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The aim of this article was to review age-dependent clinical recommendations for appropriate root canal instrumentation techniques. A comprehensive narrative review of canal morphology, the structural characteristics of dentin, and endodontic outcomes at different ages was undertaken instead of a systematic review. An electronic literature search was carried out, including the Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The searches used controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, as follows: ‘age-related root canal treatment,’ ‘age-related instrumentation,’ ‘age-related chemo-mechanical preparation,’ ‘age-related endodontic clinical recommendations,’ ‘root canal instrumentation at different ages,’ ‘geriatric root canal treatment,’ and ‘pediatric root canal treatment.’ Due to the lack of literature with practical age-based clinical recommendations for an appropriate root canal instrumentation technique, a narrative review was conducted to suggest a clinical algorithm for choosing the most appropriate instrumentation technique during root canal treatment. Based on the evidence found through the narrative review, an age-related clinical algorithm for choosing appropriate instrumentation during root canal treatment was proposed. Age affects the morphology of the root canal system and the structural characteristics of dentin. The clinician’s awareness of root canal morphology and dentin characteristics can influence the choice of instruments for root canal treatment.

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• Effect of the irradiance distribution from light curing units on the local micro-hardness of the surface of dental resins
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• 1,3-Butadiene as an Adhesion Promoter Between Composite Resin and Dental Ceramic in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Jet
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• Cyclic fatigue resistance tests of Nickel-Titanium rotary files using simulated canal and weight loading conditions
  Ok-In Cho, Antheunis Versluis, Gary SP Cheung, Jung-Hong Ha, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(1): 31.     CrossRef

This case report compared the effectiveness of resin infiltration technique (Icon, DMG) with microabrasion (Opalustre, Ultradent Products, Inc.) in management of white spot lesions. It demonstrates that although neither microabrasion nor resin infiltration technique can remove white spot lesions completely, resin infiltration technique seems to be more effective than microabrasion. Therefore resin infiltration technique can be chosen preferentially for management of white spot lesions and caution should be taken for case selection.

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• Resin Infiltration for the Esthetic Improvement of Dental Fluorosis and White Spots: A Case Report
  Sumayyah L Alkhudhayri, Shahad L Alhassani, Nada A AbdelAleem
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• White spot lesions in fixed orthodontic treatment: Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and future research perspectives
  Suma Shankarappa, Jerusha Titus Burk, Pradeep Subbaiah, Raghunath Nagasundara Rao, Vidya Gowdappa Doddawad
  Journal of Orthodontic Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• White Spot Lesions in Fixed Orthodontics: A Literature Review on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment
  Deem Al-Blaihed, Omar El Meligy, Khlood Baghlaf, Rabab A Aljawi, Shahad Abudawood
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of low-viscosity resin infiltration (Icon) on color change of enamel white spot lesions: 1-year follow-up clinical study
  Mohamed. H. Zaazou, Reham S. Saleh, Shahinaz N. Hassan, Ali Abdelnabi, Zeinab M. Zaki, Tamer M. Hamdy, Dalia Y. Zaki, Lamiaa M. Moharam
  Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Individual tooth segmentation in human teeth images using pseudo edge-region obtained by deep neural networks
  Seongeun Kim, Chang-Ock Lee
  Signal Processing: Image Communication.2024; 120: 117076.     CrossRef
• Surface topography and spectrophotometric assessment of white spot lesions restored with nano-hydroxyapatite-containing universal adhesive resin: an in-vitro study
  Neven S. Aref, Rahaf M. Alsdrani
  BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Infiltrating Resins, Noninvasive Treatment of White Spot Lesions: A Case Report
  Rubén Darío Miranda-Carreño, Jacqueline Adelina Rodríguez-Chávez, Abigailt Flores-Ledesma
  Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry.2023; 17(2): 75.     CrossRef
• Management of Turner's Hypoplasia Using Resin Infiltration: A Case Report
  Dhruvi Solanki, Punit Fulzele, Nilima Thosar, Unnati Shirbhate
  Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Colour Parameters and Changes of Tea-Stained Resin Composite Exposed to Whitening Pen (In Vitro Study)
  Abdulaziz Alhotan, Rasha M. Abdelraouf, Saleh Alhijji, Merry Angelyn Tan De Vera, Aref Sufyan, Jukka P. Matinlinna, Tamer M. Hamdy
  Polymers.2023; 15(14): 3068.     CrossRef
• Effect of Resin Infiltration and Microabrasion on the Microhardness of the Artificial White Spot Lesions (An in Vitro Study)
  Reem Majeed H.J. Al-Mamoori, Aseel Haidar M.J. Al Haidar
  Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry.2022; 34(1): 44.     CrossRef
• Effect of sodium fluoride plus tricalcium phosphate with and without CO2 laser on remineralization of white spot lesions
  Nouran M. Eissa, Eman M. Elshourbagy, Nahla E. Gomaa
  Heliyon.2022; 8(10): e10752.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of Resin Infiltration and Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Varnish on Non-cavitated Active White Spot Lesions in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial
  Mohit Dhamija, Rish Tyagi, Namita Kalra, Amit Khatri
  Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Individual Tooth Segmentation in Human Teeth Images Using Pseudo Edge-Region Obtained by Deep Neural Networks
  Seongeun Kim, Chang-Ock Lee
  SSRN Electronic Journal .2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• In Vitro, Influence Of In-Office Dental Whitening On The Color Of Teeth Treated With Resin Infiltration
  Basil Almutairi, Mohammed Al-Refai, Bander AL-Meshary, Abdulrahman Al-Asim, Fahad Al-Sharidah, Abdullah Alshehri
  Annals of Dental Specialty.2021; 9(4): 6.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of color changes of white spot lesions treated with three different treatment approaches: an in-vitro study
  Shaza M. Hammad, Noha A. El-Wassefy, Mohamed A. Alsayed
  Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics.2020; 25(1): 26.     CrossRef
• Spectrophotometric Evaluation of Color Change in Tooth Enamel Defects Using Resin Infiltrate: An In Vivo Study
  Anil Gupta, Shikha Dogra, Sakshi Joshi, Vimanyu Kataria, Jyotika Saini, Monika Nagpal, Payal Narula
  International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2020; 13(2): 150.     CrossRef
• Erosion Infiltration in the Management of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) Defects
  Rym Mabrouk, Souha Yahia, Afef Oueslati, Nadia Frih, Yuk Kwan Chen
  Case Reports in Dentistry.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
• Pediatric Dentists’ Educational Experiences, Attitudes, and Professional Behavior Concerning Resin Infiltration: Implications for Dental Education
  Michael Jordan Halcomb, Marita R. Inglehart, Elisabeta Karl
  Journal of Dental Education.2020; 84(3): 290.     CrossRef
• Esthetic improvements of postorthodontic white-spot lesions treated with resin infiltration and microabrasion: A split-mouth, randomized clinical trial
  Xi Gu, Lin Yang, Deqin Yang, Yuan Gao, Xiaolei Duan, Xin Zhu, He Yuan, Jiyao Li
  The Angle Orthodontist.2019; 89(3): 372.     CrossRef
• Effect of resin infiltration on the color and microhardness of bleached white‐spot lesions in bovine enamel (an in vitro study)
  Sidika Aynur Horuztepe, Meserret Baseren
  Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2017; 29(5): 378.     CrossRef
• Effect of Resin Infiltration on Artificial Caries: Anin vitroEvaluation of Resin Penetration and Microhardness
  Deepesh Prajapati, Rashmi Nayak, Deepika Pai, Nagraj Upadhya, Vipin K Bhaskar, Pujan Kamath
  International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2017; 10(3): 250.     CrossRef
• Application of quantitative light-induced fluorescence to determine the depth of demineralization of dental fluorosis in enamel microabrasion: a case report
  Tae-Young Park, Han-Sol Choi, Hee-Won Ku, Hyun-Su Kim, Yoo-Jin Lee, Jeong-Bum Min
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2016; 41(3): 225.     CrossRef
• Non-destructive management of white spot lesions by using tooth jewelry
  Hee-Jin Kim, Lorena Karanxha, Su-Jung Park
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(4): 236.     CrossRef
• Color and hardness changes in artificial white spot lesions after resin infiltration
  Ji-Hoon Kim, Ho-Hyun Son, Juhea Chang
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(2): 90.     CrossRef

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• Comparison of Setting Time, Compressive Strength, Solubility, and pH of Four Kinds of MTA
  Jing-Ling Che, Jae-Hwan Kim, Seon-Mi Kim, Nam-ki Choi, Hyun-Joo Moon, Moon-Jin Hwang, Ho-Jun Song, Yeong-Joon Park
  Korean Journal of Dental Materials.2016; 43(1): 61.     CrossRef
• Biological Effects and Washout Resistance of a Newly Developed Fast-setting Pozzolan Cement
  Yoorina Choi, Su-Jung Park, Seoung-Hoon Lee, Yun-Chan Hwang, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kyung-San Min
  Journal of Endodontics.2013; 39(4): 467.     CrossRef

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• Photodynamic therapy and other pretreatment methods on epoxy-based glass fiber post on the push-out bond strength to radicular dentin
  Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif, Badreldin A. Mohamed, Aref Othman Hasan Sufyan, Aftab Ahmed Khan, Darshan Devang Divakar
  Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2021; 36: 102526.     CrossRef
• Micro-computed tomography analysis of gap and void formation in different prefabricated fiber post cementation materials and techniques
  Aws ArRejaie, Saleh A. Alsuliman, Mohammed O. Aljohani, Hesham A. Altamimi, Emad Alshwaimi, Ahmad M. Al-Thobity
  The Saudi Dental Journal.2019; 31(2): 236.     CrossRef
• Micro-computerized tomography analysis of cement voids and pull-out strength of glass fiber posts luted with self-adhesive and glass-ionomer cements in the root canal
  Serkan Sarıdağ, Dilek Helvacıoğlu-Yiğit, Mutlu Özcan, Egemen Avcu, Güllü Kızıltaş
  Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology.2016; 30(14): 1585.     CrossRef
• Pull-out bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to NaOCl-treated root dentin: effect of antioxidizing agents
  Maryam Khoroushi, Marzieh Kachuei
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(2): 95.     CrossRef
• Retentive strength of different intracanal posts in restorations of anterior primary teeth: anin vitrostudy
  Mahtab Memarpour, Fereshteh Shafiei, Maryam Abbaszadeh
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 215.     CrossRef
• Effects of dentin moisture on the push-out bond strength of a fiber post luted with different self-adhesive resin cements
  Sevinç Aktemur Türker, Emel Uzunoğlu, Zeliha Yılmaz
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 234.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with hypersensitivity mode on microtensile bond strength of composite resin. Twenty extracted permanent molars were randomly assigned to six groups, according to the irradiation of Er,Cr:YSGG laser, adhesive system (Optibond FL or Clearfil SE bond) and application time of etchant (15 sec or 20 sec). Then composite resin was build up on each conditioned surface. The restored teeth were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 h and twelve specimens for each group were prepared. All specimens were subjected to microtensile bond strength and the fracture modes were evaluated. Also, the prepared dentin surface and laser irradiated dentin surface were examined under SEM.

The results were as follows:

The microtensile bond strength of laser irradiated group was lower than that of no laser irradiated group.

Citations

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• Enamel pretreatment with Er:YAG laser: effects on the microleakage of fissure sealant in fluorosed teeth
  Mahtab Memarpour, Nasrin Kianimanesh, Bahareh Shayeghi
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(3): 180.     CrossRef

This study compared the effect of an activator, intermediate bonding resin and low-viscosity flowable resin on the microtensile bond strength of a self-curing composite resin used with two-step total etching adhesives. Twenty extracted permanent molars were used. The teeth were assigned randomly to nine groups (n=10) according to the adhesive system and application of additional methods (activator, intermediate adhesive, flowable resin). The bonding agents and additional applications of each group were applied to the dentin surfaces. Self-curing composite resin buildups were made for each tooth to form a core, 5mm in height. The restored teeth were then stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24h before sectioning. The microtensile bond strength of all specimens was examined. The data was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and a Scheffe's test. The application of an intermediate bonding resin (Optibond FL adhesive) and low-viscosity flowable resin (Tetric N-flow) produced higher bond strength than that with the activator in all groups. Regardless of the method selected, Optibond solo plus produced the lowest µTBS to dentin. The failure modes of the tested dentin bonding agents were mostly adhesive failure but there were some cases showed cohesive failure in the resin.

The purpose of this study was to compare the dye leakage of MTA (mineral trioxide aggregate) apical plug produced by two orthograde placement techniques (hand condensation technique and ultrasonically assisted hand condensation technique).

To simulate straight canal, 60 transparent acrylic blocks with straight canal were fabricated. These transparent acrylic blocks were divided into 2 groups (Group C; hand condensation technique (HC) and Group U; ultrasonically assisted hand condensation technique (UAHC)) of 30 blocks with each MTA application method. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 15) with different canal size of #70 (subgroup C70 and subgroup U70) and #120 (subgroup C120 and subgroup U120). After apical plug was created, a wet paper point was placed over the MTA plug and specimen was kept in a humid condition at room temperature to allow MTA to set. After 24 hours, remaining canal space was backfilled using Obtura II. All specimens were transferred to floral form socked by 0.2% rhodamine B solution and stored in 100% humidity at room temperature. After 48 hours, resin block specimens were washed and scanned using a scanner. The maximum length of microleakage was measured from the scanned images of four surfaces of each resin block using Photoshop 6.0.

Statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney U test. Group U of UAHC had significantly lower leakage than Group C of HC in #70-size canal (subgroup U70) (p < 0.05).

The purpose of this study was to compare the stress distributions of NiTi rotary instruments based on their cross-sectional geometries of triangular shape-based cross-sectional design, S-shaped cross-sectional design and modified rectangular shape-based one using 3D FE models.

NiTi rotary files of S-shaped and modified rectangular design of cross-section such as Mtwo or NRT showed larger stress change while file rotation during simulated shaping.

The stress of files with rectangular cross-section design such as Mtwo, NRT was distributed as an intermittent pattern along the long axis of file. On the other hand, the stress of files with triangular cross-section design was distributed continuously.

When the residual stresses which could increase the risk of file fatigue fracture were analyzed after their withdrawal, the NRT and Mtwo model also presented higher residual stresses.

From this result, it can be inferred that S-shaped and modified rectangular shape-based files were more susceptible to file fracture than the files having triangular shape-based one.

Citations

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• Ex-Vivo Comparison of Torsional Stress on Nickel–Titanium Instruments Activated by Continuous Rotation or Adaptive Motion
  Joo Yeong Lee, Sang Won Kwak, Jung-Hong Ha, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Materials.2020; 13(8): 1900.     CrossRef
• Autogenous teeth used for bone grafting: a comparison with traditional grafting materials
  Young-Kyun Kim, Su-Gwan Kim, Pil-Young Yun, In-Sung Yeo, Seung-Chan Jin, Ji-Su Oh, Heung-Joong Kim, Sun-Kyoung Yu, Sook-Young Lee, Jae-Sung Kim, In-Woong Um, Mi-Ae Jeong, Gyung-Wook Kim
  Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2014; 117(1): e39.     CrossRef
• Analysis of crystalline structure of autogenous tooth bone graft material: X-Ray diffraction analysis
  Gyung-Wook Kim, In-Sung Yeo, Su-Gwan Kim, In-Woong Um, Young-Kyun Kim
  Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.2011; 37(3): 225.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of elastic modulus of restorative materials and the number of interfaces of post and core systems on the stress distribution of three differently restored endodontically treated maxillary second premolars using 3D FE analysis. Model 1, 2 was restored with a stainless steel or glass fiber post and direct composite resin. A PFG or a sintered alumina crown was considered. Model 3 was restored by EndoCrown. An oblique 500 N was applied on the buccal (Load A) and palatal (Load B) cusp. The von Mises stresses in the coronal and root structure of each model were analyzed using ANSYS. The elastic modulus of the definitive restorations rather than the type of post and core system was the primary factor that influenced the stress distribution of endodontically treated maxillary premolars. The stress concentration at the coronal structure could be lowered through the use of definitive restoration of high elastic modulus. The stress concentration at the root structure could be lowered through the use of definitive restoration of low elastic modulus.

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• How loss of tooth structure impacts the biomechanical behavior of a single-rooted maxillary premolar: FEA
  Roaa Abdelwahab Abdelfattah, Nawar Naguib Nawar, Engy M. Kataia, Shehabeldin Mohamed Saber
  Odontology.2024; 112(1): 279.     CrossRef
• Effect of Proximal Caries-driven Access on the Biomechanical Behavior of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Premolars
  Nawar Naguib Nawar, Roaa Abdelwahab Abdelfattah, Mohamed Kataia, Shehabeldin Mohamed Saber, Engy Medhat Kataia, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Endodontics.2023; 49(10): 1337.     CrossRef
• Survival and success of endocrowns: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Raghad A. Al-Dabbagh
  The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2021; 125(3): 415.e1.     CrossRef
• Influence of Cavity Design on Stress Distribution in Second Premolar Tooth Using Finite Element Analysis
  Z. Parlar, E.U. Gökçek, K. Yildirim, A. Kahyaoglu
  Acta Physica Polonica A.2017; 132(3-II): 949.     CrossRef
• Influence of post types and sizes on fracture resistance in the immature tooth model
  Jong-Hyun Kim, Sung-Ho Park, Jeong-Won Park, Il-Young Jung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(4): 257.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of four restorative materials under various occlusal loading conditions on the stress distribution at the CEJ of buccal, palatal surface and central groove of occlusal surface of endodontically treated maxillary second premolar, using a 3D finte element analysis.

A 3D finite element model of human maxillary second premolar was endodontically treated. After endodontic treatment, access cavity was filled with Amalgam, resin, ceramic or gold of different mechanical properties. A static 500N forces were applied at the buccal (Load-1) and palatal cusp (Load-2) and a static 170N forces were applied at the mesial marginal ridge and palatal cusp simultaneously as centric occlusion (Load-3). Under 3-type Loading condition, the value of tensile stress was analyzed after 4-type restoration at the CEJ of buccal and palatal surface and central groove of occlusal surface

Excessive high tensile stresses were observed along the palatal CEJ in Load-1 case and buccal CEJ in Load-2 in all of the restorations. There was no difference in magnitude of stress in relation to the type of restorations. Heavy tensile stress concentrations were observed around the loading point and along the central groove of occlusal surface in all of the restorations. There was slight difference in magnitude of stress between different types of restorations. High tensile stress concentrations around the loading points were observed and there was no difference in magnitude of stress between different types of restorations in Load-3.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of various dentin bonding systems on microtensile bond strength of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) and delayed dentin sealing (DDS). Eighteen extracted permanent molars were used in this study. The teeth for DDS group were restored with a provisional restorations, and immersed in saline solution for 1 week, and divided into 3 subgroups according to various dentin bonding adhesives; SB subgroup (3 step total-etch adhesive), SE subgroup (2 step self-etch adhesive), XE subgroup (1 step self-etch adhesive). In IDS group, the teeth were divided into 3 subgroups, and applied with bonding adhesives as in DDS group. The teeth were restored with provisional restorations, and immersed in saline solution for 1 week. Indirect composite disc was cemented with resin cement, and all specimens were subjected to microtensile bond strength. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Student t-test.

The results were as follows:

The IDS group showed significantly higher µTBS than DDS group in 3 step total-etch and 2 step self-etch adhesive (p < 0.05).

Citations

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• The effect of Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation on microtensile bond strength of composite resin restoration
  Jeong-Hye Son, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bock Hur, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(2): 134.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of tensile stress of canal obturated maxillary second premolar with access cavity and notch-shaped class V cavity restored with composite resin using a 3D finite element analysis.

The tested groups were classified as 8 situations by only access cavity or access cavity with notch-shaped class VS cavity (S or N), loading condition (L1 or L2), and with or without glass ionomer cement base (R1 or R2). A static load of 500 N was applied at buccal and palatal cusps. Notch-shaped cavity and access cavity were filled microhybrid composite resin (Z100) with or without GIC base (Fuji II LC). The tensile stresses presented in the buccal cervical area, palatal cervical area and occlusal surface were analyzed using ANSYS.

Tensile stress distributions were similar regardless of base. When the load was applied on the buccal cusp, excessive high tensile stress was concentrated around the loading point and along the central groove of occlusal surface. The tensile stress values of the tooth with class V cavity were slightly higher than that of the tooth without class V cavity. When the load was applied the palatal cusp, excessive high tensile stress was concentrated around the loading point and along the central groove of occlusal surface. The tensile stress values of the tooth without class V cavity were slightly higher than that of the tooth with class V cavity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of additional etching procedure prior to Maxcem resin cement application in indirect restoration cementation using push-out bonding strength.

One hundred and two extracted human molars were used to make indirect resin restorations of gold inlay and Synfony. These restorations were cemented using Maxcem and Variolink II. Additional etching procedures were done for one group with Maxcem. Three groups have 17 specimens in both restoration types. Push-out bond strength was measured using multi-purpose tester and calculated for bonding strength per sqaure-millimeter area. The mean bonding strength values were compared using SPSS 12.0K program for one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's Test with 95% significance.

Under the condition of this study, the additional etching procedure prior to usage of Maxcem resulted in reduced bond strength for both of restoration types.

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• Shear bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to resin-coated dentin
  Jee-Youn Hong, Cheol-Woo Park, Jeong-Uk Heo, Min-Ki Bang, Jae-Jun Ryu
  The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics.2013; 51(1): 27.     CrossRef
• Effect of dentin surface wetness on tensile bond strength of self adhesive resin cements
  Sung-Young Yoon, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(2): 113.     CrossRef

Flexibility and fracture properties determine the performance of NiTi rotary instruments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how geometrical differences between three NiTi instruments affect the deformation and stress distributions under bending and torsional conditions using finite element analysis.

Three NiTi files (ProFile .06 / #30, F3 of ProTaper and ProTaper Universal) were scanned using a Micro-CT. The obtained structural geometries were meshed with linear, eight-noded hexahedral elements. The mechanical behavior (deformation and von Mises equivalent stress) of the three endodontic instruments were analyzed under four bending and rotational conditions using ABAQUS finite element analysis software. The nonlinear mechanical behavior of the NiTi was taken into account.

The U-shaped cross sectional geometry of ProFile showed the highest flexibility of the three file models. The ProTaper, which has a convex triangular cross-section, was the most stiff file model. For the same deflection, the ProTaper required more force to reach the same deflection as the other models, and needed more torque than other models for the same amount of rotation. The highest von Mises stress value was found at the groove area in the cross-section of the ProTaper Universal.

Under torsion, all files showed highest stresses at their groove area. The ProFile showed highest von Mises stress value under the same torsional moment while the ProTaper Universal showed the highest value under same rotational angle.

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• Effect of internal stress on cyclic fatigue failure in .06 taper ProFile
  Hye-Rim Jung, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho, Se-Hee Park
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(2): 79.     CrossRef

The aim of the present study is to compare the corrosion tendency using two kinds of NiTi files in the various environmental conditions through the visual examination and electrochemical analysis. ProTaper Universal S2, 21 mm (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and Hero 642, 0.06 tapers, size 25, 21 mm (Micromega, Besancon, France) rotary instruments were tested. The instruments were randomly divided into eighteen groups (n = 5) by the immersion temperature, the type of solution, the brand of NiTi rotary instrument and the presence of mechanical loading. Each file was examined at various magnifications using Scanning Electron Microscope (JEOL, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). EDX was used to determine the components of the endodontic file alloy in corroded and noncorroded areas. The corrosion resistance of unused and used NiTi files after repeated uses in the human teeth was evaluated electrochemically by potentiodynamic polarization test using a potentiostat (Applied Corrosion Monitoring, Cark-in-Cartmel, UK).

Solution temperature and chloride ion concentration may affect on passivity of NiTi files. Under the conditions of this in vitro study, the corrosion resistance is slightly increased after clinical use.

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• Comparing Cyclic Fatigue Resistance and Free Recovery Transformation Temperature of NiTi Endodontic Single-File Systems Using a Novel Testing Setup
  Emad Youssef, Holger Jungbluth, Søren Jepsen, Manfred Gruener, Christoph Bourauel
  Materials.2024; 17(3): 566.     CrossRef
• The Determination of the Corrosion Rates of Rotary Ni-Ti Instruments in Various Irrigation Solutions
  Tolga Özcan, Bade Sonat, Meltem Dartar Öztan, Fatma Basmaci, Umut Aksoy
  Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences.2023; 8(2): 136.     CrossRef
• A Nonlinear Probabilistic Pitting Corrosion Model of Ni–Ti Alloy Immersed in Shallow Seawater
  Špiro Ivošević, Gyöngyi Vastag, Nataša Kovač, Peter Majerič, Rebeka Rudolf
  Micromachines.2022; 13(7): 1031.     CrossRef
• Corrosion resistance assessment of nickel-titanium endodontic files with and without heat treatment
  Tatiana Dias Costa, Elison da Fonseca e Silva, Paula Liparini Caetano, Marcio José da Silva Campos, Leandro Marques Resende, André Guimarães Machado, Antônio Márcio Resende do Carmo
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite, EDTA, and Chitosan Solution on Corrosion and Quantity of Extruded Nickel Ions Using Two Rotary Instruments (In Vitro)
  Eltica Oktavia, Trimurni Abidin
  World Journal of Dentistry.2019; 10(3): 207.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of various occlusal loading sites and directions on the stress distribution of the cervical composite resin restorations of maxillary second premolar, using 3 dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analysis. Extracted maxillary second premolar was scanned serially with Micro-CT (SkyScan1072; SkyScan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The 3D images were processed by 3D-DOCTOR (Able Software Co., Lexington, MA, USA). HyperMesh (Altair Engineering, Inc., Troy, USA) and ANSYS (Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, USA) was used to mesh and analyze 3D FE model. Notch shaped cavity was filled with hybrid (Z100, 3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA) or flowable resin (Tetric Flow, Vivadent Ets., FL-9494-Schaan, Liechtenstein) and each restoration was simulated with adhesive layer thickness (40 µm). A static load of 200 N was applied on the three points of the buccal incline of the palatal cusp and oriented in 20° increments, from vertical (long axis of the tooth) to oblique 40° direction towards the buccal. The maximum principal stresses in the occlusal and cervical cavosurface margin and vertical section of buccal surfaces of notch-shaped class V cavity were analyzed using ANSYS. As the angle of loading direction increased, tensile stress increased. Loading site had little effect on it. Under same loading condition, Tetric Flow showed relatively lower stress than Z100 overall, except both point angles. Loading direction and the elastic modulus of restorative material seem to be important factor on the cervical restoration.

Citations

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• Finite element analysis of maxillary central incisors restored with various post-and-core applications
  MinSeock Seo, WonJun Shon, WooCheol Lee, Hyun-Mi Yoo, Byeong-Hoon Cho, Seung-Ho Baek
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(4): 324.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study is to compare the shear bond strength of repaired composite resin with different bonding agents and evaluate the effect of bonding agents on composite repair strength. Forty composite specimens (Z-250) were prepared and aged for 1week by thermocycling between 5 and 55℃ with a dwell time of 30s. After air abrasion with 50 µm aluminum oxide, following different bonding agents were applied (n = 10); SB group: Scotchbond multipurpose adhesive (3 step Total-Etch system); SE group: Clearfil SE bond (2 step Self-Etch system); XP group: XP bond (2 step Total-Etch system); XE group: XenoIII (1 step Self-Etch system). After bonding procedure was completed, new composite resin (Z-250) was applied to the mold and cured. For control group, 10 specimens were prepared. Seven days after repair, shear bond strength was measured. Data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The means and standard deviations of shear bond strength (MPa ± S.D.) per group were as follows: SB group: 17.06; SE group: 19.10; XP group: 14.44; XE group: 13.57; Control Group: 19.40. No significant difference found in each group. Within the limit of this study, it was concluded that the different type of bonding system was not affect on the shear bond strength of repaired composite resin.

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• Smart Biomaterials: An Evolving Paradigm in Dentistry
  Harsha P Rathi, Manoj Chandak, Amit Reche, Abhilasha Dass, Swayangprabha Sarangi, Samiksha R Thawri
  Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to compare apical sealing ability of continuous wave canal filling technique according to various heat source plugging depths.

Eighty one extracted human premolars with straight root were cleaned and shaped to size 35 using .06 taper rotary NiTi file. After cleansing and shaping, the teeth were divided into 5 groups following the heat source probing depths from the apex; 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm. All specimens were filled using E&Q plus with #35 / .06 tapered gutta-percha cone. The positive control teeth were not filled. All teeth were coated with nail varnish except the apical 1 mm around the apical foramen. Negative control teeth were completely sealed include the apical foramen. All specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution for 72 hours. Then the specimens were sectioned horizontally at 1, 2 and 3 mm from the root apex. Each sectioned surface was photographed using a digital camera attached to the stereomicroscope at 12.5 × 2.5 fold magnification. All points at 1, 2 and 3 mm were summed as final score of one specimen. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed.

Under the condition of this study, there was no significant difference between the heat source plugging depths of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm in apical sealing ability. All of apical heat source plugging depth from 3 to 7 mm including Buchanan's protocol -from 5 to 7 mm- seems to be acceptable in clinical application.

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical leakage of the root canal filled with the System B and the EndoTwinn (the combined application of heat and ultrasonic vibration).

Sixty extracted premolars with straight root were cleaned and shaped to size 35. Group SB was obturated using System B and Group ET was filled with EndoTwinn. A size 35 of 0.06 tapered gutta-percha and Adseal were used and the plugger which could be introduced to 4 mm short of working length was selected in the obturation procedure. As the positive control, Group PC was not filled. In Group SB, ET and PC, all external surfaces of each tooth were coated with nail varnish leaving only 1 mm area around the apical foramen. In the negative control of Group NSB and Group NET, all of external tooth surface including apical foramen was coated with the nail varnish. The specimens were immersed in methylene blue dye solution for 2 days. Then the specimens were sectioned at each 1 mm from apex to 5 mm level. The final score of one specimen was given by summing up of the points at all levels.

The dye leakage of Group ET was significantly less than that observed in Group SB (p < 0.05). And the frequency of gutta-percha pulling out from root canal when the plugger was removed was more often with the System B than with EndoTwinn but there was no significant difference.

Currently, various Nickel-Titanium rotary files are used in endodontic treatment, but there is no one perfect system that can be applied to any clinical situation. Therefore, the combined uses of various file systems which can emphasize the advantages of each system are introduced as hybrid instrumentation.

The ProTaper system is efficient in body shaping and apical pre-enlargement but is reported to have more possibility of transportation and produce more aberrations and deformation in more or less severe curved canals. Recently, new ProTaper system (ProTaper Universal) with different configuration and cross-sectional design to overcome the week points of ProTaper have been marketed.

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the shaping abilities of ProTaper, ProTaper Universal system, and two hybrid methods using S-series of ProTaper Universal and Hero Shaper or ProFile.

The time lapses for instrumentation were measured and the used files were inspected for distortion. The pre- and post-instrumented root canals were scanned and superimposed to evaluate the aberrations and reduction of root canal curvature and change of radius of canal curvature. The increased canal width and apical centering ratio were calculated at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm levels from apical foramen.

Under the conditions of this study, the ProTaper Universal seems to have better shaping ability than ProTaper in terms of instrumented width and instrumentation time. It may be suggested that the ProTaper Universal system is efficient as much as hybrid instrumentation using ProTaper and other constant-tapered NiTi file systems in highly experienced operators.

Citations

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• A survey of experience-based preference of Nickel-Titanium rotary files and incidence of fracture among general dentists
  WooCheol Lee, Minju Song, Euiseong Kim, Hyojin Lee, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(4): 201.     CrossRef
• Mechanical and geometric features of endodontic instruments and its clinical effect
  Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(1): 1.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in the surface roughness after polishing and to evaluate the difference in color stability after immersion in a dye solution among four types of composite resin materials. Four light-polymerized composite resins (Shade A2) with different sized filler content (a nanofilled, a hybrid, a microfilled, a flowble) were used. Average surface roughness (Ra) was measured with a surface roughness tester (Surftest Formtracer) before and after polishing with aluminum oxide abrasive discs (Super-Snap). Color of specimens before and after staining with 2% methylene blue solution were measured using spectrophotometer (CM-3700d) with SCI geometries. The results of Ra and ΔE were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a Scheffe multiple comparison test and Student t-test (p = 0.05). After polishing, Ra values were decreased regardless of type of composite resins. In surface roughness after polishing and color stability after staining, nanofilled composite resin was not different with other composite resins except flowable resins.

Citations

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• Effect of contemporary polishing systems on hardness and roughness of one-shaded dental composites
  Kivanc Dulger, Gencaga Purcek
  Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Physicomechanical properties and polymerization shrinkage of the newly developed radiopaque flowable composite derived from rice husk
  Nor Ain Fatihah Azlisham, Yanti Johari, Dasmawati Mohamad, Mohd Firdaus Yhaya, Zuliani Mahmood
  Polymer Composites.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of immersion and thermocycling in different beverages on the surface roughness of single- and multi-shade resin composites
  Aiah A. El-Rashidy, Omar Shaalan, Rasha M. Abdelraouf, Nour A. Habib
  BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Degree of conversion and physicomechanical properties of newly developed flowable composite derived from rice husk using urethane dimethacrylate monomer
  Nor Ain Fatihah Azlisham, Yanti Johari, Dasmawati Mohamad, Mohd Firdaus Yhaya, Zuliani Mahmood
  Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine.2023; 237(12): 1339.     CrossRef
• Translucency and Color Stability of a Simplified Shade Nanohybrid Composite after Ultrasonic Scaling and Air-Powder Polishing
  Ksenia Babina, Maria Polyakova, Inna Sokhova, Vladlena Doroshina, Alexandr Zaytsev, Elena E. Nikonova, Gleb S. Budylin, Evgeny A. Shirshin, Christian Tantardini, Nina Novozhilova
  Nanomaterials.2022; 12(24): 4465.     CrossRef
• Surface properties and color stability of dental flowable composites influenced by simulated toothbrushing
  Guangyun LAI, Liya ZHAO, Jun WANG, Karl-Heinz KUNZELMANN
  Dental Materials Journal.2018; 37(5): 717.     CrossRef
• Topography and surface roughness of fluid resins used as bioprotectors of mini-implants
  Rogério Lacerda-Santos, Mirella de Fátima Liberato de Moura, Fabíola Galbiatti Carvalho, Hugo Lemes Carlo, Matheus Melo Pithon, Bruno Alessandro Silva Guedes de Lima, Tibério Andrade dos Passos
  Applied Adhesion Science.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef

The aims of this study were to compare the shaping effect and safety between single length technique recommended by manufacturer and crown-down technique using Mtwo rotary file and to present a modified method in use of Mtwo file.

Sixty simulated root canal resin blocks were used. The canals were divided into three groups according to instrument and the manner of using methods. Each group had 20 specimens. Group MT was instrumented with single length technique of Mtwo, group MC was instrumented with crowndown technique of Mtwo and group PT was instrumented with crown-down technique of ProTaper. All of the rotary files used in this study were operated by an electric motor. The scanned canal images of before and after preparation were superimposed. These superimposed images were evaluated at apical 1 to 8 mm levels. Angle changes were calculated. The preparation time, weight loss, instrument failure and binding, canal aberrations, and centering ratio were measured. Statistical analysis of the three experimental groups was performed with ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests for post-hoc comparison and Fisher's exact test was done for the frequency comparison.

In total preparation time, group MT and group MC were less than group PT. In the aberrations, group MT had more elbows than those of group MC and group PT. The binding of group MC was least and group MT was less than group PT (P < 0.05).

Under the condition of this study, crown-down technique using Mtwo rotary file is better and safer method than single length technique recommended by the manufacturer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of composite resin restorations on the stress distribution of notch shaped noncarious cervical lesion using three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA).

Extracted maxillary second premolar was scanned serially with Micro-CT (SkyScan1072; SkyScan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The 3D images were processed by 3D-DOCTOR (Able Software Co., Lexington, MA, USA). ANSYS (Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, USA) was used to mesh and analyze 3D FE model. Notch shaped cavity was filled with hybrid or flowable resin and each restoration was simulated with adhesive layer thickness (40 µM). A static load of 500 N was applied on a point load condition at buccal cusp (loading A) and palatal cusp (loading B). The principal stresses in the lesion apex (internal line angle of cavity) and middle vertical wall were analyzed using ANSYS.

The results were as follows

1. Under loading A, compressive stress is created in the unrestored and restored cavity. Under loading B, tensile stress is created. And the peak stress concentration is seen at near mesial corner of the cavity under each load condition.

2. Compared to the unrestored cavity, the principal stresses at the cemeto-enamel junction (CEJ) and internal line angle of the cavity were more reduced in the restored cavity on both load conditions.

3. In teeth restored with hybrid composite, the principal stresses at the CEJ and internal line angle of the cavity were more reduced than flowable resin.

Citations

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• The influence of occlusal loads on stress distribution of cervical composite resin restorations: A three-dimensional finite element study
  Chan-Seok Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Kwang-Hoon Kim, Kwon Son, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(3): 246.     CrossRef

The purposes of this study were to examine the variability of adhesive thickness on the different site of the cavity wall when used total-etch system without filler and simplified self-etch system with filler and to evaluate the relationship between variable adhesive thickness and microtensile bond strength to the cavity wall.

A class I cavity in six human molars was prepared to expose all dentinal walls. Three teeth were bonded with a filled adhesive, Clearfil™ SE bond and the other three teeth were bonded with unfilled adhesives, Scotchbond™ Multi Purpose. Morphology and thickness of adhesive layer were examined using fluorescence microscope. Bonding agent thickness was measured at three points along the axial cavity wall, edge of cavity margin (rim), halfway down each cavity wall (hlf), internal angle of the cavity (ang). After reproducing the adhesive thickness at rim, hlf and ang, micro-tensile bond strength were evaluated.

For both bonding agents, adhesive thickness of ang was significantly thicker than that of rim and hlf (P < 0.05). As reproduced the adhesive thickness, microtensile bond strength was increased as adhesive thickness was increased in two bonding agents.

Adhesive thickness of internal angle of the cavity was significantly thicker than that of the cavity margin and the halfway cavity wall for both bonding agents. Microtensile bond strength of the thick adhesive layer at the internal angle of the cavity was higher than that of the thin adhesive layer at the cavity margin and the halfway cavity in the two bonding systems.

Citations

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• Bond strength of a 3-step total-etch bonding system to dentine – An improved approach
  H. Hassan Elnadif, W. Palin, M.A. Hadis, B.W. Darvell
  Dental Materials.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Evaluation of bonding effectiveness of a self-etch and an etch-and-rinse adhesive resin to un-treated and Er:Yag laser treated dentin using mini-interfacial fracture toughness test
  Marjan Behroozibakhsh, Sotoudeh Davaie, Abbas Monzavi, Tayebeh Abazari, Sima Shahabi, Maryam Pirmoradian
  Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology.2019; 33(11): 1201.     CrossRef
• The effect of Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation on microtensile bond strength of composite resin restoration
  Jeong-Hye Son, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bock Hur, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(2): 134.     CrossRef

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various occlusal loads on the stress distribution of the buccal cervical region of a normal maxillary second premolar, using a three dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA).

After 3D FE modeling of maxillary second premolar, a static load of 500N of three load cases was applied. Stress analysis was performed using ANSYS (Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, USA). The maximum principal stresses and minimum principal stresses were sampled at thirteen nodal points in the buccal cervical enamel for each four horizontal planes, 1.0 mm above CEJ, 0.5 mm above CEJ, CEJ, 0.5 mm under CEJ.

The results were as follows

1. The peak stress was seen at the cervical enamel surface of the mesiobuccal line angle area, asymmetrically.

2. The values of compressive stresses were within the range of the failure stress of enamel. But the values of tensile stresses exceeded the range of the failure stress of enamel.

3. The tensile stresses from the perpendicular load at the buccal incline of palatal cusp may be shown to be the primary etiological factors of the NCCLs.

Citations

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• Effect of restoration type on the stress distribution of endodontically treated maxillary premolars; Three-dimensional finite element study
  Heun-Sook Jung, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bock Hur, Kwang-Hoon Kim, Kwon Son, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(1): 8.     CrossRef
• Stress distribution of endodontically treated maxillary second premolars restored with different methods: Three-dimensional finite element analysis
  Dong-Yeol Lim, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bock Hur, Kwang-Hoon Kim, Kwon Son, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(1): 69.     CrossRef

The purposes of this study were to compare the effects of one or two applications of all-in-one adhesives on microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) to unground enamel and to investigate the morphological changes in enamel surfaces treated with these adhesives using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Twenty-five noncarious, unrestored human mandibular molars were used. The unground enamel surfaces were cleansed with pumice. The following adhesives were applied to lingual, mid-coronal surfaces according to manufacture's directions; Clearfil SE bond in SE group, Adper Prompt L-Pop™1 coat in LP1 group, 2 coats in LP2 group, Xeno® III 1 coat in XN1 group, and 2 coats in XN2 group. After application of the adhesives, a hybrid light-activated resin composite was built up on the unground enamel. Each tooth was sectioned to make a cross-sectional area of approximately 1.0 mm² for each stick. The microtensile bond strength was determined. Each specimen was observed under SEM to examine the morphological changes. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA.

The results of this study were as follows;

1. The microtensile bond strength values were; SE (19.77±2.44 MPa), LP1 (13.88±3.67 MPa), LP2 (14.50±2.52 MPa), XN1 (14.42±2.51 MPa) and XN2 (15.28±2.79 MPa). SE was significantly higher than the other groups in bond strength (p < 0.05). All groups except SE were not significantly different in bond strength (p < 0.05).

2. All groups were characterized as shallow and irregular etching patterns.

Citations

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• The effect of various bonding systems on the microtensile bond strength of immediate and delayed dentin sealing
  Jin-hee Ha, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bock Hur, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(6): 526.     CrossRef

The purposes of this study were to compare the apical terminus width of simulated curved root canal prepared with three NiTi file systems used by undergraduates for evaluation the effects of flute angle and pitch or radial land on reducing screw-in effect and to determine more safe NiTi file system for inexperienced operators.

Fifty inexperienced undergraduate students prepared 150 simulated curved root canals in resin blocks with three NiTi file systems ; ProFile®, Hero Shaper®, K3™. The electric motor set at a speed of 300 rpm and torque of 30 in a 16 : 1 reduction handpiece was used. The simulated root canal was prepared to ISO #25 sizes with each file system. The scanned images of pre- and post-instrumented canal of resin block were superimposed. To evaluate the screw-in effect of three NiTi file systems, apical terminus width of root canal was measured from superimposed images and statistical analysis was performed.

There were significant differences in three NiTi file systems. ProFile® had significantly smaller width than Hero Shaper® and K3™ (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between K3™ and Hero Shaper®.

Under the condition of this study, active file system (Hero Shaper®, K3™) with variable pitch and helical angle had more screw-in effect than passive file system (ProFile®) with constant pitch and helical angle. It seems that the radial lands play more important role in reducing screw-in effect.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Mechanical and geometric features of endodontic instruments and its clinical effect
  Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Comparison of screw-in effect for several nickel-titanium rotary instruments in simulated resin root canal
  Jung-Hong Ha, Myoung-Uk Jin, Young-Kyung Kim, Sung-Kyo Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(4): 267.     CrossRef
• Influence of taper on the screw-in effect of nickel-titanium rotary files in simulated resin root canal
  Hye-Jin Sung, Jung-Hong Ha, Sung-Kyo Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(5): 380.     CrossRef
• Influence of root canal curvature on the screw-in effect of nickel-titanium rotary files in simulated resin root canal
  Ji-Young Son, Jung-Hong Ha, Young-Kyung Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(5): 374.     CrossRef

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of excessive occlusal loading on stress distribution on four type of cervical lesion, using a three dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA).

The extracted maxillary second premolar was scanned serially with Micro-CT. The 3D images were processed by 3D-DOCTOR. ANSYS was used to mesh and analyze 3D FE model. Four different lesion configurations representative of the various types observed clinically for teeth were studied. A static point load of 500N was applied to the buccal and lingual cusp (Load A and B). The principal stresses in lesion apex, and vertical sectioned margin of cervical wall were analyzed.

The results were as follows

The patterns of stress distribution were similar but the magnitude was different in four types of lesion.

The purposes of this study were to assess the accuracy of measurements in pre-enlarged canals with small instruments and to compare the accuracies, in enlarged canal, with small size instruments and instruments that match the actual canal diameter using Root ZX, Bingo1020, SmarPex, and e-Magic Finder. Ten extracted teeth were embedded in an alginate model made for testing apex locators. A size 10 file was placed into the root canal until the tip of the file reached the plane of the major diameter of the foramen under a dental operating microscope at the 25 × magnification. The measurement was done with digital caliper and defined as actual length. Electronic length measurement with a size 10 file in pre-enlarged canal was done by reading the index indicating Apex of each device to gain a definite value. After completion of canal enlargement to a size 45 file, each difference between actual length and electric measurement value with a size 10 and 40 files in enlarged canal was recorded as L10 and L40. The one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple range tests were computed for analyze the differences among the four apex locators in the same group. The Student's t-test between L10 and L40 of each locator was done. The accuracies of electronic measurements were significantly different among the 4 devices. The file size made no difference on the accuracy of electronic measurement in enlarged canal with same device. The e-Magic Finder was the most accurate device among the 4 apex locators used in this study.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of three Ni-Ti file systems used by dental students or the experts and consequently to aid in choosing a proper systems for educational courses of dental students and beginners.

Fifty students and ten dentists who have clinical experience over two years prepared 180 simulated root canals in resin blocks with three Ni-Ti systems; ProFile® (PF), HeroShaper® (HS), K3^TM (K3).

After preparation, the Ni-Ti files were evaluated for distortion and canal preparation time was recorded. The images of pre- and post-instrumented canals were scanned and superimposed. Amounts of increased canal widths, deviation, and centering ratio were calculated at apical 1, 3 and 5 mm levels and statistical analysis was performed.

The results were as follows:

HS showed the shortest preparation time and instrumented canal width in K3 was significantly larger than other groups (P < 0.05).

Based on the results, it is surmised that the ProFile® is the safest and most ideal instrument for students and beginners.

Citations

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• A comparative study of root canal shaping using protaper universal and protaper next rotary files in preclinical dental education
  Gül Çelik, Feyza Özdemir Kısacık, Emir Faruk Yılmaz, Arife Mersinlioğlu, İhsan Furkan Ertuğrul, Hikmet Orhan
  PeerJ.2019; 7: e7419.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the shaping abilities of various hybrid instrumentation method using constant tapered file systems with ProTaper® S1 and the difference between experts and inexperienced clinicians in use of NiTi file.

Three hybrid methods used in this study were composed of ProTaper® S1 and K-Flexofile® (group S), ProTaper® S1 and HeroShaper® (group H), and ProTaper® S1 and ProFile® (group P), respectively. The ProTaper®-alone method (group C) was introduced as a control group.

After canal preparation, the lapse of time was recorded. The images of pre- and post-operative canal were scanned and superimposed. Amounts of instrumented canal widths and centering ratio were measured at apical 1, 2 and 3 mm levels and statistical analysis was performed.

In this study, both of the group C and S took more time to prepare canals than other groups. Inexperienced operators required more time for the entire preparation with the groups C and H than the experienced (p < 0.05). And the centering ratio of group P were preferable to ProTaper®-alone method or the hybrid technique using stainless steel files. As such, within experienced operators, group H also showed better results in addition to the group P.

Under these condition, the hybrid methods of each the ProFile® system and HeroShaper® with ProTaper® are recommendable comparative to ProTaper®-alone method. According to the results, the hybrid instrumentation method is a more appropriate method of canal preparation than single file system for narrow or curved canals.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Mechanical and geometric features of endodontic instruments and its clinical effect
  Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Forces Generated During Root Canal Shaping and Residual Stresses of Three Nickel–Titanium Rotary Files by Using a Three-Dimensional Finite-element Analysis
  Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Gary Shun-Pan Cheung, Chan-Joo Lee, Byung-Min Kim, Jeong-Kil Park, Soon-Il Kang
  Journal of Endodontics.2008; 34(6): 743.     CrossRef
• Comparison of shaping ability between single length technique and crown-down technique using Mtwo rotary file
  Yoo-Kyoung Lim, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2007; 32(4): 385.     CrossRef
• Comparison of shaping ability using various Nickel-Titanium rotary files and hybrid technique
  Jung-Won Kim, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2007; 32(6): 530.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress distribution aspect of unrestored and restored combined shape (wedge shape occlusally and saucer shape gingivally) class V cavity, which found frequently in clinical cases.

A maxillary second premolar restored with a combined shape class V composite restorations were modeled using the three dimensional finite element method. Static occlusal load of 170 N was applied on lingual incline of buccal cusp at the angle of 45° with the longitudinal axis of the tooth. And three dimensional finite element analysis was taken by ANSYS (Version 6.0, Swanson Analysis System Co., Houston, U.S.A) program which represent the stress distribution on unrestored and restored cavity wall and margin.

The conclusions were as follows.

Compared to the unrestored cavity, Von Mises stress at the cementoenamel junction and line angle of the cavity base were reduced and in restored cavity.

Citations

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• Comparison of marginal microleakage between low and high flowable resins in class V cavity
  Sang-Bae Bae, Young-Gon Cho, Myeong-Seon Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(6): 477.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to investigate influence of each file step of ProTaper® system on canal transportation.

Twenty simulated canals were prepared with either engine-driven ProTaper® or manual ProTaper®. Group R-resin blocks were instrumented with rotary ProTaper® and group M-resin blocks were instrumented with manual ProTaper®. Pre-operative resin blocks and post-operative resin blocks after each file step preparation were scanned. Original canal image and the image after using each file step were superimposed for calculation of centering ratio. The image after using each file step and image after using previous file step were superimposed for calculation of the amount of deviation. Measurements were taken horizontally at five different levels (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm) from the level of apical foramen.

In rotary ProTaper® instrumentation group, centering ratio and the amount of deviation of each step at all levels were not significantly different (p > 0.05). In manual ProTaper® instrumentation group, centering ratio and the amount of deviation of each step at all levels except of 1 mm were not significantly different (p > 0.05). At the level of 1 mm, F2 file step had significantly large centering ratio and the amount of deviation (p < 0.05).

Under the condition of this study, F2 file step of manual ProTaper® tended to transport the apical part of the canals than that of rotary ProTaper®.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of the two different Ni-Ti file systems and the two different engine systems in simulated canals.

A total of four groups of each 10 were tested. Each group was instrumented with HeroShaper®and Endo-Mate2® (Group HE), HeroShaper® and Tecnika® (Group HT), ProFile® and Endo-Mate2® (Group PE), and ProFile® and Tecnika® (Group PT).

Canal preparation time was recorded. The images of pre- and post-instrumented root canals were scanned and superimposed. The amounts of increased width and centering ratio were measured and calculated at apical 1, 3 and 5 mm levels.

These data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test

The results of this study were as follows;

1. Canal preparation time of HT group was the shortest (p < 0.05).

2. The amount of increased canal width in HE group was significantly larger than PT group at apical 1 mm level (p < 0.05). At apical 3 mm level, PT group was significantly smaller than other groups (p < 0.05). At apical 5 mm level, PE group was significantly larger than PT group (p < 0.05).

3. The amount of centering ratio in HE group was significantly larger than other groups (p < 0.05). At apical 5 mm level, HT group was significantly larger than PE group and PT group (p < 0.05).

Under the condition of this study, torque-controlled endodontic motor is safer than no torque controlled motor, especially when the active file is used.

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the shaping ability of the three different Ni-Ti file systems used by undergraduate students.

Fifty undergraduate students prepared 150 simulated curved root canals in resin blocks with three Ni-Ti file systems - ProFile® (PF), Manual ProTaper® (MPT), Rotary ProTape® (RPT). Every student prepared 3 simulated root canals with each system respectively. After root canal preparation, the Ni-Ti files were evaluated for distortion or breakage. Assessments were made according to the presence of various types of canal aberrations. The pre- and post-instrumented canal images were attained and superimposed. The instrumented root canal width were measured and calculated for the net transportation (deviation) and the centering ratio.

Under the condition of this study, both ProTaper® systems allowed significantly more removal of root canal wall than the ProFile® system. In the important other aspects such as the centering ratio, there was no significant differences between the systems. Novice dental students were able to prepare curved root canals with any kinds of Ni-Ti file systems with little aberration and great conservation of tooth structure. Students want to learn effective methods and at the same time simple rotary procedures. The rotary ProTaper® systems were one of the most compatible to these students from the point of view of cutting ability. The ProFile® system was also compatible in safe and gentle shaping.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Prognostic factors influencing clinical outcome of nonsurgical endodontic treatment
  Seonah Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(6): 436.     CrossRef
• Stress distribution of three NiTi rotary files under bending and torsional conditions using a mathematic analysis
  T. O. Kim, G. S. P. Cheung, J. M. Lee, B. M. Kim, B. Hur, H. C. Kim
  International Endodontic Journal.2009; 42(1): 14.     CrossRef
• Stress distribution of three NiTi rotary files under bending and torsional conditions using 3-dimensional finite element analysis
  Tae-Oh Kim, Chan-Joo Lee, Byung-Min Kim, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(4): 323.     CrossRef
• Comparison of shaping ability between single length technique and crown-down technique using Mtwo rotary file
  Yoo-Kyoung Lim, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2007; 32(4): 385.     CrossRef
• Comparison of shaping ability using various Nickel-Titanium rotary files and hybrid technique
  Jung-Won Kim, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2007; 32(6): 530.     CrossRef
• Comparison of shaping ability of rotary Ni-Ti file systems used by undergraduates
  Mun-Seong Kang, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bock Hur, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2006; 31(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Comparison of shaping ability between various hybrid instrumentation methods with ProTaper
  Eun-Sook Hong, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2006; 31(1): 11.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of multiple application of all-in-one dentin adhesive system on microtensile bond strength to caries-affected dentin.

Twenty one extracted human molars with occlusal caries extending into mid-dentin were prepared by grinding the occlusal surface flat. The carious lesions were excavated with the aid of caries detector dye. The following adhesives were applied to caries-affected dentin according to manufacturer's directions; Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose in SM group, Adper Prompt L-Pop™ 1 coat in LP1 group, 2 coats in LP2 group, 3 coats in LP3 group, Xeno® III 1 coat in XN1 group, 2 coats in XN2 group, and 3 coats in XN3 group. After application of the adhesives, a cylinder of resin-based composite was built up on the occlusal surface. Each tooth was sectioned vertically to obtain the 1 × 1 mm² sticks. The microtensile bond strength was determined. Each specimen was observed under SEM to examine the failure mode. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA.

The results of this study were as follows;

1. The microtensile bond strength values were; SM (14.38 ± 2.01 MPa), LP1 (9.15 ± 1.81 MPa), LP2 (14.08 ± 1.75 MPa), LP3 (14.06 ± 1.45 MPa), XN1 (13.65 ± 1.95 MPa), XN2 (13.98 ± 1.60 MPa), XN3 (13.88 ± 1.66 MPa). LP1 was significantly lower than the other groups in bond strength (p < 0.05). All groups except LP1 were not significantly different in bond strength (p > 0.05).

2. In LP1, there were a higher number of specimens showing adhesive failure. Most specimens of all groups except LP1 showed mixed failure.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of the three ProTaper® instrumentation techniques in simulated canals.

Thirty resin blocks were divided into 3 groups with 10 canals each. Each group was instrumented with manual ProTaper® (Group M), rotary ProTaper® (Group R), and hybrid technique (Group H). Canal preparation time was recorded. The images of pre- and post-instrumented root canals were scanned and superimposed. The amounts of canal deviation, total canal width, inner canal width, outer canal width and centering ratio were measured at apical 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm levels.

1. Canal preparation time was the shortest in R group (p < 0.05).

2. The amounts of total canal width in R group was generally larger than the other groups, but no significant differences were observed except at the 1, 3 mm levels (p > 0.05).

3. The amounts of inner canal width in R group was larger than M group at the 1 mm level and H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p < 0.05). The amounts of outer canal width in R group was larger than H group only at the 1 mm level (p < 0.05).

4. The direction of canal deviation in H, R group at the 1, 2, 3 mm levels was outward and that in M group at the 1, 2 mm levels was inward. The amounts of canal deviation in H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p < 0.05).

5. The amounts of centering ratio in H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p < 0.05).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the etching effects and bond strength of total etching and self-etching adhesive system on unground enamel using scanning electron microscopy and microtensile bond strength test.

The buccal coronal unground enamel from human extracted molars were prepared using low-speed diamond saw. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (group SM), Clearfil SE Bond (group SE), or Adper Prompt L-Pop (group LP) were applied to the prepared teeth, and the blocks of resin composite (Filtek Z250) were built up incrementally. Resin tag formation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, after removal of enamel surface by acid dissolution and dehydration. For microtensile bond strength test, resin-bonded teeth were sectioned to give a bonded surface area of 1mm². Microtensile bond strength test was perfomed.

The results of this study were as follows.

1. A definite etching pattern was observed in Scotchbond Multi-Purpose group.

2. Self-etching groups were characterized as shallow and irregular etching patterns.

3. The results (mean) of microtensile bond strength were SM; 26.55 MPa, SE; 18.15 MPa, LP; 15.57 MPa. SM had significantly higher microtensile bond strength than SE and PL (p < 0.05), but there was no significant differance between SE and PL.

Citations

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• Physical properties of different self-adhesive resin cements and their shear bond strength on lithium disilicate ceramic and dentin
  Hye-Jin Shin, Chang-Kyu Song, Se-Hee Partk, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(3): 184.     CrossRef
• Effects of one or two applications of all-in-one adhesive on microtensile bond strength to unground enamel
  Chang-Yong Son, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bock Hur, Jeong-Kil Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2006; 31(6): 445.     CrossRef