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We report the surgical endodontic treatment of a maxillary first premolar with a lateral lesion that originated from an accessory canal. Although lesions originating from accessory canals frequently heal with simple conventional endodontic therapy, some lesions may need additional and different treatment. In the present case, conventional root canal retreatment led to incomplete healing with the need for further treatment (i.e., surgery). Surgical endodontic management with a fast-setting calcium silicate cement was performed on the accessory canal using a dental operating microscope. At the patient's 9-month recall visit, the lesion was resolved upon radiography.

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Palatogingival groove (PGG) is an anomaly in the maxillary anterior teeth, often accompanied by the area of bony destruction adjacent to the teeth with no carious or traumatic history. The hidden trap in the tooth can harbor plaque and bacteria, resulting in periodontal destruction with or without pulpal pathologic change. Related diseases can involve periodontal destruction, combined endodontic-periodontal lesions, or separate endodontic and periodontal lesions. Disease severity and prognosis related to PGG depend on several factors, including location, range, depth, and type of the groove. Several materials have been used and recommended for cases of extensive periodontal destruction from PGG to remove and block the inflammatory source and recover the health of surrounding periodontal tissues. Even in cases of severe periodontal destruction, several studies have reported favorable treatment outcomes with proper management. With new options in diagnosis and treatment, clinicians need a detailed understanding of the characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of PGG to successfully manage the condition.

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Although fiber-reinforced posts have been widely used, they sometimes fail to obtain sufficient retention because of an extremely large canal space. To address this, several techniques have been introduced including relining of the fiber-reinforced posts. Here, we used a relined glass-fiber post to increase retention and fitness to the root canal in a crown reattachment case. The relining procedure was performed by using an indirect method on the working cast. This case also highlights the esthetic concerns regarding dehydration of the attached crown fragment.

Among dental traumas, horizontal root fractures are relatively uncommon injuries. Proper initial management and periodical evaluation is essential for the successful treatment of a root-fractured tooth. If pulpal necrosis develops, endodontic treatment is indicated, exclusively for the coronal fragment. Fragment diastases exert a great influence on healing at the fracture line and on pulpal necrosis. An adequately treated root-fractured tooth has a good prognosis. This case report describes the treatment and 2-yr follow up of 3 maxillary central incisors, first with horizontal root fracture, second with horizontal root fracture and avulsion, and third with horizontal root fracture and lateral luxation. All three cases were treated with mineral trioxide aggregate (ProRoot, Dentsply). During 2 yr of follow-up evaluation, the root-fractured teeth of the present patients were well retained in the arch, showing periodontal healing, even after endodontic treatment.

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  Shereen Alattar, Walid Nehme, Franck Diemer, Alfred Naaman
  Journal of Endodontics.2015; 41(5): 703.     CrossRef
• Cyclic fatigue of instruments for endodontic glide path
  Gianluca Gambarini, Gianluca Plotino, GianPaolo Sannino, Nicola Maria Grande, Alessio Giansiracusa, Lucila Piasecki, Ulisses Xavier da Silva Neto, Dina Al-Sudani, Luca Testarelli
  Odontology.2015; 103(1): 56.     CrossRef
• Influence of the glide path on various parameters of root canal prepared with WaveOne reciprocating file using cone beam computed tomography
  Anil Dhingra, Nidhi Nagar, Vipul Sapra
  Dental Research Journal.2015; 12(6): 534.     CrossRef
• Apical Transportation, Centering Ability, and Cleaning Effectiveness of Reciprocating Single-file System Associated with Different Glide Path Techniques
  Guilherme Moreira de Carvalho, Emílio Carlos Sponchiado Junior, Angela Delfina Bittencourt Garrido, Raphael Carlos Comelli Lia, Lucas da Fonseca Roberti Garcia, André Augusto Franco Marques
  Journal of Endodontics.2015; 41(12): 2045.     CrossRef
• Influence of cervical preflaring on apical transportation in curved root canals instrumented by reciprocating file systems
  Neisiana Barbieri, Denise Piotto Leonardi, Marina Samara Baechtold, Gisele Maria Correr, Marilisa Carneiro Leão Gabardo, João César Zielak, Flares Baratto-Filho
  BMC Oral Health.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Current Assessment of Reciprocation in Endodontic Preparation: A Comprehensive Review—Part II: Properties and Effectiveness
  Gianluca Plotino, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Nicola Maria Grande, Stephen Cohen, Frédéric Bukiet
  Journal of Endodontics.2015; 41(12): 1939.     CrossRef
• Influence of flexion angle of files on the decentralization of oval canals during instrumentation
  Maria Antonieta Veloso Carvalho de OLIVEIRA, Letícia Duarte ALVES, Analice Giovani PEREIRA, Luís Henrique Araújo RAPOSO, João Carlos Gabrielli BIFFI
  Brazilian Oral Research.2015; 29(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Quantitative Transportation Assessment in Simulated Curved Canals Prepared with an Adaptive Movement System
  Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, Michele Dias Nunes Tameirão, Felipe Gonçalves Belladonna, Aline Almeida Neves, Erick Miranda Souza, Gustavo De-Deus
  Journal of Endodontics.2015; 41(7): 1125.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of reciprocating and rotary systems for removing root filling material: A micro-computed tomography study
  D. Helvacioglu-Yigit, A. Yilmaz, G. Kiziltas-Sendur, O. S. Aslan, P. V. Abbott
  Scanning.2014; 36(6): 576.     CrossRef
• Effect of passive ultrasonic agitation during final irrigation on cleaning capacity of hybrid instrumentation
  Marcilene Coelho Vinhorte, Eduardo Hideki Suzuki, Maíra Sousa de Carvalho, André Augusto Franco Marques, Emílio Carlos Sponchiado Júnior, Lucas da Fonseca Roberti Garcia
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(2): 104.     CrossRef
• Performance of RaCe Instrumentation System in Curved Root Canals: A Comprehensive Analysis by Three Study Methods
  Denise Piotto Leonardi, Gilson Blitzkow Sydney, Mario Tanomaru Filho, Flares Baratto-Filho, Samantha Schaffer Pugsley Baratto, Paulo Sergio Cerri
  Brazilian Dental Journal.2013; 24(3): 230.     CrossRef
• Endodontic treatment of mandibular molar with root dilaceration using Reciproc single-file system
  Daniely Amorin Meireles, Mariana Mena Barreto Bastos, André Augusto Franco Marques, Lucas da Fonseca Roberti Garcia, Emílio Carlos Sponchiado
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(3): 167.     CrossRef

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• Identification of the Procedural Accidents During Root Canal Preparation Using Digital Intraoral Radiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography
  K.-Ivácson A.- Csinszka, Monea Adriana Maria, Monea Monica, Pop Mihai, Borda Angela
  Acta Medica Marisiensis.2016; 62(3): 326.     CrossRef

The aim of this study was to present a method for endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with unusual C-shaped morphology of the buccal root verified by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. This rare anatomical variation was confirmed using CBCT, and nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed by meticulous evaluation of the pulpal floor. Posttreatment image revealed 3 independent canals in the buccal root obturated efficiently to the accepted lengths in all 3 canals. Our study describes a unique C-shaped variation of the root canal system in a maxillary first molar, involving the 3 buccal canals. In addition, our study highlights the usefulness of CBCT imaging for accurate diagnosis and management of this unusual canal morphology.

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• Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment of C-shaped maxillary molars: case reports and review of literature
  Ming Liu, Yanling Huang, Yixuan Wu, Yi Zhang, Zhisheng Zhang, Qianju Wu
  BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Analysis of Fused Rooted Maxillary First and Second Molars with Merged and C-shaped Canal Configurations: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Correlations in a Saudi Arabian Population
  Mohammed Mashyakhy, Hemant Ramesh Chourasia, Ahmad Jabali, Abdulmajeed Almutairi, Gianluca Gambarini
  Journal of Endodontics.2019; 45(10): 1209.     CrossRef
• C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: a CBCT analysis
  Hee-Sun Kim, Daun Jung, Ho Lee, Yoon-Sic Han, Sohee Oh, Hye-Young Sim
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Characteristics of the Maxillary C-shaped Molar
  Jorge N.R. Martins, António Mata, Duarte Marques, Craig Anderson, João Caramês
  Journal of Endodontics.2016; 42(3): 383.     CrossRef
• Use of cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional modeling for assessment of anomalous pulp canal configuration: a case report
  Alper Sinanoglu, Dilek Helvacioglu-Yigit, Ibrahim Mutlu
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2015; 40(2): 161.     CrossRef
• Endodontic management of a mandibular second molar with radix entomolaris: a case report
  Rosaline Hannah, Deivanayagam Kandaswamy, Nachimuthu Jayaprakash
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(2): 132.     CrossRef

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• Comparative Evaluation of Sealing Ability, Water Absorption, and Solubility of Three Temporary Restorative Materials: An in vitro Study
  AR Prabhakar, N Shantha Rani
  International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2017; 10(2): 136.     CrossRef
• Sealing Ability of Three Different Materials Used as Retrograde Filling
  Ji-Hoon Park, Seung-Bok Kang, Yong-Hoon Choi, Ji-Hyun Bae
  Journal of Korean Dental Science.2012; 5(2): 60.     CrossRef

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a useful diagnostic tool for identification of both internal and external root configurations. This case report describes the endodontic management of a lateral incisor with both dens invaginatus and external root irregularity by using CBCT. Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment was performed on the lateral incisor with dens invaginatus. A perforation through the dens invaginatus and external concavity was repaired using mineral trioxide aggregate. After 18 mon of follow-up, there were no clinical symptoms. Recall radiographs appeared normal and showed healing of the periapical pathosis. The understanding of both internal root canal configuration and external root irregularity using CBCT can ensure predictable and successful results.

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• Cone-beam computed tomography for assessment of dens invaginatus in the Polish population
  T. Katarzyna Różyło, Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska, Magdalena Piskórz
  Oral Radiology.2018; 34(2): 136.     CrossRef
• Nonsurgical Endodontic Management of a Molar-Incisor Malformation-affected Mandibular First Molar: A Case Report
  Wonyoung Yue, Euiseong Kim
  Journal of Endodontics.2016; 42(4): 664.     CrossRef
• Three-year follow-up: Healing of a large periapical lesion related to a maxillary central incisor and two canalled lateral incisor after a single visit root canal treatment
  Abu Mostafa Ammar
  Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene.2015; 7(4): 40.     CrossRef
• Dilemmas pertaining to three canals in the mesiobuccal root of a maxillary second molar: a case report
  Ankit Arora, Shashi Rashmi Acharya, Muliya Vidya Saraswathi, Padmaja Sharma, Amber Ather
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(3): 172.     CrossRef
• Management of root canal perforation by using cone-beam computed tomography
  Kyung-San Min
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(1): 55.     CrossRef
• Endodontic treatment of maxillary lateral incisors with anatomical variations
  Moon-Hwan Lee, Jung-Hong Ha, Myoung-Uk Jin, Young-Kyung Kim, Sung-Kyo Kim
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 253.     CrossRef

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• Light curing infection control barriers: do some types jeopardize the concept of conventional bulk-fill composites?
  Dalia I. Sherief, Mohamed M. Kandil, Dina Ahmed El-Refai
  BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Infection Control Barriers on Light Output from a Dental Light-Curing Unit Used in Various Positions
  Jitte van der Zee, Andrew Tawse-Smith, Sunyoung Ma
  Oral.2023; 3(2): 166.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of irradiance and spectral output of visible light curing units used in the laboratory
  Yoorina Choi, Su-Beom Choi, Ji-Hye Jung, Hoon-Sang Chang
  Oral Biology Research.2021; 45(4): 201.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Clinical Sterilization Methods in Dental Air/water Syringes
  Seyoung Shin, Yeonmi Yang, Miah Kim, Jaegon Kim, Byeongju Baik
  THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2013; 40(4): 268.     CrossRef
• Power density of various light curing units through resin inlays with modified layer thickness
  Sung-Ok Hong, Yonghui Oh, Jeong-Bum Min, Jin-Woo Kim, Bin-Na Lee, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh, Hoon-Sang Chang
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(3): 130.     CrossRef
• Effect of a multi-layer infection control barrier on the micro-hardness of a composite resin
  In-Nam Hwang, Sung-Ok Hong, Bin-Na Lee, Yun-Chan Hwang, Won-Mann Oh, Hoon-Sang Chang
  Journal of Applied Oral Science.2012; 20(5): 576.     CrossRef

Mandibular premolars show a wide variety of root canal anatomy. Especially, the occurrence of three canals with three separate foramina in mandibular second premolars is very rare. This case report describes the root canal treatment of an unusual morphological configuration of the root canal system and supplements previous reports of the existence of such configuration in mandibular second premolar.

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• Effective management of mandibular second premolar with root anomalies
  Ashwaq Faia Asiri
  Saudi Endodontic Journal.2023; 13(1): 28.     CrossRef

Herpes zoster, an acute viral infection produced by the varicella zoster virus, may affect any of the trigeminal branches. This case report presents a patient with symptoms mimicking odontogenic pain. No obvious cause of the symptoms could be found based on clinical and radiographic examinations. After a dermatologist made a diagnosis of herpes zoster involving the third trigeminal branch, the patient was given antiviral therapy. Two months later, the facial lesions and pain had almost disappeared, and residual pigmented scars were present. During the diagnostic process, clinicians should keep in mind the possibility that orofacial pain might be related to herpes zoster.

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• Herpes Zoster Accompanying Odontogenic Inflammation: A Case Report with Literature Review
  Soyeon Lee, Minsik Kim, Jong-Ki Huh, Jae-Young Kim
  Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain.2021; 46(1): 9.     CrossRef
• Recurrent Herpetic Stomatitis Mimicking Post-Root Resection Complication
  Sung-Ok Hong, Jae-Kwan Lee, Hoon-Sang Chang
  Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science.2013; 29(4): 418.     CrossRef
• Diagnostic challenges of nonodontogenic toothache
  Hyung-Ok Park, Jung-Hong Ha, Myoung-Uk Jin, Young-Kyung Kim, Sung-Kyo Kim
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(3): 170.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing abilities of four endodontic temporary restorative materials using a methylene blue dye penetration test under dynamic loading. Standardized access cavities were prepared in forty-four intact human permanent molar teeth, and the cavities were restored with Caviton, MD-Temp, IRM, or ZOE. After thermocycling, an intermittent load of 98 N at 1 Hz was applied for 1,000 cycles to the long axis of the functional cusp of each of the teeth, which were immersed in a 1% methylene blue solution. The teeth were split in half, and the linear depth of dye penetration was evaluated according to the criteria. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.05) and Duncan's multiple range test. The results demonstrated that Caviton and MD-Temp showed significantly lower microleakage than IRM and ZOE. It was concluded that Caviton and MD-Temp exhibited better sealing ability than IRM and ZOE under dynamic loading.

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• Coronal microleakage of four temporary restorative materials in Class II-type endodontic access preparations
  Sang-Mi Yun, Lorena Karanxha, Hee-Jin Kim, Sung-Ho Jung, Su-Jung Park, Kyung-San Min
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(1): 29.     CrossRef

This report describes clinical cases of a palato-gingival groove on a maxillary lateral incisor with associated localized periodontal disease and pulp necrosis. The tooth of the first case was extracted because of severe bone destruction. The palato-gingival groove of the second case was eliminated using a round bur, and the resulting defect was filled with synthetic graft and covered by an absorbable membrane. Both diagnosis and treatment of palato-gingival groove were very difficult and usually extraction of the involved tooth is the treatment of choice, but combined endodontic-periodontic treatment allowed the tooth to be saved.

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• Radicular lingual groove: A contributory factor in periodontal pathology
  Gaurav Didhra, Jagjit Singh, Rajan Gupta, Parveen Dahiya
  Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences.2019; 7(2): 240.     CrossRef
• Management of a Palatal Gingival Groove in a Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A Case Report
  Ashkan Salari, Maosumeh Faramarzi, Seyedeh Fereshteh Naser alavi
  Journal of Periodontology & Implant Dentistry.2016; 7(2): 66.     CrossRef
• Endodontic treatment of maxillary lateral incisors with anatomical variations
  Moon-Hwan Lee, Jung-Hong Ha, Myoung-Uk Jin, Young-Kyung Kim, Sung-Kyo Kim
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 253.     CrossRef

The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based (AH 26, EZ fill and AD Seal), a zinc oxide-eugenol-based (ZOB Seal), and a calcium hydroxide-based (Sealapex) root canal sealers. Specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness, were radiographed simultaneously with an aluminum step wedge using occlusal films, according to ISO 6876/2001 standards. Radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of sealers was compared to the different thicknesses of the aluminum step wedge, using the Scion image software. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of each material was determined in immortalized human periodontal ligament (IPDL) cells.

The results demonstrated that EZ fill was the most radiopaque sealer, while Sealapex was the least radiopaque (p < 0.05). AH 26, AD Seal and ZOB Seal presented intermediate radiopacity values. All the materials evaluated, except for Sealapex, presented the minimum radiopacity required by ISO standards. The cell viabilities of resin-based root canal sealers were statistically higher than that of other type of root canal sealers through the all experimental time. Further, EZ fill showed statistically lower cell viability in 24 and 48 hours compared to AD Seal and in 72 hours compared to all other resin-based root canal sealers. However, there was no correlation between the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canals sealers (p > 0.05).

These results indicate that resin-based root canal sealer is more biocompatible and has advantage in terms of radiopacity.

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• A Comparative Evaluation of Two Commonly Used GP Solvents on Different Epoxy Resin-based Sealers: An In Vitro Study
  Sakshi Tyagi, Ekta Choudhary, Rajat Chauhan, Ashish Choudhary
  International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2020; 13(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of softening ability of Xylene & Endosolv-R on three different epoxy resin based sealers within 1 to 2 minutes - anin vitrostudy
  Pratima Ramakrishna Shenoi, Gautam Pyarelal Badole, Rajiv Tarachand Khode
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(1): 17.     CrossRef
• A comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity of root canal sealers: anin vitrostudy
  Gautam Pyarelal Badole, Manjusha Madhukar Warhadpande, Ganesh Kothiramji Meshram, Rakesh Namdeoraoji Bahadure, Shubha Gopal Tawani, Gopal Tawani, Shital Gautam Badole
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 204.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of radiopacity and discriminability of various fiber reinforced composite posts
  Eun-Hye Lee, Hang-Moon Choi, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(3): 188.     CrossRef
• A comparative study on radiopacity of root canal sealers
  Tae-Min Kim, Seo-Kyoung Kim, In-Nam Hwang, Yun-Chan Hwang, Byung-Cheol Kang, Suk-Ja Yoon, Jae-Seo Lee, Won-Mann Oh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(1): 61.     CrossRef
• A comparative study on radiopacity of canal filling and retrograde root-end filling materials
  Yong-Sang Kim, Seo-Kyong Kim, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(2): 107.     CrossRef

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of newly marketed NRT instruments to maintain the original root canal configuration and curvature during preparation in comparison with the three existing instruments in simulated root canals.

Simulated canals in resin blocks were prepared with ProFile, K3, ProTaper, and NRT instrument (n = 10 canals in each case). Pre- and post-operative images were recorded, and assessment of canal shape was completed with a computer image analysis program. The data were analyzed statistically using the One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's test.

The ability of instruments to remain centered in prepared canals at 1-, 2-mm levels was significantly better in ProFile groups than in other groups (p < 0.05). The change of centering ratio in NRT groups at 5-mm level was significantly greater than ProFile group and at 6- and 7-mm level than all other groups (p < 0.05).

Although the NRT system was comparable to other systems in regards to its ability to maintain the canal configuration of apical portion, this system was more influenced by the mid-root curvature due to its stainless-steel files for coronal preflaring.

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• A comparison of the shaping ability of reciprocating NiTi instruments in simulated curved canals
  Young-Sil Yoo, Yong-Bum Cho
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(4): 220.     CrossRef
• Effect of cross-sectional area of 6 nickel-titanium rotary instruments on the fatigue fracture under cyclic flexural stress: A fractographic analysis
  Soo-Youn Hwang, So-Ram Oh, Yoon Lee, Sang-Min Lim, Kee-Yeon Kum
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(5): 424.     CrossRef

Hemolytic property is a specific feature of bacteria to obtain iron which is essential for its survival in host tissues. Therefore, it is thought to be one of several factors of virulence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hemolytic properties of Prevotella nigrescens isolated from the teeth diagnosed as pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis under the presence of hemolysin inhibitors such as NaN₃ and dithiothreitol, heat, various pH and cultural conditions.

The results were as follows;

1. Clinically isolated P. nigrescens strains and standard P. nigrscens ATCC 33563 showed hemolytic activity.

2. P. nigrescens showed higher hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes than sheep or horse erythrocytes.

3. NaN₃ and dithiothreitol (DTT) reduced the hemolytic activity of P. nigrescens in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05).

4. Optimal pH for the maximum hemolytic activity of P. nigrescens was 4.0 and the hemolysin was stable under the 50℃, but the hemolytic activity was significantly decreased at 95℃.

5. P. nigrescens cultured in 10% CO₂ condition showed higher hemolytic activity than the bacteria cultured in the anaerobic condition.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of additional enamel etching with phosphoric acid on the microleakage of the adhesion of self-etching primer system.

Class V cavity(4 mm×3 mm×1.5 mm) preparations with all margins in enamel were prepared on buccal surface of 42 extracted human upper central incisor teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups.

Group 1 : no additional pretreatment with 37% phosphoric acid (NE).

Group 2 : additional pretreatment with 37% phosphoric acid for 10 seconds (E10s).

Group 3 : additional pretreatment with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 seconds (E20s).

The adhesives(Clearfil SE Bond®, Kuraray, Osaka, Japan) and composite resins(Clearfil AP-X®, Osaka, Kuraray, Japan) were applied following the manufacturer's instructions. All the specimens were finished with the polishing disc(3M dental product, St Paul, MN, USA), thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5℃ and 55℃ and resected apical 3-mm root. 0.028 stainless steel wire was inserted apically into the pulp chamber of each tooth and sealed into position with sticky wax. Surrounding tooth surface was covered with a nail varnish 2 times except areas 1 mm far from all the margins. After drying for one day, soaked the samples in the distilled water. Microleakage was assessed by electrochemical method(System 6514, Electrometer®, Keithley, USA) in the distilled water.

In this study, the microleakage was the lowest in group 1(NE) and the highest in group 3(E20s)(NE<E10s<E20s). But no statistically significant differences were found(p=0.5).

On the basis of findings from this experiment, it can be concluded that additional enamel etching has no influence on the microleakage of the adhesion of self-etching primer system.

Ormocer has organic-inorganic compound polymers. One of advantages of ormocer is reduced polymerization shrinkage. The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of contraction shrinkage of composite resins and ormocers. Additionally, the time of each material when there is no further change of contraction shrinkage was analysed.

Four brands of composite resins (P-60, Surefil, Z-250 and Denfil) and two brands of ormocers (Definite and Admira) were used. 20 seconds, 40 seconds and 60 seconds of curing times were given. Contraction shrinkage of them were measured using a linometer for 80 seconds.

The effect of material and curing time to contraction shrinkage at the time of 80 seconds was analysed by two-way ANOVA. The effect of time to contraction shrinkage was analysed by one-way ANOVA, and the time when there was no further change of the contraction shrinkage was analysed. The results are as follows :

P-60, Definite, Z-250 and Denfil had no further change of contraction shrinkage from the time of 20 seconds, and Surefil and Admira had no further change of contraction shrinkage from the time of 10 seconds.

Citations

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• Polymerization shrinkage and stress analysis during dental restoration observed by digital image correlation method
  Jung-Hoon Park, Nak-Sam Choi
  Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.2021; 35(12): 5435.     CrossRef
• Acoustic emission characteristics of methacrylate-based composite and silorane-based composite during dental restoration according to a variety of C-factor
  Jung-Hoon Park, Ja-Uk Gu, Nak-Sam Choi
  Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.2017; 31(9): 4067.     CrossRef
• Behavior of Polymerization Shrinkage Stress of Methacrylate-based Composite and Silorane-based Composite during Dental Restoration
  Jung-Hoon Park, Nak-Sam Choi
  Composites Research.2015; 28(1): 6.     CrossRef

The object of this study was to compare the microleakage between various composite resin systems of multistep, one-bottle, and self-etching systems using electrical conductivity.

After making class V cavities (4×3×1.5 mm around CEJ), they were bulk filled with three kinds of resins of A3. Teeth were storaged in a saline solution for one day, after then, they were finished and polished using Sof-Lex system. Another stress of thermocycling was made for 500 times from 5° to 55℃ with each dwelling time of 10 seconds. Electrical conductivity (microamphere, µA) was checked four times: before and after cavity preparation, after filling, after thermocycling.

One-way ANOVA and 95% Scheffe Post Hoc test was used for checking any statistical difference among groups. Another 95% Paired Samples T-test was also used for estimating any significant difference within group after cavity filling or thermocycling.

The results were as follows:

Every specimen showed various range of microleakage after filling.

There was, however, no difference between composite resin systems.

Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that much more consideration should be needed when using thermally unstable one-bottle and self-etching systems that have multi-advantages from simplified step. More studies will be needed to solve these kinds of problems.

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• Effect of a new resin monomer on the microleakage of composite resin restorations
  JH Bae, YK Kim, PY Yoon, MA Lee, BH Cho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2007; 32(5): 469.     CrossRef
• Microhardness and microleakage of composite resin cured by visible light with various band of wavelength
  Soo-Man Park, Jae-Yong Lee, Seung-Ryul Han, Sang-Yoon Ha, Dong-Hoon Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2002; 27(4): 403.     CrossRef

Mechanical properties and microleakage of two composites [conventional hybrid type DenFil (VERICOM Co., Anyang, Korea) / micro matrix hybrid type Esthet X (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE, U.S.A.)] were evaluated to assess whether variable light intensity curing is better than conventional curing technique.

Curing was done for 40 seconds in two ways of 2 step soft-start technique and 5 step ramping technique. Three kinds of light intensities of 50, 100, 200 mW/cm² were initially used for 10, 20, 30 seconds each and the maximum intensity of 600 mW/cm² was used for the rest of curing time in a soft-start curing technique. In a ramping technique, curing was done with the same initial intensities and the light intensity was increased 5 times with the same rate to the maximum intensity of 600 mW/cm².

After determining conditions that showed no different mechanical properties with conventional technique, Esthet X composite was filled in a class V cavity, which dimension was 4×3×1.5 mm and cured under those conditions.

Microleakage was evaluated in two ways of dye penetration and maximum gap estimation through SEM observation. ANOVA and Spearman's rho test were used to confirm any statistical significance among groups.

The results were as follows:

Several curing conditions of variable light intensities resulted in the similar mechanical properties with a conventional continuous curing technique, except conditions that start curing with an initial light intensity of 50 mW/cm²,

From the results of this study, it was revealed that ramping technique would be better than conventional technique in mechanical properties, however, soft-start technique might be better than conventional one in microleakage.

It was concluded that much endeavor should be made to find out the curing conditions, which have advantages of both aspects or to solve these kinds of problems through a novel idea of polymerization.