Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

An unusual case of dens invaginatus on a mandibular second molar: a case report: Davide Mancino, Dina Abdellatif, Alfredo Iandolo, Fabien Bornert, Youssef Haïkel; Restor Dent Endod 2025;50(1):e2. Published online January 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2025.50.e2

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: The present case report describes the endodontic treatment of a type III B dens invaginatus (DI) in a three-rooted mandibular second molar since the invagination invades the root and extends apically. Clinical and cone-beam computed tomography examination of the mandibular second molar showed a broadened coronal morphology, DI, a third root, periapical radiolucency, and compression of a distal root canal by the invagination, which developed an atypical semilunar shape. The tooth was diagnosed with pulpal necrosis, symptomatic apical, and peri-invagination periodontitis. Consequently, three-dimensional virtual reconstruction was conducted to improve anatomical interpretation and case planning and accelerate the intraoperative phase by reducing operator stress and minimizing intraoperative variables. The present case report aims to raise awareness of the existence of DI on the mandibular second molar.

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Guided endodontics, precision and predictability: a case series of mineralized anterior teeth with follow-up cone-beam computed tomography: Rafael Fernández-Grisales, Wilder Javier Rojas-Gutierrez, Pamela Mejía, Carolina Berruecos-Orozco, Néstor Ríos-Osorio; Restor Dent Endod 2025;50(1):e4. Published online January 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2025.50.e4

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Pulp chamber and root canal obliteration (PCO/RCO) presents a challenge for clinicians when nonsurgical endodontic treatment is indicated. Guided endodontics (GE) aims to precisely locate the root canal (RC) system while preserving as much pericervical dentin as possible. GE involves integrating cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the affected tooth with a digital impression of the maxillary/mandibular arch, allowing for careful planning of the drilling path to the RC system through a three-dimensional (3D) static guide. This article reports four cases of teeth with PCO/RCO, accompanied by additional diagnoses of internal and external root resorption and horizontal tooth fracture, all successfully treated with GE. These cases highlight the clinical and radiographic success of GE treatments using CBCT, establishing this technique as a predictable approach for managing mineralized teeth.

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Prevalence of apical periodontitis and quality of root canal treatment in an adult Kuwaiti sub-population: a cross-sectional study: Abdulrahman A. Alhailaa, Saad A Al-Nazhan, Mazen A Aldosimani; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(2):e16. Published online March 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e16

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) and the technical quality of root canal fillings in an adult Kuwaiti subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.
Materials and Methods
Two experienced examiners analyzed 250 CBCT images obtained from Kuwaiti patients aged 15–65 years who attended government dental specialist clinics between January 2019 and September 2020. The assessment followed the radiographic scoring criteria proposed by De Moor for periapical status and the technical quality of root canal filling. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for statistical analysis, with significance level set at p < 0.05.
Results
Among the 2,762 examined teeth, 191 (6.91%) exhibited radiographic signs of AP, and 176 (6.37%) had undergone root canal filling. AP prevalence in root canal-treated teeth was 32.38%, with a significant difference between males and females. Most of the endodontically treated teeth exhibited adequate root canal filling (71.5%).
Conclusions
The study demonstrated a comparable prevalence of AP and satisfactory execution of root canal treatment compared to similar studies in different countries.

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Predictor factors of 1-rooted mandibular second molars on complicated root and canal anatomies of other mandibular teeth: Hakan Aydın, Hatice Harorlı; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(1):e2. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e2

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study aimed to determine the effects of 1-rooted mandibular second molar (MnSM) teeth on root canal anatomy complexities of the mandibular central incisor (MnCI), mandibular lateral incisor (MnLI), mandibular canine (MnCn), mandibular first premolar (MnFP), mandibular second premolar (MnSP), and mandibular first molar (MnFM) teeth.
Materials and Methods
Cone-beam computed tomography images of 600 patients with full lower dentition were examined. Individuals with 1-rooted MnSMs were determined, and the complexity of root canal anatomy of other teeth was compared with individuals without 1-rooted MnSMs (Group-1; subjects with at least one 1-rooted MnSM, Group-2; subjects with more than a single root in both MnSMs). A second canal in MnCIs, MnLIs, MnCns, MnFPs, and MnSPs indicated a complicated root canal. The presence of a third root in MnFMs was recorded as complicated.
Results
The prevalence of 1-rooted MnSMs was 12.2%, with the C-shaped root type being the most prevalent (9%). There were fewer complicated root canals in MnCIs (p = 0.02), MnLIs (p < 0.001), and MnFPs (p < 0.001) in Group 1. The other teeth showed no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). According to logistic regression analysis, 1-rooted right MnSMs had a negative effect on having complex canal systems of MnLIs and MnFPs. Left MnSMs were explanatory variables on left MnLIs and both MnFPs.
Conclusions
In individuals with single-rooted MnSMs, a less complicated root canal system was observed in all teeth except the MnFMs.

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Cone-beam computed tomography in endodontics: from the specific technical considerations of acquisition parameters and interpretation to advanced clinical applications: Néstor Ríos-Osorio, Sara Quijano-Guauque, Sandra Briñez-Rodríguez, Gustavo Velasco-Flechas, Antonieta Muñoz-Solís, Carlos Chávez, Rafael Fernandez-Grisales; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(1):e1. Published online December 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e1

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The implementation of imaging methods that enable sensitive and specific observation of anatomical structures has been a constant in the evolution of endodontic therapy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables 3-dimensional (3D) spatial anatomical navigation in the 3 volumetric planes (sagittal, coronal and axial) which translates into great accuracy for the identification of endodontic pathologies/conditions. CBCT interpretation consists of 2 main components: (i) the generation of specific tasks of the image and (ii) the subsequent interpretation report. A systematic and reproducible method to review CBCT scans can improve the accuracy of the interpretation process, translating into greater precision in terms of diagnosis and planning of endodontic clinical procedures. MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2023. This narrative review addresses the theoretical concepts, elements of interpretation and applications of the CBCT scan in endodontics. In addition, the contents and rationale for reporting 3D endodontic imaging are discussed.

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Evaluation of Maxillary Sinus Pathologies in Children and Adolescents with Cleft Lip and Palate Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study
Ayşe Çelik, Nilüfer Ersan, Senem Selvi-Kuvvetli
The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Machine Learning Models in the Detection of MB2 Canal Orifice in CBCT Images
Shishir Shetty, Meliz Yuvali, Ilker Ozsahin, Saad Al-Bayatti, Sangeetha Narasimhan, Mohammed Alsaegh, Hiba Al-Daghestani, Raghavendra Shetty, Renita Castelino, Leena R David, Dilber Uzun Ozsahin
International Dental Journal.2025; 75(3): 1640. CrossRef
Bildgebung im ZMK-Bereich – aber in welcher Reihenfolge?
Rainer Lutz
Zahnmedizin up2date.2024; 18(04): 297. CrossRef
Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of shaping ability of kedo-S square and fanta AF™ baby rotary files compared to manual K-files in root canal preparation of primary anterior teeth
Shaimaa S. El-Desouky, Bassem N. El Fahl, Ibrahim A. Kabbash, Shimaa M. Hadwa
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Endodontic Successes and Failures in the Removal of Fractured Endodontic Instruments during Retreatment: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis
Mario Dioguardi, Corrado Dello Russo, Filippo Scarano, Fariba Esperouz, Andrea Ballini, Diego Sovereto, Mario Alovisi, Angelo Martella, Lorenzo Lo Muzio
Healthcare.2024; 12(14): 1390. CrossRef

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Influence of CBCT parameters on image quality and the diagnosis of vertical root fractures in teeth with metallic posts: an ex vivo study: Larissa Pereira Lagos de Melo, Polyane Mazucatto Queiroz, Larissa Moreira-Souza, Mariana Rocha Nadaes, Gustavo Machado Santaella, Matheus Lima Oliveira, Deborah Queiroz Freitas; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(2):e16. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e16

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of peak kilovoltage (kVp) and a metal artifact reduction (MAR) tool on image quality and the diagnosis of vertical root fracture (VRF) in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials and Methods

Twenty single-rooted human teeth filled with an intracanal metal post were divided into 2 groups: control (n = 10) and VRF (n = 10). Each tooth was placed into the socket of a dry mandible, and CBCT scans were acquired using a Picasso Trio varying the kVp (70, 80, 90, or 99), and the use of MAR (with or without). The examinations were assessed by 5 examiners for the diagnosis of VRF using a 5-point scale. A subjective evaluation of the expression of artifacts was done by comparing random axial images of the studied protocols. The results of the diagnoses were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test, the subjective evaluations were compared using the Friedman test, and intra-examiner reproducibility was evaluated using the weighted kappa test (α = 5%).

Results

The kVp and MAR did not influence the diagnosis of VRF (p > 0.05). According to the subjective classification, the 99 kVp protocol with MAR demonstrated the least expression of artifacts, while the 70 kVp protocol without MAR led to the most artifacts.

Conclusions

Protocols with higher kVp combined with MAR improved the image quality of CBCT examinations. However, those factors did not lead to an improvement in the diagnosis of VRF.

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Diagnostic Performance of Iterative Reconstruction of Cone-beam Computed Tomography for Detecting Vertical Root Fractures in the Presence of Metal Artifacts
Matheus Barros-Costa, Gustavo Santaella, Christiano Oliveira-Santos, Deborah Queiroz Freitas, William C. Scarfe, Francisco Carlos Groppo
Journal of Endodontics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Vertical root fracture diagnosis in teeth with metallic posts: Impact of metal artifact reduction and sharpening filters
Débora Costa Ruiz, Lucas P. Lopes Rosado, Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele, Amanda Farias-Gomes, Deborah Queiroz Freitas
Imaging Science in Dentistry.2024; 54(2): 139. CrossRef
Comparing standard- and low-dose CBCT in diagnosis and treatment decisions for impacted mandibular third molars: a non-inferiority randomised clinical study
Kuo Feng Hung, Andy Wai Kan Yeung, May Chun Mei Wong, Michael M. Bornstein, Yiu Yan Leung
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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The prevalence and characteristics of external cervical resorption based on cone-beam computed tomographic imaging: a cross-sectional study: Matheus Diniz Ferreira, Matheus Barros-Costa, Felipe Ferreira Costa, Deborah Queiroz Freitas; Restor Dent Endod 2022;47(4):e39. Published online October 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2022.47.e39

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of external cervical resorption (ECR) regarding sex, age, tooth, stages of progression, and portal of entry, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans.

Materials and Methods

CBCT scans of 1,313 patients from a Brazilian subpopulation comprising 883 female and 430 male patients (mean age, 55.2 years), acquired using a PreXion 3D CBCT unit, were evaluated. All permanent teeth included in the scans were evaluated for the presence of ECR according to the 3-dimensional classification and the portal of entry. The association between the presence of ECR and the factors studied was assessed using the χ² test. Intra-observer agreement was analyzed with the kappa test (α = 0.05).

Results

In total, 6,240 teeth were analyzed, of which 84 (1.35%) were affected by ECR. A significant association was found between the presence of ECR and sex, with a higher prevalence in male patients (p = 0.002). The most frequently affected teeth were the mandibular and maxillary central incisors. The most common height was the mid-third of the root. For the portal of entry, 44% of cases were on the proximal surfaces, 40.5% on the lingual/palatal surface and 15.5% on the buccal surface. Intra-observer agreement was excellent.

Conclusions

The prevalence of ECR was 1.35%, with a higher prevalence in male patients and a wide age distribution. The mandibular and maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth, and cases of ECR most frequently showed a height into the mid-third of the root and proximal entry.

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Prevalence and Characterization of External Cervical Resorption Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Isadora Carneiro Pereira Machado, Marilia Oliveira Morais, Adriana Lustosa Pereira Bicalho, Patricia Helena Pereira Ferrari, Juliano Martins Bueno, José Luiz Cintra Junqueira, Mariana Quirino Silveira Soares
Journal of Endodontics.2024; 50(2): 164. CrossRef
Influence of tube current and metal artifact reduction on the diagnosis of external cervical resorption in teeth adjacent to a dental implant in CBCT: an ex-vivo study
Thamiles Gonzalez-Passos, Matheus Barros-Costa, Matheus L Oliveira, Deborah Queiroz Freitas
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Maxillary anterior teeth with extensive root resorption treated with multidisciplinary approach: A case report
Thais Machado de Carvalho Coutinho, Carollyne Souza Campello, Juliana Pires Abdelnur, Vivian Ronquete, Carlos Henrique Sardenberg Pereira, Marilia F Marceliano-Alves
International Journal of Case Reports and Images.2023; 14(1): 8. CrossRef
Clinical and radiographic features of external cervical resorption – An observational study
Shanon Patel, Francesc Abella, Kreena Patel, Paul Lambrechts, Nassr Al‐Nuaimi
International Endodontic Journal.2023; 56(12): 1475. CrossRef

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Apical periodontitis in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars: influence of anatomy and quality of root canal treatment, a CBCT study: Samantha Jannone Carrion, Marcelo Santos Coelho, Adriana de Jesus Soares, Marcos Frozoni; Restor Dent Endod 2022;47(4):e37. Published online September 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2022.47.e37

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) in the mesiobuccal roots of root canal-treated maxillary molars.

Materials and Methods

One thousand cone-beam computed tomography images of the teeth were examined by 2 dental specialists in oral radiology and endodontics. The internal anatomy of the roots, Vertucci’s classification, quality of root canal treatment, and presence of missed canals were evaluated; additionally, the correlation between these variables and AP was ascertained.

Results

A total of 1,000 roots (692 first molars and 308 second molars) encompassing 1,549 canals were assessed, and the quality of the root canal filling in the majority (56.9%) of the canals was satisfactory. AP was observed in 54.4% of the teeth. A mesiolingual canal in the mesiobuccal root (MB2 canal) was observed in 54.9% of the images, and the majority (83.5%) of these canals were not filled. Significant associations were observed between the presence of an MB2 canal and the quality of the root canal filling and the presence of AP.

Conclusions

AP was detected in more than half of the images. The MB2 canals were frequently missed or poorly filled.

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Anatomical Configuration of the MB2 Canal Using High-Resolution Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Luciana Magrin Blank-Gonçalves, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva, Monikelly do Carmo Chagas Nascimento, Ana Grasiela Limoeiro, Luiz Roberto Coutinho Manhães-Jr
Journal of Endodontics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Retrospective study of the morphology of third maxillary molars among the population of Lower Silesia based on analysis of cone beam computed tomography
Anna Olczyk, Barbara Malicka, Katarzyna Skośkiewicz-Malinowska, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(2): e0299123. CrossRef
Relationship between apical periodontitis and missed canals in mesio-buccal roots of maxillary molars: CBCT study
Badi B. Alotaibi, Kiran I. Khan, Muhammad Q. Javed, Smita D. Dutta, Safia S. Shaikh, Nawaf M. Almutairi
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences.2024; 19(1): 18. CrossRef
APICAL PERIODONTITIS IN MAXILLARY MOLARS WITH MISSED SECOND MESIO-BUCCAL ROOT CANAL: A CBCT STUDY
Cristina Coralia Nistor, Ioana Suciu , Ecaterina Ionescu , Anca Dragomirescu , Elena Coculescu , Andreea Baluta
Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation.2024; 16(3): 100. CrossRef
Anatomic Comparison of Contralateral Maxillary Second Molars Using High-Resolution Micro-CT
Ghassan Dandache, Umut Aksoy, Mehmet Birol Ozel, Kaan Orhan
Symmetry.2023; 15(2): 420. CrossRef

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Which factors related to apical radiolucency may influence its radiographic detection? A study using CBCT as reference standard: Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele, Eduarda Helena Leandro Nascimento, Hugo Gaêta-Araujo, Laís Oliveira de Araujo Cardelli, Deborah Queiroz Freitas; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(3):e43. Published online July 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e43

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the detection rate of apical radiolucencies in 2-dimensional images using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as the reference standard, and to determine which factors related to the apical radiolucencies and the teeth could influence its detection.

Materials and Methods

The sample consisted of exams of patients who had panoramic (PAN) and/or periapical (PERI) radiography and CBCT. The exams were assessed by 2 oral radiologists and divided into PAN+CBCT (227 teeth–285 roots) and PERI+CBCT (94 teeth–115 roots). Radiographic images were evaluated for the presence of apical radiolucency, while CBCT images were assessed for presence, size, location, and involvement of the cortical bone (thinning, expansion, and destruction). Diagnostic values were obtained for PERI and PAN.

Results

PERI and PAN presented high accuracy (0.83 and 0.77, respectively) and specificity (0.89 and 0.91, respectively), but low sensitivity, especially for PAN (0.40 vs. 0.65 of PERI). The size of the apical radiolucency was positively correlated with its detection in PERI and PAN (p < 0.001). For PAN, apical radiolucencies were 3.93 times more frequently detected when related to single-rooted teeth (p = 0.038). The other factors did not influence apical radiolucency detection (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

PERI presents slightly better accuracy than PAN for the detection of apical radiolucency. The size is the only factor related to radiolucency that influences its detection, for both radiographic exams. For PAN, apical radiolucency is most often detected in single-rooted teeth.

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Three-dimensional clinical assessment for MRONJ risk in oncologic patients following tooth extractions
Catalina Moreno Rabie, Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele, Nicolly Oliveira Santos, Fernanda Nogueira Reis, Tim Van den Wyngaert, Reinhilde Jacobs
Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Quality of techniques used to assess clinical outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatment in necrotic mature teeth
Roy George
Evidence-Based Dentistry.2022; 23(3): 98. CrossRef

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Evaluation of the relation between the pulp stones and direct restorations using cone beam computed tomography in a Turkish subpopulation: Güzide Pelin Sezgin, Sema Sönmez Kaplan, Tuna Kaplan; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(3):e34. Published online June 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e34

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Objectives

This study aimed to assess the presence of pulp stones through an examination of cone beam computed tomography images and correlate their prevalence with age, sex, dental arch and side, tooth type, and restoration type and depth.

Materials and Methods

Cone beam computed tomography images obtained from 673 patients and archival data on 11,494 teeth were evaluated. The associations of pulp stones with age, sex, dental arch and side, tooth type, and restoration type and depth were noted. All the measurements were subjected to a χ² test and one sample χ² test (p < 0.05).

Results

In the study group, 163 (24.2%) patients and 379 (3.3%) teeth had at least one pulp stone. The pulp stone frequency in those aged 30–39 years was significantly greater than in those aged 18–29 and ≥ 60 years, and the frequency was higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). The highest prevalence of pulp stones was found in maxillary dental arches and molar teeth (p < 0.05). Pulp stones were significantly more common in medium-depth restorations (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Maxillary molar teeth, medium-depth restorations, individuals aged 30–39 years and females had a greater percentage of pulp stones.

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Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Assessment of the Prevalence and Association of Pulp Calcification with Dental and Periodontal Pathology: A Descriptive Study
José Luis Sanz, Lucía Callado, Stefana Mantale, Jenifer Nicolás, James Ghilotti, Carmen Llena
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(4): 1373. CrossRef
Distribution and influencing factors of pulp stones based on CBCT: a retrospective observational study from southwest China
Wantong Zhang, Yao Wang, Lin Ye, Yan Zhou
BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and Association of Calcified Pulp Stones with Periodontitis: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study in Saudi Arabian Population
Abdullah Saad Alqahtani
Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.2024; 16(Suppl 1): S644. CrossRef
The Prevalence And Distribution Of Pulp Stones: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study İn A Group Of Turkish Patients
Mujgan Firincioglulari, Seçil Aksoy, Melis Gülbeş, Umut Aksoy, Kaan Orhan
ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi.2024; 13(3): 496. CrossRef
Radiographical examination of pulp stone distribution by cone beam computed tomography
Fatma Tunç, Emre Çulha, Muazzez Naz Baştürk
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2024; 7(4): 472. CrossRef
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Based Investigation of the Prevalence and Distribution of Pulp Stones and Their Relation to Local and Systemic Factors in the Makkah Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Laila M Kenawi, Haytham S Jaha, Mashael M Alzahrani, Jihan I Alharbi, Shahad F Alharbi, Taif A Almuqati, Rehab A Alsubhi, Wahdan M Elkwatehy
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cone beam computed tomography assessment of the prevalence and association of pulp calcification with periodontitis
Lingling Xiang, Botao Wang, Yuan Zhang, Jintao Wang, Peipei Wu, Jian Zhang, Liangjun Zhong, Rui He
Odontology.2023; 111(1): 248. CrossRef
Three-dimensional analysis for detection of pulp stones in a Saudi population using cone beam computed tomography
Hassan H. Kaabi, Abdullah M. Riyahi, Nassr S. Al-Maflehi, Saleh F. Alrumayyan, Abdullah K. Bakrman, Yazeed A. Almutaw
Journal of Oral Science.2023; 65(4): 257. CrossRef

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A cone-beam computed tomography study of the prevalence and location of the second mesiobuccal root canal in maxillary molars: Seong-Ju Lee, Eun-Hye Lee, Se-Hee Park, Kyung-Mo Cho, Jin-Woo Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(4):e46. Published online September 3, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e46

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and location of the second mesiobuccal root (MB2) canal in maxillary molars with the aid of various measuring points and lines using cone-beam computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods

A total of 205 images of patients who underwent cone-beam CT examinations between 2011 and 2015 as part of their dental diagnosis and treatment were included. There were 76 images of the maxillary first molar and 135 images of the maxillary second molar. Canal orifices were detected at −1 mm from the top of the pulpal floor on cone-beam CT images. Image assessment was performed by 2 observers in reformatted image planes using software. Assessments included measurement of the distance between the MB1 and MB2 canals, and the angles between the lines connecting the MB1-MB2 and distobuccal (DB)-palatal (P) canals. The data were analyzed using the student's t-test.

Results

The prevalence of the MB2 canal was 86.8% in the first molar and 28.9% in the second molar. The angle between the lines connecting the MB1-MB2 and DB-P canals was 2.3° ± 5.7° in the first molar and −3.95° ± 7.73° in the second molar. The distance between the MB1 and MB2 canals was 2.1 ± 0.44 mm in the first molar and 1.98 ± 0.42 mm in the second molar.

Conclusions

The angles between the lines connecting the MB1-MB2 and DB-P canals was almost parallel. These findings may aid in the prediction of the location of the MB2 canal orifice.

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Position of Second Mesiobuccal Canal Relative to Distobuccal and Palatal Canals of Maxillary Molars in an Iranian Population
Sina Mosadeghian, Azadeh Torkzadeh, Parisa Ranjbarian, Roya Asaadi
Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences.2025; 10(1): 34. CrossRef
Machine Learning Models in the Detection of MB2 Canal Orifice in CBCT Images
Shishir Shetty, Meliz Yuvali, Ilker Ozsahin, Saad Al-Bayatti, Sangeetha Narasimhan, Mohammed Alsaegh, Hiba Al-Daghestani, Raghavendra Shetty, Renita Castelino, Leena R David, Dilber Uzun Ozsahin
International Dental Journal.2025; 75(3): 1640. CrossRef
The Correlation between Intraorifice Distance and the Anatomical Characteristics of the Second Mesiobuccal Canal of Maxillary Molars: A CBCT Study
Isabella Perondi, Silvio Taschieri, Martino Baruffaldi, Roberto Fornara, Luca Francetti, Stefano Corbella, Deepa Gurunathan
International Journal of Dentistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Endodontic management of type I maxillary first molar with two palatal roots using cone-beam computed tomography
Nuha Alghamdi
Dental Journal.2024; 57(1): 1. CrossRef
3D geometric analysis of second mesiobuccal canal in permanent maxillary first molar tooth
Indrani Khadilkar, Divya Nangia, Amrita Chawla, Sidhartha Sharma, Vijay Kumar, Shalini Gupta, Ajay Logani
Australian Endodontic Journal.2023; 49(1): 140. CrossRef
Prevalence of mesiobuccal-2 canals in maxillary first and second molars among the Bruneian population—CBCT analysis
Hui Yi Onn, Malissa Siao Yun Abdullah Sikun, Hanif Abdul Rahman, Jagjit Singh Dhaliwal
BDJ Open.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Location angle of second mesio-buccal canal in maxillary molars of an Indian population: an in vivo retrospective CBCT evaluation and proposal of a new classification
Kishor Vhorkate, Kulvinder Banga, Ajinkya M. Pawar, Shugufta Mir, Suraj Arora, Dian Agustin Wahjuningrum, Anuj Bhardwaj, Alexander Maniangat Luke
PeerJ.2022; 10: e14234. CrossRef
Maxillary molar root and canal morphology of Neolithic and modern Chinese
H.Y. Ren, K.Y. Kum, Y.S. Zhao, Y.J. Yoo, J.S. Jeong, Hiran Perinpanayagam, X.Y. Wang, G.J. Li, F. Wang, H. Fang, Y. Gu
Archives of Oral Biology.2021; 131: 105272. CrossRef

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Bioblock technique to treat severe internal resorption with subsequent periapical pathology: a case report: Márk Fráter, Tekla Sáry, Sufyan Garoushi; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(4):e43. Published online August 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e43

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A variety of therapeutic modalities can be used for the endodontic treatment of a traumatized tooth with internal root resorption (IRR). The authors present a case report of the successful restoration of a traumatized upper central incisor that was weakened due to severe IRR and subsequent periapical lesion formation. A 20-year-old female patient was referred to our clinic with severe internal resorption and subsequent periapical pathosis destroying the buccal bone wall. Root canal treatment had been initiated previously at another dental practice, but at that time, the patient's condition could not be managed even with several treatments. After cone-beam computed tomography imaging and proper chemomechanical cleaning, the tooth was managed with a mineral trioxide aggregate plug followed by root canal filling using short fiber-reinforced composite, known as the Bioblock technique. This report is the first documentation of the use of the Bioblock technique in the restoration of a traumatized tooth. The Bioblock technique appears to be ideal for restoring wide irregular root canals, as in cases of severe internal resorption, because it can uniquely fill out the hollow irregularities of the canal. However, further long-term clinical investigations are required to provide additional information about this new technique.

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Pulp revascularization with and without platelet-rich plasma in two anterior teeth with horizontal radicular fractures: a case report: Edison Arango-Gómez, Javier Laureano Nino-Barrera, Gustavo Nino, Freddy Jordan, Henry Sossa-Rojas; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(4):e35. Published online August 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e35

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Pulp revascularization is an alternative treatment in immature traumatized teeth with necrotic pulp. However, this procedure has not been reported in horizontal root fractures. This is a case report of a 9-year-old patient with multiple horizontal root fractures in 2 upper central incisors that were successfully treated with pulp revascularization. The patient presented for treatment 2 years after the initial trauma, and revascularization was attempted after the initial treatment with calcium hydroxide had failed. Prior to pulp revascularization, cone-beam computed tomography and autoradiograms demonstrated multiple horizontal fractures in the middle and apical thirds of the roots of the 2 affected teeth. Revascularization was performed in both teeth; platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was used in one tooth (#11) and the conventional method (blood clot) was used in the other tooth (#21). Clinical and radiographic follow-up over 4 years demonstrated pulp calcification in the PRP-treated tooth. Neither of the 2 teeth were lost, and the root canal calcification of tooth #11 was greater than that of tooth #21. This case suggests that PRP-based pulp revascularization may be an alternative for horizontal root fractures.

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David Tong, Stéphanie Gobert, Alicia Reuzeau, Jean-Christophe Farges, Marianne Leveque, Marie Bolon, Arthur Costantini, Marielle Pasdeloup, Jérôme Lafont, Maxime Ducret, Mourad Bekhouche
Heliyon.2024; 10(13): e32891. CrossRef
Pulp regeneration treatment using different bioactive materials in permanent teeth of pediatric subjects
Dina Abdellatif, Alfredo Iandolo, Giuseppina De Benedetto, Francesco Giordano, Davide Mancino, Edouard Euvrard, Massimo Pisano
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Retreatment of a Failed Regenerative Endodontic Treatment in an Immature Tooth with a Horizontal Root Fracture: A Case Report
Zaher Marjy, Iris Slutzky-Goldberg
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Sofian Youssef, Phillip Tomson, Amir Reza Akbari, Natalie Archer, Fayjel Shah, Jasmeet Heran, Sunmeet Kandhari, Sandeep Pai, Shivakar Mehrotra, Joanna M Batt
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of postoperative pain and healing following regenerative endodontics using platelet‐rich plasma versus conventional endodontic treatment in necrotic mature mandibular molars with chronic periapical periodontitis. A randomized clinical trial
Yassmin Elsayed Ahmed, Geraldine Mohamed Ahmed, Angie Galal Ghoneim
International Endodontic Journal.2023; 56(4): 404. CrossRef
Regenerative endodontic procedures for two traumatized mature anterior teeth with transverse root fractures
Jing Lu, Bill Kahler
BMC Oral Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Are platelet concentrate scaffolds superior to traditional blood clot scaffolds in regeneration therapy of necrotic immature permanent teeth? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Qianwei Tang, Hua Jin, Song Lin, Long Ma, Tingyu Tian, Xiurong Qin
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Platelet-Rich Fibrin Used as a Scaffold in Pulp Regeneration: Case Series
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A new minimally invasive guided endodontic microsurgery by cone beam computed tomography and 3-dimensional printing technology: Jong-Eun Kim, June-Sung Shim, Yooseok Shin; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(3):e29. Published online July 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e29

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Endodontic microsurgery is defined as the treatment performed on the root apices of an infected tooth, which was unresolved with conventional root canal therapy. Recently, the advanced technology in 3-dimensional model reconstruction based on computed tomography such as cone beam computed tomography has opened a new avenue in application of personalized, accurate diagnosis and has been increasingly used in the field of dentistry. Nevertheless, direct intra-oral localization of root apex based on the 3-dimensional information is extremely difficult and significant amount of bone removal is inevitable when freehand surgical procedure was employed. Moreover, gingival flap and alveolar bone fenestration are usually required, which leads to prolonged time of surgery, thereby increasing the chance of trauma as well as the risk of infection. The purpose of this case report is to present endodontic microsurgery using the guide template that can accurately target the position of apex for the treatment of an anterior tooth with calcified canal which was untreatable with conventional root canal therapy and unable to track the position of the apex due to the absence of fistula.

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A narrative review of papilla preservation techniques in clinical dentistry
Yinghua Fu, Zhixin Zhang, Xiaoping Tang, Jiangling Su
Medicine.2025; 104(3): e41033. CrossRef
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Dianhao Wu, Jingang Jiang, Jinke Wang, Zhuming Bi, Guang Yu
Expert Systems with Applications.2025; 275: 126853. CrossRef
3D finite element analysis of stress distribution on the shape of resected root-end or with/without bone graft of a maxillary premolar during endodontic microsurgery
Aein Mon, Mi-El Kim, Kee-Yeon Kum, Ho-Beom Kwon
Journal of Dental Sciences.2024; 19(2): 837. CrossRef
TREATMENT OF YATROGENIC POST-TRAUMATIC NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ENDODONTIC THERAPY USING 3D TECHNOLOGIES
Karen Sevterteryan, Vladislav Tarasenok, Lyudmila Tatintsyan
BULLETIN OF STOMATOLOGY AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY.2024; : 73. CrossRef
Advancements in guided surgical endodontics: A scoping review of case report and case series and research implications
Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa, Matteo Peditto, Andrea Venticinque, Antonia Marcianò, Alberto Bianchi, Eugenio Pedullà
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Comparison of a Novel Static Computer-aided Surgical and Freehand Techniques for Osteotomy and Root-end Resection
Kyle Westbrook, Corey Rollor, Sara A. Aldahmash, Guadalupe G. Fay, Elias Rivera, Jeffery B. Price, Ina Griffin, Patricia A. Tordik, Frederico C. Martinho
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Oleksandr Nozhenko
Journal of Endodontic Microsurgery.2023; 2: 41. CrossRef
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Sofian Youssef, Phillip Tomson, Amir Reza Akbari, Natalie Archer, Fayjel Shah, Jasmeet Heran, Sunmeet Kandhari, Sandeep Pai, Shivakar Mehrotra, Joanna M Batt
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
New-designed 3D printed surgical guide promotes the accuracy of endodontic microsurgery: a study of 14 upper anterior teeth
Dan Zhao, Weige Xie, Tianguo Li, Anqi Wang, Li Wu, Wen Kang, Lu Wang, Shiliang Guo, Xuna Tang, Sijing Xie
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Guided osteotomy
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Accuracy of digitally planned, guided apicoectomy with a conventional trephine and a custom-made endodontic trephine: An in vitro comparative study
Eszter Nagy, Gábor Braunitzer, Dániel Gerhard Gryschka, Ibrahim Barrak, Mark Adam Antal
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Stress Distribution on Trephine-Resected Root-end in Targeted Endodontic Microsurgery: A Finite Element Analysis
Yeon-Jee Yoo, Hiran Perinpanayagam, Miel Kim, Qiang Zhu, Seung-Ho Baek, Ho-Beom Kwon, Kee-Yeon Kum
Journal of Endodontics.2022; 48(12): 1517. CrossRef
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Sun Mi Jang, Euiseong Kim, Kyung-San Min
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Endodontic management of central incisor associated with large periapical lesion and fused supernumerary root: a conservative approach: Gautam P. Badole, Pratima R. Shenoi, Ameya Parlikar; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(4):e44. Published online October 26, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e44

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Fusion and gemination are developmental anomalies of teeth that may require endodontic treatment. Fusion may cause various clinical problems related to esthetics, tooth spacing, and other periodontal complications. Additional diagnostic tools are required for the diagnosis and the treatment planning of fused tooth. The present case report describes a case of unilateral fusion of a supernumerary root to an upper permanent central incisor with large periapical lesion in which a conservative approach was used without extraction of supernumerary tooth and obturated with mineral trioxide aggregate to reach a favorable outcome.

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Fusion of a Tooth with a Supernumerary Tooth: A Case Report and Literature Review of 35 Cases
Tatsuya Akitomo, Satoru Kusaka, Momoko Usuda, Mariko Kametani, Ami Kaneki, Taku Nishimura, Masashi Ogawa, Chieko Mitsuhata, Ryota Nomura
Children.2023; 11(1): 6. CrossRef
Approche multidisciplinaire d’un cas de fusion incisive centrale maxillaire avec un « talon cusp »
Sonia Terbeche, Kheira Yousfi, Samia Saddat, Souad Larbi Messaoudi, Noureddine Ahmed Fouatih, G. Mer, O. Weissenbach
Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale.2022; 56(2): 205. CrossRef

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Management of a permanent maxillary first molar with unusual crown and root anatomy: a case report: Prateeksha Chowdhry, Pallavi Reddy, Mamta Kaushik; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(3):e35. Published online August 7, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e35

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The aim of this article was to showcase the endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with an unusual crown and root anatomy. Clinical diagnosis of the roots and root canal configuration was confirmed by a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the detection of the canals was made using a dental operating microscope. CBCT images revealed the presence of 5 roots with Vertucci type I canal configuration in all, except, in the middle root which had 2 canals with type IV configuration. The 6 canal orifices were clinically visualized under the dental operating microscope. Clinicians should familiarize themselves with the latest technologies to get additional information in endodontic practice in order to enhance the outcomes of endodontic therapy.

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Endodontic management of maxillary first molar with unusual anatomy
MadhuriSai Battula, Mamta Kaushik, Neha Mehra, Ankeeta Singh
Journal of Conservative Dentistry.2022; 25(5): 569. CrossRef
Diversity of root canal morphology of maxillary first molars
Juhász Kincső-Réka, Kovács Mónika, Pop Mihai, Pop Silvia, Kerekes-Máthé Bernadette
Bulletin of Medical Sciences.2021; 94(1): 63. CrossRef

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CBCT study of mandibular first molars with a distolingual root in Koreans: Hee-Ho Kim, Hyoung-Hoon Jo, Jeong-Bum Min, Ho-Keel Hwang; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(3):e33. Published online July 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e33

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of a separate distolingual root and to measure the thickness of the buccal cortical bone in mandibular first molars in Koreans using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.

Materials and Methods

High-quality CBCT data from 432 patients were analyzed in this study. The prevalence of a separate distolingual root of the mandibular first molar was investigated. The distance from the distobuccal and distolingual root apices to the outer surface of the buccal cortical bone was measured. We also evaluated the thickness of the buccal cortical bone.

Results

The prevalence of a separate distolingual root (2 separate distal roots with 1 canal in each root; 2R2C) was 23.26%. In mandibular first molars with 2R2C, the distance from the distobuccal root apex to the outer surface of the buccal cortical bone was 5.51 mm. Furthermore, the distance from the distolingual root apex to the outer surface of the buccal cortical bone was 12.09 mm. In mandibular first molars with 2R2C morphology, the thickness of the buccal cortical bone at the distobuccal root apex of the mandibular first molar was 3.30 mm. The buccal cortical bone at the distobuccal root apex was significantly thicker in the right side (3.38 mm) than the left side (3.09 mm) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

A separate distolingual root is not rare in mandibular first molars in the Korean population. Anatomic and morphologic knowledge of the mandibular first molar can be useful in treatment planning, including surgical endodontic treatment.

Citations

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Radix molaris is a hidden truth of mandibular first permanent molars: A descriptive- analytic study using cone beam computed tomography
Mohammed A. Alobaid, Saurabh Chaturvedi, Ebtihal Mobarak S. Alshahrani, Ebtsam M. Alshehri, Amal S. Shaiban, Mohamed Khaled Addas, Giuseppe Minervini
Technology and Health Care.2023; 31(5): 1957. CrossRef
Prevalence of radix entomolaris in India and its comparison with the rest of the world
Sumit MOHAN, Jyoti THAKUR
Minerva Dental and Oral Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A critical analysis of laboratory and clinical research methods to study root and canal anatomy
Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
International Endodontic Journal.2022; 55(S2): 229. CrossRef
Three-Rooted Permanent Mandibular First Molars: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence
Nyan M. Aung, Kyaw K. Myint, Luca Testarelli
International Journal of Dentistry.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Reproducibilidad en el diagnóstico imagenológico de periodontitis apical a partir de CBCT
Sandra Milena Buitrago Rojas, Yeny Zulay Castellanos Dominguez, Jhonny Alexander Contreras Vargas, Yosdi Tomás Solano Diaz, Eder Fabián Gutierrez Argote
Acta Odontológica Colombiana.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Primary Molars using CBCT
Yoomin Choi, Seonmi Kim, Namki Choi
THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2020; 47(1): 25. CrossRef
The prevalence of radix molaris in the mandibular first molars of a Saudi subpopulation based on cone-beam computed tomography
Hassan AL-Alawi, Saad Al-Nazhan, Nassr Al-Maflehi, Mazen A. Aldosimani, Mohammed Nabil Zahid, Ghadeer N. Shihabi
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Preferred Reporting Items for Epidemiologic Cross-sectional Studies on Root and Root Canal Anatomy Using Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Technology: A Systematized Assessment
Jorge N.R. Martins, Anil Kishen, Duarte Marques, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, João Caramês, António Mata, Marco A. Versiani
Journal of Endodontics.2020; 46(7): 915. CrossRef
Evaluation of roots and canal systems of mandibular first molars in a vietnamese subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography
KhoaVan Pham, AnhHoang Lan Le
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry.2019; 9(4): 356. CrossRef

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Maxillary first molar with 7 root canals diagnosed using cone-beam computed tomography: Evaldo Rodrigues, Antônio Henrique Braitt, Bruno Ferraz Galvão, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva; Restor Dent Endod 2017;42(1):60-64. Published online August 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.60

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Root canal anatomy is complex, and the recognition of anatomic variations could be a challenge for clinicians. This case report describes the importance of cone beam computed tomographyic (CBCT) imaging during endodontic treatment. A 23 year old woman was referred by her general dental practitioner with the chief complaint of spontaneous pain in her right posterior maxilla. From the clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis was made and endodontic treatment was suggested to the patient. The patient underwent CBCT examination, and CBCT scan slices revealed seven canals: three mesiobuccal (MB1, MB2, and MB3), two distobuccal (DB1 and DB2), and two palatal (P1 and P2). Canals were successfully treated with reciprocating files and filled using single-cone filling technique. Precise knowledge of root canal morphology and its variation is important during root canal treatment. CBCT examination is an excellent tool for identifying and managing these complex root canal systems.

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KONİK IŞINLI BİLGİSAYARLI TOMOGRAFİ İLE DOĞRULANMIŞ OLAĞANDIŞI ÜST BİRİNCİ BÜYÜK AZI DİŞİN ENDODONTİK TEDAVİSİ
Didem Seda Gültekin, Funda Kont Çobankara
Journal of International Dental Sciences.2025; 11(1): 46. CrossRef
An Unusual Case of Maxillary First Molar: A Case Report
Reetu Shrestha
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT).2024; : 1330. CrossRef
Root canal therapy of maxillary first molar with seven canals diagnosed using cone beam computed tomography – a case report
Saini Rashmi, Saini V. Kumar
Tanta Dental Journal.2022; 19(3): 169. CrossRef
Four-Rooted Maxillary First Molars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gabriel Magnucki, Sven V. K. Mietling, Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni
International Journal of Dentistry.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Endodontic treatment of various palatal roots in maxillary molars
Chengshi Wei, Keyi Li, Lili Shen, Guangliang Bai, Xiufen Tian
The Journal of the American Dental Association.2021; 152(12): 1044. CrossRef
Diversity of root canal morphology of maxillary first molars
Juhász Kincső-Réka, Kovács Mónika, Pop Mihai, Pop Silvia, Kerekes-Máthé Bernadette
Bulletin of Medical Sciences.2021; 94(1): 63. CrossRef
Endodontic Management of Maxillary First Molar with Seven Root Canals Diagnosed Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Case Report
Ravindranath Megha, Venkatachalam Prakash
World Journal of Dentistry.2021; 12(1): 89. CrossRef
Endodontic management of the maxillary first molar with special root canals: A case report and review of the literature
Zhi-Hui Zhang, Hai-Lin Yao, Yan Zhang, Xiao Wang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2020; 8(12): 2590. CrossRef
Management of a permanent maxillary first molar with unusual crown and root anatomy: a case report
Prateeksha Chowdhry, Pallavi Reddy, Mamta Kaushik
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Usefulness of cone beam computed tomography in perplexing endodontic cases
Amandeep Kaur, Ajay Logani
Endodontology.2018; 30(2): 187. CrossRef
Endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with seven root canal systems evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography scanning
VijayReddy Venumuddala, Sridhar Moturi, SV Satish, BKalyan Chakravarthy, Sudhakar Malapati
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry.2017; 7(5): 297. CrossRef

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Proximity of the mandibular molar root apex from the buccal bone surface: a cone-beam computed tomographic study: Dokyung Kim, Jung-Hong Ha, Myoung-Uk Jin, Young-Kyung Kim, Sung Kyo Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(3):182-188. Published online July 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.182

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proximity of the mandibular molar apex to the buccal bone surface in order to provide anatomic information for apical surgery.

Materials and Methods

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 127 mandibular first molars and 153 mandibular second molars were analyzed from 160 patients' records. The distance was measured from the buccal bone surface to the root apex and the apical 3.0 mm on the cross-sectional view of CBCT.

Results

The second molar apex and apical 3 mm were located significantly deeper relative to the buccal bone surface compared with the first molar (p < 0.01). For the mandibular second molars, the distance from the buccal bone surface to the root apex was significantly shorter in patients over 70 years of age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, this distance was significantly shorter when the first molar was missing compared to nonmissing cases (p < 0.05). For the mandibular first molars, the distance to the distal root apex of one distal-rooted tooth was significantly greater than the distance to the disto-buccal root apex (p < 0.01). In mandibular second molar, the distance to the apex of C-shaped roots was significantly greater than the distance to the mesial root apex of non-C-shaped roots (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

For apical surgery in mandibular molars, the distance from the buccal bone surface to the apex and apical 3 mm is significantly affected by the location, patient age, an adjacent missing anterior tooth, and root configuration.

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Expert consensus on intentional tooth replantation
Zhengmei Lin, Dingming Huang, Shuheng Huang, Zhi Chen, Qing Yu, Benxiang Hou, Lihong Qiu, Wenxia Chen, Jiyao Li, Xiaoyan Wang, Zhengwei Huang, Jinhua Yu, Jin Zhao, Yihuai Pan, Shuang Pan, Deqin Yang, Weidong Niu, Qi Zhang, Shuli Deng, Jingzhi Ma, Xiuping
International Journal of Oral Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Outcome of intentional replantation of endodontically treated teeth with periapical pathosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Faizan Javed, Kamil Zafar, Farhan R. Khan
Australian Endodontic Journal.2023; 49(S1): 494. CrossRef
Proximity of maxillary molar apexes to the cortical bone surface and the maxillary sinus
Han Shin Lee, Dokyung Kim, Sung Kyo Kim
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Alveolar bone thickness overlying healthy maxillary and mandibular teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Marziyeh Shafizadeh, Azita Tehranchi, Armin Shirvani, Saeed Reza Motamedian
International Orthodontics.2021; 19(3): 389. CrossRef
Relationship between the anatomic structures and mandibular posterior teeth for endodontic surgery in a Turkish population: a cone-beam computed tomographic analysis
Zeliha Uğur Aydın, Duygu Göller Bulut
Clinical Oral Investigations.2019; 23(9): 3637. CrossRef

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Analysis of C-shaped root canal configuration in maxillary molars in a Korean population using cone-beam computed tomography: Hyoung-Hoon Jo, Jeong-Bum Min, Ho-Keel Hwang; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(1):55-62. Published online January 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.1.55

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of root fusion and C-shaped root canals in maxillary molars, and to classify the types of C-shaped canal by analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Korean population.

Materials and Methods

Digitized CBCT images from 911 subjects were obtained in Chosun University Dental Hospital between February 2010 and July 2012 for orthodontic treatment. Among them, a total of selected 3,553 data of maxillary molars were analyzed retrospectively. Tomography sections in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were displayed by PiViewstar and Rapidia MPR software (Infinitt Co.). The incidence and types of root fusion and C-shaped root canals were evaluated and the incidence between the first and the second molar was compared using Chi-square test.

Results

Root fusion was present in 3.2% of the first molars and 19.5% of the second molars, and fusion of mesiobuccal and palatal root was dominant. C-shaped root canals were present in 0.8% of the first molars and 2.7% of the second molars. The frequency of root fusion and C-shaped canal was significantly higher in the second molar than the first molar (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In a Korean population, maxillary molars showed total 11.3% of root fusion and 1.8% of C-shaped root canals. Furthermore, root fusion and C-shaped root canals were seen more frequently in the maxillary second molars.

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A Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of C‐Shaped Canal Configuration in Maxillary Molars Among an Iranian Population
Nafiseh Nikkerdar, Mohammad Moslehi, Amin Golshah, Mario Dioguardi
International Journal of Dentistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Endodontic treatment of a C‐shaped mandibular second molar with narrow dentinal thickness: A case report
Mina Mehrjouei, Hamid Jafarzadeh, Pourya Esmaeelpour, Maryam Khorasanchi
Clinical Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of 2- and 3-dimensional anatomic parameters of C-shaped root canals with cone beam computed tomography, microcomputed tomography, and nanocomputed tomography
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Use of cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional modeling for assessment of anomalous pulp canal configuration: a case report: Alper Sinanoglu, Dilek Helvacioglu-Yigit, Ibrahim Mutlu; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(2):161-165. Published online December 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.161

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Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans appears to be a valuable method for assessing pulp canal configuration. The aim of this report is to describe endodontic treatment of a mandibular second premolar with aberrant pulp canal morphology detected by CBCT and confirmed by 3D modeling. An accessory canal was suspected during endodontic treatment of the mandibular left second premolar in a 21 year old woman with a chief complaint of pulsating pain. Axial cross-sectional CBCT scans revealed that the pulp canal divided into mesiobuccal, lingual, and buccal canals in the middle third and ended as four separate foramina. 3D modeling confirmed the anomalous configuration of the fused root with a deep lingual groove. Endodontic treatment of the tooth was completed in two appointments. The root canals were obturated using lateral compaction of gutta-percha and root canal sealer. The tooth remained asymptomatic and did not develop periapical pathology until 12 months postoperatively. CBCT and 3D modeling enable preoperative evaluation of aberrant root canal systems and facilitate endodontic treatment.

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Exploring Technological Progress in Three-Dimensional Imaging for Root Canal Treatments: A Systematic Review
Kanwalpreet Kaur, Ravinder S. Saini, Sunil Kumar Vaddamanu, Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu, Vishwanath Gurumurthy, Shan Sainudeen, Vinod Babu Mathew, Shafait Ullah Khateeb, Aida Mokhlesi, Seyed Ali Mosaddad, Artak Heboyan
International Dental Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Root Canal Treatment of Oehlers Type III Dens Invaginatus in Maxillary Lateral Incisor and Remote Sinus Tract Using Dental Surgical Microscope and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Rie Fujii, Tomohiro Asai, Masashi Yamada, Ryo Sako, Yoshiki Tamiya, Masahiro Furusawa
The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College.2023; 64(2): 67. CrossRef
CBCT and Micro-CT analysis of the mandibular first premolars with C-shaped canal system in a Chinese population author
Yimeng Zhang, Xunben Weng, Yu Fu, Xuekai Qi, Yihuai Pan, Yu Zhao
BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Clinical management of a fused upper premolar with supernumerary tooth: a case report: Kyu-Min Cho, Ji-Hyun Jang, Sang-Hyuk Park; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(4):319-323. Published online July 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.319

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In dentistry, the term 'fusion' is used to describe a developmental disorder of dental hard tissues. In the permanent dentition, fusion of a normal tooth and a supernumerary tooth usually involves the incisors or canines. However, a few cases of fusion involving premolars have also been reported to date. We present a rare case in which fusion of the maxillary left second premolar and a supernumerary tooth in a 13-year-old girl was diagnosed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT, Alphard-3030, Asahi Roentgen Ind. Co., Ltd.). The tooth was bicuspidized after routine nonsurgical root canal treatment, and the separated teeth underwent appropriate restoration procedures. The second premolar and supernumerary tooth remained asymptomatic without any signs of inflammation after a follow-up period of 9 years. Identification of anatomical anomalies is important for treatment in cases involving fusion with supernumerary tooth, and therefore the microscopic examinations and CBCT are essential for the diagnosis. Fused teeth can be effectively managed by the comprehensive treatment which includes both endodontic and periodontal procedures.

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Fusion of a Tooth with a Supernumerary Tooth: A Case Report and Literature Review of 35 Cases
Tatsuya Akitomo, Satoru Kusaka, Momoko Usuda, Mariko Kametani, Ami Kaneki, Taku Nishimura, Masashi Ogawa, Chieko Mitsuhata, Ryota Nomura
Children.2023; 11(1): 6. CrossRef
Malformed Teeth and Their Endodontic Implications
Annapoorna Annapoorna, Manjunatha M, Shubhashini N, Swetha H. B.
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Endodontic management of central incisor associated with large periapical lesion and fused supernumerary root: a conservative approach
Gautam P. Badole, Pratima R. Shenoi, Ameya Parlikar
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion
Jing Zou, Mingmei Meng, Clarice S Law, Yale Rao, Xuedong Zhou
International Journal of Oral Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Endodontic Management of Dilacerated Maxillary Central Incisor fused to a Supernumerary Tooth using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: An Unusual Clinical Presentation
Thilla S Vinothkumar, Deivanayagam Kandaswamy, Ganesh Arathi, Sathishkumar Ramkumar, Gnanasekaran Felsypremila
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2017; 18(6): 522. CrossRef
Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment of fused teeth with transposition: a case report
Miguel Agostinho Beco Pinto Cardoso, Rita Brandão Noites, Miguel André Duarte Martins, Manuel Pedro da Fonseca Paulo
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2016; 41(2): 148. CrossRef

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Endodontic management of a mandibular second molar with radix entomolaris: a case report: Rosaline Hannah, Deivanayagam Kandaswamy, Nachimuthu Jayaprakash; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(2):132-136. Published online March 21, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.2.132

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The presence of radix entomolaris (RE) in a mandibular first molar is a common occurrence in certain ethnic groups, but the presence of RE in a mandibular second molar is a rare occurrence. In the present case, RE was identified from preoperative radiographs and confirmed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The access cavity was modified to locate the RE. Cleaning and shaping were performed with nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Obturation was completed with gutta-percha cones using AH Plus (Dentsply Detrey GmbH) as sealer. From the CBCT axial images, the RE was determined to have a Type III curvature by the De Moor classification, Type B separate RE by the Carlsen and Alexandersen classification, and radiographically, a Type i image by the Wang classification. The presence of RE in the mandibular second molar makes it essential to anticipate and treat the distolingual root canal. This case report highlights the usefulness of CBCT for assessing RE in the mandibular second molar, which can help the clinician in making a confirmatory diagnosis and assessing the morphology of the root canal.

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Endodontic Treatment of a Mandibular Second Molar Featuring Vertucci Type V Configuration in the Distal Root: A Case Report
He Liu, Ya Shen
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Sung-Hyeon Choi, Na-Kyung Yoon, Ji-Hyun Jang, Young-Hoon Kim, Hoon-Sang Chang, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh, Bin-Na Lee
Oral Biology Research.2018; 42(1): 53. CrossRef
Unusual root morphology in second mandibular molar with a radix entomolaris, and comparison between cone-beam computed tomography and digital periapical radiography: a case report
Elisardo López-Rosales, Pablo Castelo-Baz, Roland De Moor, Manuel Ruíz-Piñón, Benjamín Martín-Biedma, Purificación Varela-Patiño
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Endodontic management of a maxillary lateral incisor with dens invaginatus and external root irregularity using cone-beam computed tomography: Young-Jun Lim, Sook-Hyun Nam, Sung-Ho Jung, Dong-Ryul Shin, Su-Jung Shin, Kyung-San Min; Restor Dent Endod 2012;37(1):50-53. Published online March 2, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2012.37.1.50

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Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a useful diagnostic tool for identification of both internal and external root configurations. This case report describes the endodontic management of a lateral incisor with both dens invaginatus and external root irregularity by using CBCT. Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment was performed on the lateral incisor with dens invaginatus. A perforation through the dens invaginatus and external concavity was repaired using mineral trioxide aggregate. After 18 mon of follow-up, there were no clinical symptoms. Recall radiographs appeared normal and showed healing of the periapical pathosis. The understanding of both internal root canal configuration and external root irregularity using CBCT can ensure predictable and successful results.

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Cone-beam computed tomography for assessment of dens invaginatus in the Polish population
T. Katarzyna Różyło, Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska, Magdalena Piskórz
Oral Radiology.2018; 34(2): 136. CrossRef
Nonsurgical Endodontic Management of a Molar-Incisor Malformation-affected Mandibular First Molar: A Case Report
Wonyoung Yue, Euiseong Kim
Journal of Endodontics.2016; 42(4): 664. CrossRef
Three-year follow-up: Healing of a large periapical lesion related to a maxillary central incisor and two canalled lateral incisor after a single visit root canal treatment
Abu Mostafa Ammar
Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene.2015; 7(4): 40. CrossRef
Dilemmas pertaining to three canals in the mesiobuccal root of a maxillary second molar: a case report
Ankit Arora, Shashi Rashmi Acharya, Muliya Vidya Saraswathi, Padmaja Sharma, Amber Ather
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Management of root canal perforation by using cone-beam computed tomography
Kyung-San Min
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Endodontic treatment of maxillary lateral incisors with anatomical variations
Moon-Hwan Lee, Jung-Hong Ha, Myoung-Uk Jin, Young-Kyung Kim, Sung-Kyo Kim
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 253. CrossRef

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