Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Articles in E-pub version are posted online ahead of regular printed publication.

Statistical Review Article

Practical considerations and methods for determining sample size to estimate a population mean: a narrative review: Mohamad Adam Bujang; Published online August 12, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2026.51.e41 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Sample size determination plays a crucial role in ensuring the validity and precision of research findings. This paper reviews the concept, rationale, and application of the sample size formula for estimating the mean of a population. It outlines the theoretical foundation, practical calculation steps, and appropriate contexts for its use in descriptive and estimation-based studies. This formula is often overlooked, as many researchers focus primarily on hypothesis testing frameworks rather than estimation approaches. Although it is a classical method, it remains highly relevant and essential in contemporary research. Therefore, this paper highlights the importance of this formula across various research settings and provides detailed guidance on how to compute the required sample size accurately. By doing so, it aims to support proper sample size planning, strengthen research design validity, and ultimately enhance the quality and credibility of scientific investigations.

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Research Article

Prevalence of periapical abscesses in psoriasis patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study: Ilan Rotstein, Joseph Katz, Simone Grandini, Giulia Malvicini, Franklin Garcia-Godoy; Published online August 10, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2026.51.e39 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objective: This study was performed to assess the prevalence of acute periapical abscesses (PAs) in patients with psoriasis and to determine whether this relationship remains after adjusting for related systemic, behavioral, and treatment-related confounders.
Methods
A retrospective hospital-based analysis of 2,108,676 patients was conducted using de-identified clinical data. Diagnoses of psoriasis and acute PA without sinus involvement were identified using standardized coding. The association between psoriasis and acute PAs was assessed using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to adjust for diabetes, nicotine dependence, alcohol related disorders, and biologic therapy use.
Results
Among 16,084 patients with psoriasis, 224 were diagnosed with acute PAs. Psoriasis was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of acute PAs than in the overall hospital population (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.94–2.53; p < 0.0001). This association remained statistically significant after adjustment for diabetes (OR, 1.40), nicotine dependence (OR, 1.31), alcohol related disorders (OR, 1.89), and biologic therapy use (OR, 1.77). Female patients and white patients with psoriasis exhibited a higher prevalence of acute PAs compared with other demographic groups.
Conclusions
Psoriasis is independently associated with an increased risk of acute PAs, even after accounting for common medical and behavioral risk factors. Greater awareness among clinicians and closer collaboration between dermatology and oral healthcare providers can facilitate earlier diagnosis and preventive treatment.

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