré’s Chronic Sclerosing Osteomyelitis: An Overview of Clinical and Radiologic Features
  Mohamed Fadil, Ayman Farouki, Rachida Saouab, Hassan En-nouali, Jamal El Fenni, Zakariya Toufga
  Oxford Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

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• Impact of the use of high-power 810-nm diode laser as monotherapy on the clinical and tomographic success of the treatment of teeth with periapical lesions: an observational clinical study
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  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

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  Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Journal of Endodontics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

The surface integrity of gutta-percha cones is a crucial factor in the success of endodontic procedures. Disinfecting solutions play a pivotal role in sterilizing gutta-percha cones, but their influence on gutta-percha surface topography remains a subject of concern. This systematic review aimed to present a qualitative synthesis of available laboratory studies assessing the influence of disinfecting solutions on the surface topography of gutta-percha and offers insights into the implications for clinical practice. The present review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. An advanced database search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, LILAC, non-indexed citations and reference lists of eligible studies in May 2024. Laboratory studies, in English language, were considered for inclusion. The quality (risk of bias) of the included studies was assessed using parameters for in vitro studies. A total of 28 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Based on the included in vitro studies, surface deposits and alterations in the physical properties of gutta-percha cones were observed after the disinfection protocol. A comprehensive review of the available literature indicates that the choice of disinfecting solution, its concentration, and immersion time significantly affect the surface topography of gutta-percha cones.

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