This article is a narrative review that discusses the recommended sample size requirements to design a pilot study to assess the reliability of a questionnaire. A list of various sample size tables that are based on the kappa agreement test, intra-class correlation test and Cronbach’s alpha test has been compiled together. For all calculations, type I error (alpha) was set at a maximum value of 0.05, and power was set at a minimum value of 80.0%. For the kappa agreement test, intra-class correlation test, and Cronbach’s alpha test, the recommended minimum sample size requirement based on the ideal effect sizes shall be at least 15, 22, and 24 subjects respectively. By making allowances for a non-response rate of 20.0%, a minimum sample size of 30 respondents will be sufficient to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The clear guideline of minimum sample size requirement for the pilot study to assess the reliability of a questionnaire is discussed and this will ease researchers in preparation for the pilot study. This study provides justification for a minimum requirement of a sample size of 30 respondents specifically to test the reliability of a questionnaire.

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This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the success rate of direct pulp capping (DPC) on permanent teeth, comparing the use of MTA with calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate-based cements. A systematic search was carried out in 4 databases until July 2023. The selection was based on PICOS criteria and only randomized clinical trials were included. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2 tool, and meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 software. The overall quality of evidence was determined using the GRADE tool. Thirteen studies were included. Meta-analyses indicated significantly higher success rate for DPC using MTA compared to calcium hydroxide, while no significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine, showing a success rate from 80% to 100% even after 3 years of follow-up. Five studies were classified as having high risk of bias and the GRADE assessment revealed low certainty of evidence. DPC is highly effective for permanent teeth when using MTA or Biodentine. There is a need for future well-designed randomized clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of DPC using newer bioceramic materials.

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The implementation of imaging methods that enable sensitive and specific observation of anatomical structures has been a constant in the evolution of endodontic therapy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables 3-dimensional (3D) spatial anatomical navigation in the 3 volumetric planes (sagittal, coronal and axial) which translates into great accuracy for the identification of endodontic pathologies/conditions. CBCT interpretation consists of 2 main components: (i) the generation of specific tasks of the image and (ii) the subsequent interpretation report. A systematic and reproducible method to review CBCT scans can improve the accuracy of the interpretation process, translating into greater precision in terms of diagnosis and planning of endodontic clinical procedures. MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2023. This narrative review addresses the theoretical concepts, elements of interpretation and applications of the CBCT scan in endodontics. In addition, the contents and rationale for reporting 3D endodontic imaging are discussed.

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This study aimed to answer the question through a systematic review: Can carbamide peroxide be as effective as hydrogen peroxide and cause less in-office bleaching sensitivity? A literature survey was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and gray literature. Primary clinical trials that compared the efficacy or the in-office bleaching sensitivity between carbamide and hydrogen peroxides were included. The risk of bias was evaluated using the RoB2. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. DPI training significantly improved the mean scores of the dental undergraduates from 7.53 in the pre-DPI-training test to 9.01 in the post-DPI-training test (p < 0.001). After 6 weeks, the mean scores decreased marginally to 8.87 in the retention test (p = 0.563). DPI training increased their confidence level from 5.68 pre-DPI training to 7.09 post-DPI training. The limited evidence suggests that the 37% carbamide peroxide may be similarly effective to the 35% hydrogen peroxide for bleaching teeth in-office and causes less bleaching sensitivity. However, more well-designed split-mouth clinical trials are necessary to strengthen the evidence.

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Chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis, known as Garre’s osteomyelitis, is a type of osteomyelitis characterized by a distinctive gross thickening of the periosteum of bones. Peripheral reactive bone formation can be caused by mild irritation or infection. Garre’s osteomyelitis is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and the mandible is more affected than the maxilla. The following is a case report of a 12-year-old female patient with Garre’s osteomyelitis of the mandible due to an infection of a root canal-treated tooth. Without surgical intervention, the patient’s symptoms were relieved through nonsurgical root canal re-treatment with long-term calcium hydroxide placement. A cone-beam computed tomography image obtained 6 months after treatment completion displayed complete healing of the periapical lesion and resolution of the peripheral reactive buccal bone. Due to the clinical features of Garre's osteomyelitis, which is characterized by thickening of the periosteum, it can be mistaken for other diseases such as fibrous dysplasia. It is important to correctly diagnose Garre's osteomyelitis based on its distinctive clinical features to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention, and it can lead to minimally invasive treatment options.

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This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to answer the following focused research question: “Does the type of endodontic sealer affect the postoperative pain in patients who received endodontic treatment?” Different databases and grey literature were surveyed. Only one randomized controlled trial were included. The risk of bias in the studies was evaluated by using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to compare the risk and intensity of postoperative pain. The quality of the body of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Out of 11,601 studies, 15 remained for qualitative analyses and 12 for meta-analysis. Seven studies were classified at high risk of bias, and 8 studies raised some concerns. No significant differences between the endodontic materials were observed in the direct comparisons, both in risk and in intensity of postoperative pain (pairwise comparisons with 2 studies: I² = 0%; p > 0.05 and 8 studies: I² = 23%; p > 0.05, respectively). The certainty of the evidence was graded as low or moderate. There was no difference in the risk and intensity of postoperative pain after filling with different endodontic sealers. Further systematic reviews should be conducted.

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  Tringa Kelmendi, Donika Bajrami Shabani, Aida Meto, Hani Ounsi
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  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

This study aimed to identify and analyze articles on enamel microabrasion for the treatment of white spot lesions. A search was conducted on the Web of Science. The following parameters were recorded and analyzed: number of citations, year, journal, impact factor, study design, theme, country and continent, institution, authors, and keywords. Data was analyzed using VOSviewer software. The initial search resulted in 1,126 documents, of which 94 articles were included. The highest number of citations an article received was 65. The oldest article was published in 1975, and the most recent in 2023. The most frequent study design was case report (n = 42). Regarding the themes, it was observed that the main objective of the studies was to evaluate the clinical performance of enamel microabrasion (n = 75), primarily using Opalustre (Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) (n = 37) for treating white stains caused by dental fluorosis (n = 41). Most articles originated from Latin America (n = 31), mainly from Brazil (n = 26). The most frequent author was Sundfeld RH (n = 10). This study reveals research trends in the field of enamel microabrasion. The publications were mainly case reports/series using Opalustre for the removal of fluorosis stains.

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• Impact of microabrasion and a remineralizing agent before in-office bleaching on hydrogen peroxide permeability, color alteration, and enamel morphology
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  Journal of Dentistry.2025; 156: 105655.     CrossRef
• Micro- and Macroabrasion in the Esthetic Zone: A Narrative Review and Case Study
  Jose Villalobos-Tinoco, Carlos A. Jurado, Silvia Rojas-Rueda, Nechama S. Citrin, Staley Colvert, Jose Luis Gutierrez-Quintero, Salwa Mekled
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• Evaluation of demineralization changes in molar tissues in vitro using electrical impedance spectroscopy
  V. D. Goncharov, M. A. Gorelikova, K. V. Shadrina, L. Yu. Orekhova, V. D. Berezkin, E. S. Nemovskaya, A. A. Petrov
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• Push-Out Bond Strength of Different Luting Cements Following Post Space Irrigation with 2% Chitosan: An In Vitro Study
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  Prosthesis.2025; 7(1): 18.     CrossRef

This review aimed to evaluate and compare the biological response (biocompatibility and cytotoxicity) of resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) in contrast to conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) on human cells. Articles reporting parallel and split-mouth clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, prospective studies, and in vitro studies on human permanent teeth that assessed the biological response of GIC and RMGIC were included. The following electronic bibliographic databases were searched using the keywords: MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. For the risk of bias MINORS tool and the modified scale of Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials were used. Initial screening identified 552 studies, of which 9 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Different parameters such as odontoblastic changes, inflammatory response, tertiary dentin formation, presence of microorganisms, morphological changes, cell viability, number, and metabolism were used to evaluate the biological response of conventional GIC and RMGICs. Conventional GIC shows lower cytotoxicity compared to RMGIC in vital pulp therapy procedures. Further, in vivo studies and long-term clinical trials are needed to compare these observations for pulp therapy using the 2 test materials.

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  Materials.2025; 18(18): 4421.     CrossRef
• The conventional glass ionomers – A forgotten paradigm
  Shishir Singh
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• At‐Home and In‐Office Bleaching Protocols on the Color Match of Restorations Made With Single‐Shade Composites
  Luciana Vasconcelos Ramos, Dayana Fernandes Rocha Aparicio, André Luis Faria‐e‐Silva, Maíra do Prado, Andréa Vaz Braga Pintor, Marcela Baraúna Magno
  Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2025; 37(6): 1567.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of color matching of three single-shade composites employing simulated 3D printed cavities with different thicknesses using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color difference formulae
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  REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of kombucha, coffee, and turmeric beverages on the color stability of a single-shade versus a multi-shade resin-based composite
  Hanin E. Yeslam, Abdulaziz F. Bakhsh
  PeerJ.2025; 13: e19759.     CrossRef
• Comparative Study of Esthetic Outcome of Pedo Shades of Composite Resin—A Randomized Controlled Trial: In Vivo and In Vitro Study
  Priyanka Raj, Shikha Choubey, Divya Doneria, Diksha Bhat, Shivani Mathur, Shailja Sinha
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• Influence of cavity wall thickness on the color adjustment potential of single-shade resin composites
  Fabrício Luscino Alves de Castro, Letícia Brandão Durand
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• Assessing color mismatch in single-shade composite resins for enamel replacement
  Rafaella Mariana Fontes de Bragança, Diana Leyva Del Rio, Luiz Alves Oliveira-Neto, William Michael Johnston
  The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2024; 132(3): 613.e1.     CrossRef
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  Márcia Luciana Carregosa Santana, Gabriella de Jesus Santos Livi, André Luis Faria-e-Silva
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• Is It Possible for Single-shade Composites to Mimic the Color, Lightness, Chroma, and Hue of Other Single-shade Composites? An In Vitro Study
  M Buldur, G Ayan
  Operative Dentistry.2024; 49(6): 691.     CrossRef
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  BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Influence of Thickness on the Translucency Parameter and Whiteness Index of Single-Shade Resin Composites
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  International Dental Journal.2024; 74(4): 892.     CrossRef
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  Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2023; 35(8): 1279.     CrossRef

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  Australian Endodontic Journal.2025; 51(1): 36.     CrossRef
• Novel radiographic pattern of maxillary periostitis induced by endodontic inflammation: A case report
  Pai-Chun Huang, I-Hao Su, Meng-Ling Chiang, Jyh-Kwei Chen
  Journal of Dental Sciences.2025; 20(3): 1982.     CrossRef
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  Heegyun Kim, Jiyoung Kwon, Hyun-Jung Kim, Soram Oh, Duck-Su Kim, Ji-Hyun Jang
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

This mini-review was conducted to present an overview of the use of exosomes in regenerating the dentin-pulp complex (DPC). The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles published between January 1, 2013 and January 1, 2023. The findings of basic in vitro studies indicated that exosomes enhance the proliferation and migration of mesenchymal cells, as human dental pulp stem cells, via mitogen-activated protein kinases and Wingless-Int signaling pathways. In addition, they possess proangiogenic potential and contribute to neovascularization and capillary tube formation by promoting endothelial cell proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Likewise, they regulate the migration and differentiation of Schwann cells, facilitate the conversion of M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and mediate immune suppression as they promote regulatory T cell conversion. Basic in vivo studies have indicated that exosomes triggered the regeneration of dentin-pulp–like tissue, and exosomes isolated under odontogenic circumstances are particularly strong inducers of tissue regeneration and stem cell differentiation. Exosomes are a promising regenerative tool for DPC in cases of small pulp exposure or for whole-pulp tissue regeneration.

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  Maria Emília Mota, Márcia Martins Marques, Thaís Gimenez, Suely Kunimi Kubo Ariga, Tiago Góss dos Santos, Fábio Abreu Alves, Maria Stella Moreira
  Molecular Biology Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Cell Homing Strategies in Regenerative Endodontic Therapy
  David Kim, Sahng G. Kim
  Cells.2025; 14(3): 201.     CrossRef
• Impact of dental pulp cells-derived small extracellular vesicles on the properties and behavior of dental pulp cells: an in-vitro study
  Dina A. Hammouda, Alaa M. Mansour, Ahmed R. Zaher, Mohammed E. Grawish
  BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Methodological Approaches for Economic Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Exosome-based Therapies with Conventional Endodontic Treatments in Regenerative Endodontics
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  West Kazakhstan Medical Journal.2025; 67(2): 188.     CrossRef
• Exosomal circ_0003057 promotes osteo/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs by binding with EIF4A3 through upregulated parental gene ANKH
  Bingtao Wang, Yuanyuan Kong, Huixian Dong, Feng Lai, Zixin Guo, Liecong Lin, Jingyi Xu, Jingkun Zhang, Yiguo Jiang, Qianzhou Jiang
  International Endodontic Journal.2025; 58(9): 1433.     CrossRef
• Mechanistic insights into dental stem cells‐derived exosomes in regenerative endodontics
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  International Endodontic Journal.2025; 58(9): 1384.     CrossRef
• Exosomes as Promising Therapeutic Tools for Regenerative Endodontic Therapy
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  Biomolecules.2024; 14(3): 330.     CrossRef
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• A Retrospective Study of CBCT-Based Detection of Endodontic Failures and Periapical Lesions in a Romanian Cohort
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  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(18): 6364.     CrossRef

This case report introduces a straightforward, noninvasive approach for the esthetic rehabilitation of malformed anterior teeth in adolescents using direct composite restorations. The universal composite resin restorations are applied within a transparent 3-dimensionally printed rigid-resin index, which is individually customized from a digital wax-up. Compared to other methods, this technique streamlines the restoration process, significantly reducing chairside time while enhancing the predictability, accuracy, and patient acceptance of the aesthetic outcome.

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• Diastema closure and esthetic rehabilitation with peg-shaped laterals: A case series
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  The Saint's International Dental Journal.2024; 8(2): 48.     CrossRef

This systematic review aimed to investigate whether minimally invasive root canal preparation ensures higher fracture resistance compared to conventional root canal preparation in endodontically treated teeth (ETT). A comprehensive search strategy was conducted on the “PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus” databases, alongside reference and hand searches, with language restrictions applied. Two independent reviews selected pertinent laboratory studies that explored the effect of minimally invasive root canal preparation on fracture resistance, in comparison to larger preparation counterparts. The quality of the studies was assessed, and the risk of bias was categorized as low, moderate, or high. The electronic search yielded a total of 1,767 articles. After applying eligibility criteria, 8 studies were included. Given the low methodological quality of these studies and the large variability of fracture resistance values, the impact of reduced apical size and/or taper on the fracture resistance of the ETT can be considered uncertain. This systematic review could not reveal sufficient evidence regarding the effect of minimally invasive preparation on increasing fracture resistance of ETT, primarily due to the inherent limitations of the studies and the moderate risk of bias.

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  International Endodontic Journal.2025; 58(6): 862.     CrossRef
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  Evidence-Based Dentistry.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Nutcha Supavititpattana, Siriwan Suebnukarn, Panupat Phumpatrakom, Kamon Budsaba
  Australian Endodontic Journal.2024; 50(3): 621.     CrossRef
• Ex vivo investigation on the effect of minimally invasive endodontic treatment on vertical root fracture resistance and crack formation
  Andreas Rathke, Henry Frehse, Maria Bechtold
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

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• At‐Home and In‐Office Bleaching Protocols on the Color Match of Restorations Made With Single‐Shade Composites
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  Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2025; 37(6): 1567.     CrossRef
• Surface properties and susceptibility to staining of a resin composite after brushing with different whitening toothpastes
  Aline da Silva Barros, Carolina Meneghin Barbosa, Renata Siqueira Scatolin, Waldemir Francisco Vieira Junior, Laura Nobre Ferraz
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2025; 50(1): e6.     CrossRef
• Current evidence on the impact of whitening toothpastes on dental restorative materials: A comprehensive review
  Soyeon Kim, Shin Hye Chung, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Taro Arima, Young-Seok Park
  Journal of Prosthodontic Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Ahmad Mahmoud Saleh , Aishah Al Daragemeh , Asmaa Morgan Farahat Khatap , Prakash Palanivelu , Arul Vellaiyan , Elturabi Elsayed Ebrahim , Ahmad Rayan , Nermen Abdelftah Mohamed
  Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología.2025; 5: 1372.     CrossRef
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  Sultan Aktuğ Karademir, Samet Atasoy, Beyza Yılmaz
  BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Lasers in Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Ingestions and aspirations of foreign bodies are rare, but do occasionally occur during dental treatment. Although reports exist, few include photos demonstrating the extensive surgical intervention that may be necessary to manage such events. Perhaps this lack of visualization, and associated lack of awareness, is one of the reasons some clinicians still provide non-surgical root canal therapy (NSRCT) without a rubber dam. This case report outlines the medical treatment of a 30-year-old male who initially presented to a general dentist’s office (not associated with the authors) for NSRCT of their mandibular right first molar. A rubber dam was not used for this procedure, during which the accidental ingestion of an endodontic K-file occurred. The patient was subsequently hospitalized for evaluation and treatment, consisting of numerous imaging studies, endoscopic evaluation, and surgical removal of the file from his small intestine. The ingestion of foreign bodies, and the associated complications, can be reduced through the routine use of a rubber dam, which is considered the standard of care for NSRCT. This case graphically illustrates the potential consequences associated with deviating from the standard of care and should remind clinicians that a rubber dam is necessary for all cases of NSRCT.

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  G Guzman-Perez, S Rojas-Rueda, F Floriani, A Unnadkat, C-C Fu, CA Jurado
  Operative Dentistry.2025; 50(1): 5.     CrossRef

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  Clinical Oral Investigations.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

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  Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

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  Operative Dentistry.2025; 50(3): 251.     CrossRef
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  Journal of Dentistry.2025; 163: 106178.     CrossRef
• Combined catalytic strategies applied to in-office tooth bleaching: whitening efficacy, cytotoxicity, and gene expression of human dental pulp cells in a 3D culture model
  Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Victória Peruchi, Igor Paulino Mendes Soares, Filipe Koon Wu Mon, Diana Gabriela Soares, Josimeri Hebling, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
  Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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The surface integrity of gutta-percha cones is a crucial factor in the success of endodontic procedures. Disinfecting solutions play a pivotal role in sterilizing gutta-percha cones, but their influence on gutta-percha surface topography remains a subject of concern. This systematic review aimed to present a qualitative synthesis of available laboratory studies assessing the influence of disinfecting solutions on the surface topography of gutta-percha and offers insights into the implications for clinical practice. The present review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. An advanced database search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, LILAC, non-indexed citations and reference lists of eligible studies in May 2024. Laboratory studies, in English language, were considered for inclusion. The quality (risk of bias) of the included studies was assessed using parameters for in vitro studies. A total of 28 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Based on the included in vitro studies, surface deposits and alterations in the physical properties of gutta-percha cones were observed after the disinfection protocol. A comprehensive review of the available literature indicates that the choice of disinfecting solution, its concentration, and immersion time significantly affect the surface topography of gutta-percha cones.

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• In Vitro Evaluation of Disinfectants on Gutta-Percha Cones: Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans
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From the restorative perspective, various methods are available to prevent the progression of non-carious cervical lesions. Direct, semi-direct, and indirect composite resin techniques and indirect ceramic restorations are commonly recommended. In this context, semi-direct and indirect restoration approaches are increasingly favored, particularly as digital dentistry becomes more prevalent. To illustrate this, we present a case report demonstrating the efficacy of hybrid ceramic fragments fabricated using computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology and cemented with resin cement in treating non-carious cervical lesions over a 48-month follow-up period. A 24-year-old male patient sought treatment for aesthetic concerns and dentin hypersensitivity in the cervical region of the lower premolar teeth. Clinical examination confirmed the presence of two non-carious cervical lesions in the buccal region of teeth #44 and #45. The treatment plan involved indirect restoration using CAD/CAM-fabricated hybrid ceramic fragments as a restorative material. After 48 months, the hybrid ceramic material exhibited excellent adaptation and durability provided by the CAD/CAM system. This case underscores the effectiveness of hybrid ceramic fragments in restoring non-carious cervical lesions, highlighting their long-term stability and clinical success.

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