Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Research Articles

Effects of 3 different light-curing units on the physico-mechanical properties of bleach-shade resin composites: Azin Farzad, Shahin Kasraei, Sahebeh Haghi, Mahboubeh Masoumbeigi, Hassan Torabzadeh, Narges Panahandeh; Restor Dent Endod 2022;47(1):e9. Published online February 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2022.47.e9

Objectives

This study investigated the microhardness, flexural strength, and color stability of bleach-shade resin composites cured with 3 different light-curing units.

Materials and Methods

In this in vitro experimental study, 270 samples were fabricated of bleach and A2 shades of 3 commercial resin composites (Point 4, G-aenial Anterior, and Estelite Sigma Quick). Samples (n = 5 for each trial) were cured with Bluephase N, Woodpecker LED.D, and Optilux 501 units and underwent Vickers microhardness and flexural strength tests. The samples were tested after 24 hours of storage in distilled water. Color was assessed using a spectrophotometer immediately after preparation and 24 hours after curing. Data were analyzed using 3-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.001).

Results

Samples cured with Optilux exhibited the highest and those cured with LED.D exhibited the lowest microhardness (p = 0.023). The bleach shade of Point 4 composite cured with Optilux displayed the highest flexural strength, while the same composite and shade cured with Sigma Quick exhibited the lowest (p ≤ 0.001). The color change after 24 hours was greatest for the bleach shade of G-aenial cured with Bluephase N and least for the A2 shade of Sigma Quick cured with Optilux (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions

Light curing with polywave light-emitting diode (LED) yielded results between or statistically similar to those of quartz-tungsten-halogen and monowave LED in the microhardness and flexural strength of both A2 and bleach shades of resin composites. However, the brands of light-curing devices showed significant differences in color stability.

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Evaluation of the Depth of Cure by Microhardness of Bulk-Fill Composites with Monowave and Polywave LED Light-Curing Units
Socratis Thomaidis, Dimitris Kampouropoulos, Maria Antoniadou, Afrodite Kakaboura
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(24): 11532. CrossRef
Mechanical Behaviour of Novel Nanohybrid Resin Composite Using Two Light Cure Systems
Ghada H. Naguib, Jumana Mazhar, Abeer Alnowaiser, Abdulghani Mira, Hisham Mously, Rabab Aljawi, Samar H. Abuzinadah, Mohamed T. Hamed
International Dental Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of hard segment chemistry and structure on the self‐healing properties of UV‐curable coatings based on the urethane acrylates with built‐in Diels–Alder adduct
Paulina Bednarczyk, Karolina Mozelewska, Małgorzata Nowak, Joanna Klebeko, Joanna Rokicka, Paula Ossowicz‐Rupniewska
Journal of Applied Polymer Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Dental Bleaching Agents on the Surface Roughness of Dental Restoration Materials
Alexandru Dan Popescu, Mihaela Jana Tuculina, Oana Andreea Diaconu, Lelia Mihaela Gheorghiță, Claudiu Nicolicescu, Cristian Niky Cumpătă, Cristiana Petcu, Jaqueline Abdul-Razzak, Ana Maria Rîcă, Ruxandra Voinea-Georgescu
Medicina.2023; 59(6): 1067. CrossRef
Effect of Polywave and Monowave Light Curing Units on Color Change of Composites Containing Trime-thylbenzoyl-Diphenyl-Phosphine Before and After Aging
Negar Madihi, Maryam Hoorizad ganjkar, Negin Nasoohi, Ali Kaboudanian Ardestani
Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences.2023; 8(4): 249. CrossRef

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Errors in light-emitting diodes positioning when curing bulk fill and incremental composites: impact on properties after aging: Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Isadora M. Garcia, Haifa Maktabi, Maria Salem Ibrahim, Qoot Alkhubaizi, Howard Strassler, Fabrício M. Collares, Mary Anne S. Melo; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(4):e51. Published online September 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e51

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Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of improper positioning single-peak and multi-peak lights on color change, microhardness of bottom and top, and surface topography of bulk fill and incremental composites after artificial aging for 1 year.

Materials and Methods

Bulk fill and incremental composites were cured using multi-peak and single-peak light-emitting diode (LED) following 4 clinical conditions: (1) optimal condition (no angulation or tip displacement), (2) tip-displacement (2 mm), (3) slight tip angulation (α = 20°) and (4) moderate tip angulation (α = 35°). After 1-year of water aging, the specimens were analyzed for color changes (ΔE), Vickers hardness, surface topography (Ra, Rt, and Rv), and scanning electron microscopy.

Results

For samples cured by single-peak LED, the improper positioning significantly increases the color change compared to the optimal position regardless of the type of composite (p < 0.001). For multi-peak LED, the type of resin composite and the curing condition displayed a significant effect on ΔE (p < 0.001). For both LEDs, the Vickers hardness and bottom/top ratio of Vickers hardness were affected by the type of composite and the curing condition (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The bulk fill composite presented greater resistance to wear, higher color stability, and better microhardness than the incremental composite when subjected to improper curing. The multi-peak LED improves curing under improper conditions compared to single-peak LED. Prevention of errors when curing composites requires the attention of all personnel involved in the patient's care once the clinical relevance of the appropriate polymerization reflects on reliable long-term outcomes.

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The demineralization resistance and mechanical assessments of different bioactive restorative materials for primary and permanent teeth: an in vitro study
Maria Salem Ibrahim, Fahad Rakad Aldhafeeri, Abdullah Sami Banaemah, Mana S. Alhaider, Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
BDJ Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Inorganic Compounds as Remineralizing Fillers in Dental Restorative Materials: Narrative Review
Leena Ibraheem Bin-Jardan, Dalal Ibrahim Almadani, Leen Saleh Almutairi, Hadi A. Almoabid, Mohammed A. Alessa, Khalid S. Almulhim, Rasha N. AlSheikh, Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan, Maria S. Ibrahim, Afnan O. Al-Zain, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(9): 8295. CrossRef

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Effect of adhesive application method on repair bond strength of composite: Hee Kyeong Oh, Dong Hoon Shin; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(3):e32. Published online June 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e32

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application method of universal adhesives on the shear bond strength (SBS) of repaired composites, applied with different thicknesses.
Materials and Methods
The 84 specimens (Filtek Z350 XT) were prepared, stored in distilled water for a week and thermocycled (5,000 cycles, 5°C to 55°C). They were roughened using 400-grit sandpapers and etched with phosphoric acid. Then, specimens were equally divided into 2 groups; Single Bond Universal (SU) and Prime&Bond Universal (PB). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups according to application methods (n = 14); UC: 1 coat + uncuring, 1C: 1 coat + curing, 3C: 3 coats + curing. After storage of the repaired composite for 24 hours, specimens were subjected to the SBS test and the data were statistically analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance and independent t-tests. Specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope to analyze fracture mode and a scanning electron microscope to observe the interface.
Results
Adhesive material was a significant factor (p = 0.001). Bond strengths with SU were higher than PB. The highest strength was obtained from the 1C group with SU. Bonding in multiple layers increased adhesive thicknesses, but there was no significant difference in SBS values (p = 0.255). Failure mode was predominantly cohesive in old composites.
Conclusions
The application of an adequate bonding system plays an important role in repairing composite resin. SU showed higher SBS than PB and the additional layers increased the adhesive thickness without affecting SBS.

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Assessment of the radiant emittance of damaged/contaminated dental light-curing tips by spectrophotometric methods: Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Isadora Garcia, Fabrício Collares, Cristopher M. Felix, Nisha Ganesh, Qoot Alkabashi, Ward Massei, Howard Strassler, Mary Anne Melo; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(4):e55. Published online November 3, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e55

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Objectives

This study investigated the effects of physically damaged and resin-contaminated tips on radiant emittance, comparing them with new undamaged, non-contaminated tips using 3 pieces of spectrophotometric laboratory equipment.

Materials and Methods

Nine tips with damage and/or resin contaminants from actual clinical situations were compared with a new tip without damage or contamination (control group). The radiant emittance was recorded using 3 spectrophotometric methods: a laboratory-grade thermopile, a laboratory-grade integrating sphere, and a portable light collector (checkMARC).

Results

A significant difference between the laboratory-grade thermopile and the laboratory-grade integrating sphere was found when the radiant emittance values of the control or damaged/contaminated tips were investigated (p < 0.05), but both methods were comparable to checkMARC (p > 0.05). Regardless of the method used to quantify the light output, the mean radiant emittance values of the damaged/contaminated tips were significantly lower than those of the control (p < 0.05). The beam profile of the damaged/contaminated tips was less homogeneous than that of the control.

Conclusions

Damaged/contaminated tips can reduce the radiant emittance output and the homogeneity of the beam, which may affect the energy delivered to composite restorations. The checkMARC spectrophotometer device can be used in dental offices, as it provided values close to those produced by a laboratory-grade integrated sphere spectrophotometer. Dentists should assess the radiant emittance of their light-curing units to ensure optimal curing in photoactivated, resin-based materials.

Citations

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Evaluation of Radiant Power of the Light Curing Units Used in Clinics at Governmental and Privates Dental Faculties
Sami Ali Hasan, Ibrahim Al-Shami, Mohsen Al-Hamzi, Ghadeer Alwadai, Nada Alamoudi, Saleh Alqahtani, Arwa Daghrery, Wafa Alaajam, Mansoor Shariff, Hussain Kinani, Mohammed Al Moaleem
Medical Devices: Evidence and Research.2024; Volume 17: 301. CrossRef
Evaluation of the information provided in the instruction manuals of dental light‐curing units
Afnan O. Al‐Zain, Eman H. Ismail, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Osamah Toras, Yousif Alharthy, Rafa Alsultan, Abeer Alrossais, Richard B. Price
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2024; 36(10): 1466. CrossRef
Utilizing Light Cure Units: A Concise Narrative Review
Fatin A. Hasanain, Hani M. Nassar
Polymers.2021; 13(10): 1596. CrossRef
Improper Light Curing of Bulkfill Composite Drives Surface Changes and Increases S. mutans Biofilm Growth as a Pathway for Higher Risk of Recurrent Caries around Restorations
Haifa Maktabi, Maria Salem Ibrahim, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Qoot Alkhubaizi, Isadora Martini Garcia, Fabrício Mezzomo Collares, Howard Strassler, Ana Paula P. Fugolin, Carmem S. Pfeifer, Mary Anne S. Melo
Dentistry Journal.2021; 9(8): 83. CrossRef

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Light transmittance of CAD/CAM ceramics with different shades and thicknesses and microhardness of the underlying light-cured resin cement: Zahra Jafari, Homayoon Alaghehmand, Yasaman Samani, Mina Mahdian, Soraya Khafri; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(3):e27. Published online June 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e27

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Objectives

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of the thickness and shade of 3 types of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials.

Materials and Methods

A total of 120 specimens of 2 shades (A1 and A3) and 2 thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) were fabricated using VITA Mark II (VM; VITA Zahnfabrik), IPS e.max CAD (IE; IvoclarVivadent), and VITA Suprinity (VS; VITA Zahnfabrik) (n = 10 per subgroup). The amount of light transmission through the ceramic specimens was measured by a radiometer (Optilux, Kerr). Light-cured resin cement samples (Choice 2, Bisco) were fabricated in a Teflon mold and activated through the various ceramics with different shades and thicknesses using an LED unit (Bluephase, IvoclarVivadent). In the control group, the resin cement sample was directly light-cured without any ceramic. Vickers microhardness indentations were made on the resin surfaces (KoopaPazhoohesh) after 24 hours of dark storage in a 37°C incubator. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results

Ceramic thickness and shade had significant effects on light transmission and the microhardness of all specimens (p < 0.05). The mean values of light transmittance and microhardness of the resin cement in the VM group were significantly higher than those observed in the IE and VS groups. The lowest microhardness was observed in the VS group, due to the lowest level of light transmission (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Greater thickness and darker shades of the 3 types of CAD/CAM ceramics significantly decreased the microhardness of the underlying resin cement.

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Light Polymerization through Glass-ceramics: Influence of Light-polymerizing Unit’s Emitted Power and Restoration Parameters (Shade, Translucency, and Thickness) on Transmitted Radiant Power
Ra’fat I. Farah, Ibrahim A. Alblihed, Alhareth A. Aljuoie, Bandar Alresheedi
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry.2024; 15(1): 35. CrossRef
Effect of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing bleach shade ceramic thickness on its light transmittance and microhardness of light-cured resin cement
Pardis Sheibani, Ghazaleh Ahmadizenous, Behnaz Esmaeili, Ali Bijani
Dental Research Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of shade and thickness on the translucency parameter of anatomic-contour zirconia, transmitted light intensity, and degree of conversion of the resin cement
Noppamath Supornpun, Molly Oster, Kamolphob Phasuk, Tien-Min G. Chu
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2023; 129(1): 213. CrossRef
The Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Color Stabilities of Lithium Disilicate Material
Onur Doğan DAĞ, Göknil ALKAN DEMETOĞLU, Ayşegül KURT
Selcuk Dental Journal.2023; 10(2): 395. CrossRef
Effect of thickness of CAD/CAM materials on light transmission and resin cement polymerization using a blue light‐emitting diode light‐curing unit
Eduardo Fernandes de Castro, Bruna Marin Fronza, Jorge Soto‐Montero, Marcelo Giannini, Carlos Tadeu dos‐Santos‐Dias, Richard Bengt Price
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2023; 35(2): 368. CrossRef
Effect of Optical Properties of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics and Light-Curing Protocols on the Curing Performance of Resin Cement
Kejing Meng, Lu Wang, Jintao Wang, Zhuoqun Yan, Bin Zhao, Bing Li
Coatings.2022; 12(6): 715. CrossRef
Effect of the thickness of CAD‐CAM materials on the shear bond strength of light‐polymerized resin cement
Yener Okutan, Banucicek Kandemir, Mustafa Borga Donmez, Munir Tolga Yucel
European Journal of Oral Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Influence of inhomogeneity of the polymerization light beam on the microhardness of resin cement under a CAD-CAM block
Yu-Ra Go, Kwang-Man Kim, Sung-Ho Park
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2022; 127(5): 802.e1. CrossRef
Evaluation of microhardness and water sorption/solubility of dual-cure resin cement through monolithic zirconia in different shades
Elham Ansarifard, Zahra Panbehzan, Rashin Giti
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society.2021; 21(1): 50. CrossRef
Comparison between Different Shades of Monolithic Zirconia over Microhardness and Water Solubility and Sorption of Dual-cure Resin Cement
Sarika Sharma, Soni Kumari, Nikita Raman, Ashish K Srivastava, Gunja LNU, Arunendra S Chauhan
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2021; 22(9): 1019. CrossRef
Effect of light intensity, light-curing unit exposure time, and porcelain thickness of ips e.max press and vintage LD press on the hardness of resin cement
Silvia Naliani, Suzan Elias, Rosalina Tjandrawinata
Scientific Dental Journal.2020; 4(1): 21. CrossRef

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Effects of radiant exposure and wavelength spectrum of light-curing units on chemical and physical properties of resin cements: Adriano Fonseca Lima, Stephanie Ellen Ferreira Formaggio, Lígia França Aires Zambelli, Alan Rodrigo Muniz Palialol, Giselle Maria Marchi, Cintia Helena Coury Saraceni, Marcelo Tavares de Oliveira; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(4):271-277. Published online September 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.4.271

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Objectives

In this study, we evaluated the influence of different radiant exposures provided by single-peak and polywave light-curing units (LCUs) on the degree of conversion (DC) and the mechanical properties of resin cements.

Materials and Methods

Six experimental groups were established for each cement (RelyX ARC, 3M ESPE; LuxaCore Dual, Ivoclar Vivadent; Variolink, DMG), according to the different radiant exposures (5, 10, and 20 J/cm²) and two LCUs (single-peak and polywave). The specimens were made (7 mm in length × 2 mm in width × 1 mm in height) using silicone molds. After 24 hours of preparation, DC measurement was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The same specimens were used for the evaluation of mechanical properties (flexural strength, FS; elastic modulus, E) by a three-point bending test. Data were assessed for normality, after which two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey's test were performed.

Results

No properties of the Variolink cement were influenced by any of the considered experimental conditions. In the case of the RelyX ARC cement, DC was higher when polywave LCU was used; FS and E were not influenced by the conditions evaluated. The LuxaCore cement showed greater sensitivity to the different protocols.

Conclusions

On the basis of these results, both the spectrum of light emitted and the radiant exposure used could affect the properties of resin cements. However, the influence was material-dependent.

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Light Transmittance and Depth of Cure of a Bulk Fill Composite Based on the Exposure Reciprocity Law
Mateus Garcia Rocha, Jean-François Roulet, Mario Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti, Américo Bortolazzo Correr, Dayane Oliveira
Brazilian Dental Journal.2021; 32(1): 78. CrossRef

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Review Article

Translucency changes of direct esthetic restorative materials after curing, aging and treatment: Yong-Keun Lee; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(4):239-245. Published online July 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.4.239

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The purpose of this article was to review the changes in translucency of direct esthetic restorative materials after curing, aging and treatment. As a criterion for the evaluation of clinical translucency changes, visual perceptibility threshold in translucency parameter difference (ΔTP) of 2 was used. Translucency changes after curing were perceivable depending on experimental methods and products (largest ΔTP in resin composites = 15.9). Translucency changes after aging were reported as either relatively stable or showed perceivable changes by aging protocols (largest ΔTP in resin composites = -3.8). Translucency changes after curing, aging and treatment were perceivable in several products and experimental methods. Therefore, shade matching of direct esthetic materials should be performed considering these instabilities of translucency in direct esthetic materials.

Citations

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Effect of Bleaching on Surface Roughness and Color Parameters of Coffee-Stained Nanohybrid Dental Composites with Different Viscosities
Hetaf S. Redwan, Mohamed A. Hussein, Mohamed M. Abdul-Monem
European Journal of General Dentistry.2025; 14(01): 027. CrossRef
Color variation of composite resins in relation to the Vita Classical shade guide
João Vitor Andrade Denadai, Roberto Zimmer, Eduardo Galia Reston, Guilherme Anziliero Arossi
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2024; 23: e240869. CrossRef
Effect of whitening concepts on surface roughness and optical characteristics of resin‐based composites: An AFM study
Ayse Tugba Erturk‐Avunduk, Ebru Delikan, Esra Cengiz‐Yanardag, Izgen Karakaya
Microscopy Research and Technique.2024; 87(2): 214. CrossRef
Color Appearance of Various Provisional Restorative Materials for Rehabilitation Upon Aging
Niwut Juntavee, Apa Juntavee, Supichaya Srisontisuk
European Journal of Dentistry.2023; 17(04): 1263. CrossRef
Comparison of mechanical and optical properties of a newly marketed universal composite resin with contemporary universal composite resins: An in vitro study
Sevil Gurgan, Uzay Koc Vural, Ivana Miletic
Microscopy Research and Technique.2022; 85(3): 1171. CrossRef
Comparison between translucencies of anterior resin composites and natural dental tissues
Melin Balci, Zeynep Ergucu, Esra Uzer Çelik, Lezize Sebnem Turkun
Color Research & Application.2021; 46(3): 635. CrossRef
Translucency of Zirconia Ceramics before and after Artificial Aging
Katarzyna Walczak, Heike Meißner, Ursula Range, Andreas Sakkas, Klaus Boening, Mieszko Wieckiewicz, Ioannis Konstantinidis
Journal of Prosthodontics.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The Use of Composite Layering Technique to Mask a Discolored Background: Color Analysis of Masking Ability After Aging—Part II
BG Perez, LL Miotti, AH Susin, LB Durand
Operative Dentistry.2019; 44(5): 488. CrossRef

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Research Article

Temperature changes under demineralized dentin during polymerization of three resin-based restorative materials using QTH and LED units: Sayed-Mostafa Mousavinasab, Maryam Khoroushi, Mohammadreza Moharreri, Mohammad Atai; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(3):155-163. Published online May 13, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.3.155

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Objectives

Light-curing of resin-based materials (RBMs) increases the pulp chamber temperature, with detrimental effects on the vital pulp. This in vitro study compared the temperature rise under demineralized human tooth dentin during light-curing and the degrees of conversion (DCs) of three different RBMs using quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) and light-emitting diode (LED) units (LCUs).

Materials and Methods

Demineralized and non-demineralized dentin disks were prepared from 120 extracted human mandibular molars. The temperature rise under the dentin disks (n = 12) during the light-curing of three RBMs, i.e. an Ormocer-based composite resin (Ceram. X, Dentsply DeTrey), a low-shrinkage silorane-based composite (Filtek P90, 3M ESPE), and a giomer (Beautifil II, Shofu GmbH), was measured with a K-type thermocouple wire. The DCs of the materials were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Results

The temperature rise under the demineralized dentin disks was higher than that under the non-demineralized dentin disks during the polymerization of all restorative materials (p < 0.05). Filtek P90 induced higher temperature rise during polymerization than Ceram.X and Beautifil II under demineralized dentin (p < 0.05). The temperature rise under demineralized dentin during Filtek P90 polymerization exceeded the threshold value (5.5℃), with no significant differences between the DCs of the test materials (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Although there were no significant differences in the DCs, the temperature rise under demineralized dentin disks for the silorane-based composite was higher than that for dimethacrylate-based restorative materials, particularly with QTH LCU.

Citations

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Effect of Shade and Light Curing Mode on the Degree of Conversion of Silorane-Based and Methacrylate-Based Resin Composites
Sayed-Mostafa Mousavinasab, Mohammad Atai, Negar Salehi, Arman Salehi
SSRN Electronic Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pulp chamber temperature rise in light-cure bonding of brackets with and without primer, in intact versus restored teeth
Gabriela Cenci SCHMITZ, Fernanda de Souza HENKIN, Mauricio MEZOMO, Mariana MARQUEZAN, Gabriela BONACINA, Maximiliano Schünke GOMES, Eduardo Martinelli Santayana de LIMA
Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
In Vivo Pulp Temperature Changes During Class V Cavity Preparation and Resin Composite Restoration in Premolars
DC Zarpellon, P Runnacles, C Maucoski, DJ Gross, U Coelho, FA Rueggeberg, CAG Arrais
Operative Dentistry.2021; 46(4): 374. CrossRef

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Review Article

Thermal irritation of teeth during dental treatment procedures: Su-Jung Kwon, Yoon-Jung Park, Sang-Ho Jun, Jin-Soo Ahn, In-Bog Lee, Byeong-Hoon Cho, Ho-Hyun Son, Deog-Gyu Seo; Restor Dent Endod 2013;38(3):105-112. Published online August 23, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.3.105

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While it is reasonably well known that certain dental procedures increase the temperature of the tooth's surface, of greater interest is their potential damaging effect on the pulp and tooth-supporting tissues. Previous studies have investigated the responses of the pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone to thermal irritation and the temperature at which thermal damage is initiated. There are also many in vitro studies that have measured the temperature increase of the pulp and tooth-supporting tissues during restorative and endodontic procedures. This review article provides an overview of studies measuring temperature increases in tooth structures during several restorative and endodontic procedures, and proposes clinical guidelines for reducing potential thermal hazards to the pulp and supporting tissues.

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Comparative evaluation of increase in temperature on the external root surface of teeth during retrieval of broken NiTi instrument using two ultrasonic tips and two power settings: An in vitro study
Ashish K. Jain, Rishabhkumar Jain, Rahul Rao, Prajakta Rao, Pooja Yadav, Vinayak Thorat
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2024; 27(6): 634. CrossRef
Dental health concerns for patients suffering from facial, peri-oral burns, and inhalation injury: A persistent yet underappreciated challenge
Hans-Oliver Rennekampff, Isabelle Rennekampff, Mayer Tenenhaus
Burns.2024; 50(9): 107224. CrossRef
Recent advances in the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of dental calculus
Yu Wei, Gao-peng Dang, Zhao-yang Ren, Mei-chen Wan, Chen-yu Wang, Hong-bo Li, Tong Zhang, Franklin R. Tay, Li-na Niu
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Lea Külzer, Theresia Saban, Andreas Braun, Johannes-S. Wenzler
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Omid Dianat, Mandana Naseri, Yaser Safi, Ali Modaberi, Nazanin Zargar, Ove A. Peters, Mehran Farajollahi
BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Water Coolant and Bur Type on Pulp Temperature When Removing Tooth Structure and Restorative Dental Materials
C Mafrici, M Kingston, R Grice, PV Abbott
Operative Dentistry.2024; 49(1): 91. CrossRef
A Comparative Study of Temperature Variations in Incisor Root Surfaces During Root Canal Preparation Using Various Rotary Systems and Irrigation Protocols
Mihai Paven, Adrian-George Marinescu, Osama Abuabboud, Laura-Elena Cirligeriu, Luminita Maria Nica, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Ruxandra Sava Rosianu, Atena Galuscan, Roxana Oancea
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Juan Ramon Salazar-Silva, Carlos Emilio Paschoal, Daniela de Fatima Teixeira da Silva, Denise Maria Zezell, Fábio Luiz Cunha D'Assuncao, Celso Luiz Caldeira
Journal of Endodontics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Restoration Polymerization and Residual Dentine Thickness on Thermal Changes of Pulp Chamber of Immature Permanent Teeth
Kevser Kolçakoğlu, Merve Aksoy, Cenkhan Bal, Akif Demirel, Firdevs Tulga Öz
Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Yuanyuan Li, Wenying Wang, Qian Zeng, Michelle Tang, Joshua Massey, Brian E. Bergeron, Lisha Gu, Franklin R. Tay
Journal of Dentistry.2024; 144: 104923. CrossRef
Evaluation of diamond rotary instruments marketed for removing zirconia restorations
Severin Hunziker, Lea Thorpe, Nicola U. Zitzmann, Nadja Rohr
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Influence of different cutting instruments and rotational speeds on heat generation and cutting efficiency when sectioning different types of zirconia
Lisa Türp, Frank Lehmann, Sebastian Wille, Matthias Kern
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Basic Researchs

The effects of total-etch, wet-bonding, and light-curing of adhesive on the apical seal of a resin-based root canal filling system: Won-Il Ryu, Won-Jun Shon, Seung-Ho Baek, In-Han Lee, Byeong-Hoon Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2011;36(5):385-396. Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2011.36.5.385

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study evaluated the effects of adhesion variables such as the priming concepts of canal wall and the curing modes of adhesives on the sealing ability of a resin-based root canal filling system.
Materials and Methods
Apical microleakage of the Resilon-RealSeal systems filled with 3 different combinations of adhesion variables was compared with the conventional gutta-percha filling using a dye penetration method. Experimental groups were SEDC, Resilon (Resilon Research LLC) filling with self-etch RealSeal (SybronEndo) primer and dual-cure RealSeal sealer; NELC, Resilon filling with no etching, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M ESPE) primer application and light-curing adhesive; and TELC, Resilon filling with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose primer and adhesive used under total etch / wet bonding and light-cure protocols. GPCS, gutta-percha filling with conventional AH26 plus sealer, was the control group.
Results
The median longitudinal dye penetration length of TELC was significantly shorter than those of GPCS and SEDC (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05). In the cross-sectional microleakage scores, TELC showed significant differences from other groups at 2 to 5 mm from the apical foramen (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05).
Conclusions
When a resin-based root canal filling material was used, compared to the self-etching primer and the dual-cure sealer, the total etch/wet-bonding with primer and light-curing of adhesive showed improved apical sealing and was highly recommended.

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Effect of curing modes on micro-hardness of dual-cure resin cements: Ki-Deok Lee, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2011;36(2):132-138. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2011.36.2.132

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
The purpose of this study was to evaluate curing degree of three dual-cure resin cements with the elapsed time in self-cure and dual-cure mode by means of the repeated measure of micro-hardness.
Materials and Methods
Two dual-cure self-adhesive resin cements studied were Maxcem Elite (Kerr), Rely-X Unicem (3M ESPE) and one conventional dual-cure resin cement was Rely-X ARC resin cement (3M ESPE). Twenty specimens for each cements were made in Teflon mould and divided equally by self-cure and dual-cure mode and left in dark, 36℃, 100% relative humidity conditional-micro-hardness was measured at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr and 24 hr after baseline. The results of micro-hardness value were statistically analyzed using independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons using Scheffe's test.
Results
The micro-hardness values were increased with time in every test groups. Dual-cure mode obtained higher micro-hardness value than self-cure mode except after one hour of Maxcem. Self-cured Rely-X Unicem showed lowest value and dual-cured Rely-X Unicem showed highest value in every measuring time.
Conclusions
Sufficient light curing to dual-cure resin cements should provided for achieve maximum curing.

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Power density of light curing units through resin inlays fabricated with direct and indirect composites: Hoon-Sang Chang, Young-Jun Lim, Jeong-Mi Kim, Sung-Ok Hong; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(5):353-358. Published online September 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.5.353

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to measure the power density of light curing units transmitted through resin inlays fabricated with direct composite (Filtek Z350, Filtek Supreme XT) and indirect composite (Sinfony).

Materials and Methods

A3 shade of Z350, A3B and A3E shades of Supreme XT, and A3, E3, and T1 shades of Sinfony were used to fabricate the resin inlays in 1.5 mm thickness. The power density of a halogen light curing unit (Optilux 360) and an LED light curing unit (Elipar S10) through the fabricated resin inlays was measured with a hand held dental radiometer (Cure Rite). To investigate the effect of each composite layer consisting the resin inlays on light transmission, resin specimens of each shade were fabricated in 0.5 mm thickness and power density was measured through the resin specimens.

Results

The power density through the resin inlays was lowest with the Z350 A3, followed by Supreme XT A3B and A3E. The power density was highest with Sinfony A3, E3, and T1 (p < 0.05). The power density through 0.5 mm thick resin specimens was lowest with dentin shades, Sinfony A3, Z350 A3, Supreme XT A3B, followed by enamel shades, Supreme XT A3E and Sinfony E3. The power density was highest with translucent shade, Sinfony T1 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Using indirect lab composites with dentin, enamel, and translucent shades rather than direct composites with one or two shades could be advantageous in transmitting curing lights through resin inlays.

Citations

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Comparison of polymerization shrinkage of dual-cure core build-up resin according to shade and curing mode
Yoorina Choi, Karl Lee, Hoon-Sang Chang
Oral Biology Research.2019; 43(4): 243. CrossRef
Early Hardness and Shear Bond Strength of Dual-cure Resin Cement Light Cured Through Resin Overlays With Different Dentin-layer Thicknesses
H-S Chang, J-W Kim
Operative Dentistry.2014; 39(4): 398. CrossRef
Effects of layering technique on the shade of resin overlays and the microhardness of dual cure resin cement
Hoon-Sang Chang, Sung-Ok Hong
Brazilian Oral Research.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Light curing of dual cure resin cement
Hoon-Sang Chang
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 266. CrossRef
Power density of various light curing units through resin inlays with modified layer thickness
Sung-Ok Hong, Yonghui Oh, Jeong-Bum Min, Jin-Woo Kim, Bin-Na Lee, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh, Hoon-Sang Chang
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(3): 130. CrossRef

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Effect of the exponential curing of composite resin on the microtensile dentin bond strength of adhesives: So-Rae Seong, Duck-kyu Seo, In-Bog Lee, Ho-Hyun Son, Byeong-Hoon Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(2):125-133. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.2.125

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Rapid polymerization of overlying composite resin causes high polymerization shrinkage stress at the adhesive layer. In order to alleviate the shrinkage stress, increasing the light intensity over the first 5 seconds was suggested as an exponential curing mode by an LED light curing unit (Elipar FreeLight2, 3M ESPE). In this study, the effectiveness of the exponential curing mode on reducing stress was evaluated with measuring microtensile bond strength of three adhesives after the overlying composite resin was polymerized with either continuous or exponential curing mode.

Methods

Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (MP, 3M ESPE), Single Bond 2 (SB, 3M ESPE), and Adper Prompt (AP, 3M ESPE) were applied onto the flat occlusal dentin of extracted human molar. The overlying hybrid composite (Denfil, Vericom, Korea) was cured under one of two exposing modes of the curing unit. At 48h from bonding, microtensile bond strength was measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The fractured surfaces were observed under FE-SEM.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in the microtensile bond strengths of each adhesive between curing methods (Two-way ANOVA, p > 0.05). The microtensile bond strengths of MP and SB were significantly higher than that of AP (p < 0.05). Mixed failures were observed in most of the fractured surfaces, and differences in the failure mode were not observed among groups.

Conclusion

The exponential curing method had no beneficial effect on the microtensile dentin bond strengths of three adhesives compared to continuous curing method.

Citations

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The effect of the strength and wetting characteristics of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA-based adhesives on the bond strength to dentin
Eun-Sook Park, Chang-Keun Kim, Ji-Hyun Bae, Byeong-Hoon Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(2): 139. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Effect of curing methods of resin cements on bond strength and adhesive interface of post: Mun-Hong Kim, Hae-Jung Kim, Young-Gon Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2009;34(2):103-112. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2009.34.2.103

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of curing methods of adhesive resins and resin cements in the root canal. Crown portions of 32 single-rooted mandibular premolars were removed. Routine endodontic treatment was done, and 9 mm deep post spaces were prepared within root canals. No. 3 FRC Postec posts (Ivoclar-Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein) were cemented in the post spaces by self-(SC) or light-curing (LC) using two dual-cured adhesives (Adper Scotchbond multi-purpose plus and Exite DSC )and resin cements (RelyX ARC and Variolink II). They were assigned to 4 groups (n=8); R-SC, R-LC, V-SC, V-LC group.

After stored in distilled water for 24 hours, each root was transversally sectioned with 1.5 mm thick and made three slices. The specimens were subjected to push-out test in a universal testing machine (EZ Test, Shimadzu Co., Japan) with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with repeated ANOVA and one-way.

ANOVA. Also the interface of post-resin cement and resin cement-canal wall of each group was observed under FE-SEM.

When fiber posts were cemented into the root canal using total-etch adhesives, the bond strength and adaptation between post and root canal dentin was affected by curing method. Self-cure of adhesives and resin cements showed higher bond strength and closer adaptation than light-cure of them.

Citations

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Retentive strength of different intracanal posts in restorations of anterior primary teeth: anin vitrostudy
Mahtab Memarpour, Fereshteh Shafiei, Maryam Abbaszadeh
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 215. CrossRef
Effect of surface treatment of FRC-Post on bonding strength to resin cements
Chan-Hyun Park, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(2): 125. CrossRef
Effect of surface treatments of fiber posts on bond strength to composite resin cores
Hye-Jo Keum, Hyun-Mi Yoo
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(3): 173. CrossRef
Comparison of push-out bond strength of post according to cement application methods
Seo-Ryeong Kim, Jiwan Yum, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(6): 479. CrossRef

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The effect of different curing modes on composite resin/dentin bond strength in class icavities: Shin-young Baek, Young-Gon Cho, Byeong-Choon Song; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2008;33(5):428-434. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.5.428

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The purpose of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength in Class I cavities associated with different light curing modes of same light energy density.

Occlusal enamel was removed to expose a flat dentin surface and twenty box-shaped Class I cavities were prepared in dentin. Single Bond (3M Dental product) was applied and Z 250 was inserted using bulk technique. The composite was light-cured using one of four techniques; pulse delay (PD group), soft-start (SS group), pulse cure (PC group) and standard continuous cure (CC group). The light-curing unit capable of adjusting time and intensity (VIP, Bisco Dental product) was selected and the light energy density for all curing modes was fixed at 16 J/cm². After storage for 24 hours, specimens were sectioned into beams with a rectangular cross-sectional area of approximately 1 mm². Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test was performed using a universal testing machine (EZ Test, Shimadzu Co.). The results were analyzed using oneway ANOVA and Tukey's test at significance level 0.05. The µTBS of PD group and SS group was higher than that of PC group and CC group.

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, modification of curing modes such as pulse delay and soft start polymerization can improve resin/dentin bond strength in Class I cavities by controlling polymerization velocity of composite resin.

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Polymerization of dual cured composites by different thickness: Yun Ju Kim, Myoung Uk Jin, Sung Kyo Kim, Tae-Yub Kwon, Young Kyung Kim; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2008;33(3):169-176. Published online May 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.3.169

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thickness, filling methods and curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured core materials by means of microhardness test.

Two dual cured core materials, MultiCore Flow (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Bis-Core (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) were used in this study. 2 mm (bulky filled), 4 mm (bulky filled), 6 mm (bulky and incrementally filled) and 8 mm (bulky and incrementally filled)-thickness specimens were prepared with light cure or self cure mode. After storage at 37℃ for 24 hours, the Knoop hardness values (KHN) of top and bottom surfaces were measured and the microhardness ratio of top and bottom surfaces was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffe multiple comparison test, with α = 0.05.

The effect of thickness on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In 2, 4 and 6 mm groups, the KHN of two materials were not affected by thickness. However, in 8 mm group of MultiCore Flow, the KHN of the bottom surface was lower than those of other groups (p < 0.05). The effect of filling methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites was different by their thickness or materials. In 6 mm thickness, there was no significant difference between bulk and incremental filling groups. In 8 mm thickness, Bis-Core showed no significant difference between groups. However, in MultiCore Flow, the microhardness ratio of bulk filling group was lower than that of incremental filling group (p < 0.05). The effect of curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In Bis-Core, the KHN of dual cured group were higher than those of self cured group at both surfaces (p < 0.05). However, in MultiCore Flow, the results were not similar at both surfaces. At the top surface, dual cured group showed higher KHN than that of self cured group (p < 0.05). However, in the bottom surface, dual cured group showed lower value than that of self cured group (p < 0.05).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of curing modes on micro-hardness of dual-cure resin cements
Ki-Deok Lee, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(2): 132. CrossRef

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The effect of intermittent composite curing on marginal adaptation: Yong-Hwan Yun, Sung-Ho Park; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2007;32(3):248-259. Published online May 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.3.248

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The aim of this research was to study the effect of intermittent polymerization on marginal adaptation by comparing the marginal adaptation of intermittently polymerized composite to that of continuously polymerized composite.

The materials used for this study were Pyramid (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, U.S.A.) and Heliomolar (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein). The experiment was carried out in class II MOD cavities prepared in 48 extracted human maxillary premolars. The samples were divided into 4 groups by light curing method; group 1- continuous curing (60s light on with no light off); group 2- intermittent curing (cycles of 3s with 2s light on & 1s light off for 90s); group 3- intermittent curing (cycles of 2s with 1s light on & 1s light off for 120s); group 4- intermittent curing (cycles of 3s with 1s light on & 2s light off for 180s). Consequently the total amount of light energy radiated was same in all the groups. Each specimen went through thermo-mechanical loading (TML) which consisted of mechanical loading (720,000 cycles, 5.0 kg) with a speed of 120 rpm for 100 hours and thermocycling (6000 thermocycles of alternating water of 50℃ and 55℃). The continuous margin (CM) (%) of the total margin and regional margins, occlusal enamel (OE), vertical enamel (VE), and cervical enamel (CE)) was measured before and after TML under a × 200 digital light microscope.

Three-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was performed at 95% level of confidence to test the effect of 3 variables on CM (%) of the total margin: light curing conditions, composite materials and effect of TML. In each group, One-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was additionally performed to compare CM (%) of regions (OE, VE, CE).

The results indicated that all the three variables were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Before TML, in groups using Pyramid, groups 3 and 4 showed higher CM (%) than groups 1 and 2, and in groups using Heliomolar, groups 3 and 4 showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05). After TML, in both Pyramid and Heliomolar groups, group 3 showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05). CM (%) of the regions are significantly different in each group (p < 0.05). Before TML, no statistical difference was found between groups within the VE and CE region. In the OE region, group 4 of Pyramid showed higher CM (%) than group 2, and groups 2 and 4 of Heliomolar showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05). After TML, no statistical difference was found among groups within the VE and CE region. In the OE region, group 3 of Pyramid showed higher CM (%) than groups 1 and 2, and groups 2,3 and 4 of Heliomolar showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05).

It was concluded that intermittent polymerization may be effective in reducing marginal gap formation.

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Effect of the exponential curing of composite resin on the microtensile dentin bond strength of adhesives
So-Rae Seong, Duck-kyu Seo, In-Bog Lee, Ho-Hyun Son, Byeong-Hoon Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(2): 125. CrossRef

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Polymerization shrinkage of composite resins cured by variable light intensities: Mi-Young Lim, Kyung-Mo Cho, Chan-Ui Hong; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2007;32(1):28-36. Published online January 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.1.028

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The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of exponential curing method with conventional curing and soft start curing method on polymerization shrinkage of composite resins.

Three brands of composite resins (Synergy Duo Shade, Z250, Filtek Supreme) and three brands of light curing units (Spectrum 800, Elipar Highlight, Elipar Trilight) were used. 40 seconds curing time was given. The shrinkage was measured using linometer for 90 seconds.

The effect of time on polymerization shrinkage was analysed by one-way ANOVA and the effect of curing modes and materials on polymerization shrinkage at the time of 90s were analysed by two-way ANOVA. The shrinkage ratios at the time of 20s to 90s were taken and analysed the same way. The results were as follows:

1. All the groups except Supreme shrank almost within 20s. Supreme cured by soft start and exponential curing had no further shrinkage after 30s (p < 0.05).

2. Statistical analysis revealed that polymerization shrinkage varied among materials (p = 0.000) and curing modes (p = 0.003). There was no significant interaction between material and curing mode.

3. The groups cured by exponential curing showed the statistically lower polymerization shrinkage at 90s than the groups cured by conventional curing and soft start curing (p < 0.05).

4. The initial shrinkage ratios of soft start and exponential curing were statistically lower than conventional curing (p < 0.05).

From this study, the use of low initial light intensities may reduce the polymerization rate and, as a result, reduce the stress of polymerization shrinkage.

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Degree of Conversion and Polymerization Shrinkage of Low and High Viscosity Bulk-Fill Giomer-based and Resin-based composites
Heera Kim, Jaesik Lee, Hyunjung Kim, Taeyub Kwon, Soonhyeun Nam
THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2019; 46(1): 1. CrossRef
Effect of the exponential curing of composite resin on the microtensile dentin bond strength of adhesives
So-Rae Seong, Duck-kyu Seo, In-Bog Lee, Ho-Hyun Son, Byeong-Hoon Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(2): 125. CrossRef

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The polymerization rate and the degree of conversion of composite resins by different light sources: Joo-Hee Ryoo, In-Bog Lee, Hyun-Mee Yoo, Mi-Ja Kim, Chang-In Seok, Hyuk-Choon Kwon; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2004;29(4):386-398. Published online July 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.4.386

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Objectives

The purpose of this study was to observe the reaction kinetics and the degree of polymerization of composite resins when cured by different light sources and to evaluate the effectiveness of the blue Light Emitting Diode Light Curing Units (LED LCUs) compared with conventional halogen LCUs.

Materials and Methods

First, thermal analysis was performed by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The LED LCU (Elipar Freelight, 320 mW/cm²) and the conventional halogen LCU (XL3000, 400 mW/cm²) were used in this study for curing three composite resins (SureFil, Z-250 and AEliteFLO). Second, the degree of conversion was obtained in the composite resins cured according to the above curing mode with a FTIR. Third, the measurements of depth of cure were carried out in accordance with ISO 4049 standards. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA test at 95% levels of confidence and Duncan's procedure for multiple comparisons.

Results

The heat of cure was not statistically different among the LCUs (p > 0.05). The composites cured by the LED (Exp) LCUs were statistically more slowly polymerized than by the halogen LCU and the LED (Std) LCU (p < 0.05). The composite resin groups cured by the LED (Exp) LCUs had significantly greater degree of conversion value than by the halogen LCU and the LED (Std) LCU (p = 0.0002). The composite resin groups cured by the LED (Std) LCUs showed significantly greater depth of cure value than by the halogen LCU and the LED (Exp) LCU (p < 0.05).

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Features of polymerization kinetics and heat realize of epoxy resin modified with silicone, silane and siloxane additives
Sergey Savotchenko, Ekaterina Kovaleva
Polymer Bulletin.2024; 81(15): 13419. CrossRef
Kinetic features of polymerization of epoxy resin modified by silicon‐containing additives and mineral fillers
Ekaterina G. Kovaleva, Sergey E. Savotchenko
Polymer Engineering & Science.2022; 62(1): 75. CrossRef
Characterization of curing behavior of UV-curable LSR for LED embedded injection mold
Joon-Sung Tae, Kyung-Gyu Yim, Byung-Ohk Rhee, Jae B. Kwak
Korea-Australia Rheology Journal.2016; 28(4): 247. CrossRef

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Influence of the curing time for the adhesive on the oxygen-inhibited layer thickness and the shear bond strength to dentin: Yong-Hoon Choi, Ji-Hyun Bae, Ho-Hyun Son, In-Bog Lee, Chung-Moon Um, Seung-Ho Baek, Oh-Young Kim, Chang-Keun Kim, Byeong-Hoon Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2004;29(2):177-184. Published online January 14, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.2.177

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: ABSTRACT Objectives:
This study investigated the hypothesis that increasing light-curing time would leave the oxygen-inhibited layer (OIL) of the adhesive thinner, and in turn, result in lower shear bond strength (SBS) than those obtained by the routine curing procedures.
Methods:
120 human extracted posterior teeth were randomly divided into three groups for bonding with three adhesives: All Bond 2®, One Step®, and Adper Prompt®. They were subsequently divided into four subgourps with different light-curing time (10, 20, 30 and 60 s). The assigned adhesives were applied on superficial occlusal dentin according to the manufacturer’s instructions and cured with one of the four curing times. Composite resin cylinder, 2.35 mm in diameter, were built on the cured adhesive and light-cured for 40 s. SBS were measured after 24 h from the bonding using a universal testing machine (crosshead speed 1.0 mm/min). The relative thickness of the OIL and the degree of conversion (DC) were determined from the adhesive on a slide glass using FT-NIR in an absorbance mode. Data were analysed with One-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple test (p < 0.05).
Results:
With increasing cure time, although there were no significant difference in th SBS of One-step and Adper Prompt (p > 0.05), those of All Bond 2 decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The relative thicknesses of the OIL on each adhesive were not affected by the cure time (p > 0.05). Although the DC of All-Bond 2 were statistically not different with increasing cure time (p > 0.05), those of One-Step and Adper Prompt showed an increasing trends with increasing cure time (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:
Increasing light-curing time did not affect on the relative thickness of the OIL of the adhesives, and in turn, on the SBS to dentin.

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Polymerization ability of several light curing sources on composite resin: Hye-Jin Shin, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2003;28(2):156-161. Published online March 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.2.156

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the polymerization ability of three different light sources by microhardness test. Stainless steel molds of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm in thickness of 7 mm in diameter were prepared. The hybrid composite Z100 was packed into the hole of the mold and curing light was activated for designated time. Three different light sources, conventional halogen, light emitting diode, and plasma arc, were used for curing of composite. Two different curing times applied; one is to follow the manufacturer's recommendation and the other is to extend the curing time of LED and plasma arc for balancing the light energy with halogen. Immediately after curing, the Vickers hardness was measured at the bottom of specimen.

The results were as follows.

The composite cured with LED showed equal to higher microhardnesss than halogen.

The composite was cured with plasma arc by manufacturer's recommendation showed lowest microhardness at all thickness. However, when curing time was extended, microhardness was higher than the others.

In conclusion, this study suggested that plasma arc needs properly extended curing time.

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Power density of light curing units through resin inlays fabricated with direct and indirect composites
Hoon-Sang Chang, Young-Jun Lim, Jeong-Mi Kim, Sung-Ok Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(5): 353. CrossRef

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Mechanical properties and microleakage of composite resin materials cured by variable light intensities: Seung-Ryul Han, Kyung-San Min, Dong-Hoon Shin; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2003;28(2):134-145. Published online March 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.2.134

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Mechanical properties and microleakage of two composites [conventional hybrid type DenFil (VERICOM Co., Anyang, Korea) / micro matrix hybrid type Esthet X (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE, U.S.A.)] were evaluated to assess whether variable light intensity curing is better than conventional curing technique.

Curing was done for 40 seconds in two ways of 2 step soft-start technique and 5 step ramping technique. Three kinds of light intensities of 50, 100, 200 mW/cm² were initially used for 10, 20, 30 seconds each and the maximum intensity of 600 mW/cm² was used for the rest of curing time in a soft-start curing technique. In a ramping technique, curing was done with the same initial intensities and the light intensity was increased 5 times with the same rate to the maximum intensity of 600 mW/cm².

After determining conditions that showed no different mechanical properties with conventional technique, Esthet X composite was filled in a class V cavity, which dimension was 4×3×1.5 mm and cured under those conditions.

Microleakage was evaluated in two ways of dye penetration and maximum gap estimation through SEM observation. ANOVA and Spearman's rho test were used to confirm any statistical significance among groups.

The results were as follows:

Several curing conditions of variable light intensities resulted in the similar mechanical properties with a conventional continuous curing technique, except conditions that start curing with an initial light intensity of 50 mW/cm²,

Conventional and ramping techniques were better than soft-start technique in mechanical properties of microhardness and compressive strength.

Soft-start group that started curing with an initial light intensity of 100 mW/cm² for 10 seconds showed the least dye penetration. Soft-start group that started curing with an initial light intensity of 200 mW/cm² for 10 seconds showed the smallest marginal gap, if there was no difference among groups.

Soft-start technique resulted in better dye-proof margin than conventional technique (p=0.014) and ramping technique(p=0.002).

There was a very low relationship(p=0.157) between the methods of dye penetration and marginal gap determination through SEM evaluation.

From the results of this study, it was revealed that ramping technique would be better than conventional technique in mechanical properties, however, soft-start technique might be better than conventional one in microleakage.

It was concluded that much endeavor should be made to find out the curing conditions, which have advantages of both aspects or to solve these kinds of problems through a novel idea of polymerization.

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Color changes in composites according to various light curing sources: Young-Gon Cho, Myung-Cho Kim; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2002;27(1):87-94. Published online January 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.1.087

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color changes of composite resin polymerized with three type of light curing units. Composite resin (Z100, shade A2) were applied in a cylindrical metal mold(2 mm thick, 7 mm diameter).

Twenty specimens according to light curing units were made.

Group1: the specimens were polymerized with Apollo 95E for 3seconds(1370 mW/cm²).

Group2: the specimens were polymerized with XL 3000 for 40seconds(480 mW/cm²).

Group3: the specimens were polymerized with Spectrum 800 for 10 seconds(250 mW/cm²) and 30 seconds(700 mW/cm²).

The microhardness values(VHN) of upper and lower surfaces specimens after light polymerization were measured for the degree of polymerization. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 60℃ for 30 days.

The color characteristics(L^*, a^*, b^*) of the specimens before and after immersion were measured by spectrophotometer and the total color difference (ΔE^*) was computed.

The results obtained were as follows:

1. The microhardness values of Group I showed significantly lower than those of Group II and III(p<0.05).

2. In all groups the ΔE^* values presented below 2.0.

3. Group I showed the highest ΔE^* values followed order from highest to lowest by Group II and III (p<0.05).

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Effects of the color components of light-cured composite resin before and after polymerization on degree of conversion and flexural strength
Ji-A Yoo, Byeong-Hoon Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(4): 324. CrossRef
Effect of the difference in spectral outputs of the single and dual-peak LEDs on the microhardness and the color stability of resin composites
Hye-Jung Park, Sung-Ae Son, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Yong-Hoon Kwon, Jeong-Kil Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(2): 108. CrossRef
Color changes in composite resins exposed to xenon lamp
Young-Gon Cho, Jeong-Il Seo, Soo-Mee Kim, Jin-Ho Jeong, Young-Gon Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2003; 28(3): 195. CrossRef

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EFFECT OF LIGHT SOURCE AND SHADE ON DEPTH OF CURE OF COMPOSITES: Joon-Sok Na, Sun-Wa Jeong, Yun-Chan Hwang, Sun-Ho Kim, Chang Yun, Won-Mann Oh, In-Nam Hwang; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2002;27(6):561-568. Published online January 14, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.6.561

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ABSTRACT

Purpose of this research is estimating polymerization depth of different source of light. XL 3000 for halogen light, Apollo 95E for plasma arc light and Easy cure for LED light source were used in this study. Different shade (B1 & A3) resin composites (Esthet-X, Dentsply, U.S.A.) were used to measure depth of cure. 1, 2, and 3 mm thick samples were light cured for three seconds, six seconds or 10 seconds with Apollo 95E and they were light cured with XL-3000 and Easy cure for 10 seconds, 20 seconds, or 40 seconds. Vicker's hardness test carried out after store samples for 24 hours in distilled water.

Results were as following.

Curing time increases from all source of lights, curing depth increased(p<0.05).

Depth (that except 1mm group and 2mm group which lighten to halogen source of light) deepens in all groups, Vickers hardness decreased(p<0.05).

Vicker's hardness of A3 shade composite was lower in all depths more than B1 shade composites in group that do polymerization for 10 seconds and 20 seconds using halogen source of light(p<0.05), but group that do polymerization for 40 seconds did not show difference(p>0.05).

Groups that do polymerization using Plasma arc and LED source of light did not show Vicker's hardness difference according to color at surface and 1mm depth(p>0.05), but showed difference according to color at 2mm and 3mm depth(p<0.05). The results showed that Apollo 95E need more polymerization times than manufacturer's recommendation (3 seconds), and Easy cure need polymerization time of XL-3000 at least.

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Power density of light curing units through resin inlays fabricated with direct and indirect composites
Hoon-Sang Chang, Young-Jun Lim, Jeong-Mi Kim, Sung-Ok Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(5): 353. CrossRef

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MICROHARDNESS AND MICROLEAKAGE OF COMPOSITE RESIN CURED BY VISIBLE LIGHT WITH VARIOUS BAND OF WAVELENGTH: Soo-Man Park, Jae-Yong Lee, Seung-Ryul Han, Sang-Yoon Ha, Dong-Hoon Shin; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2002;27(4):403-410. Published online January 14, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.4.403

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ABSTRACT

Several ways of curing are being tried to improve material’s properties and reduce marginal gap. However, all are considering about the pattern of light intensity. It was noted from the preliminary study the change of light wavelength from filter changing may give an impact on material’s property and microleakage.

The object of this study was to verify the effect of filters with various wavelength width on the microhardness and microleakage of composite resin; hybrid type of DenFil and submicron hybrid type of Esthet X. Composite resins were cured using 3 kinds of filter; narrow-banded(465-475 nm), mid-banded(430-470 nm), wide-banded(400-500 nm). After the estimation of microhardness, degree of dye penetration and the maximum gap from SEM evaluation were done between 4 groups that showed no difference in microhardness value of the lower surface.

The results were as follows:

Adequate microhardness could not be gained with a narrow-banded filter irrespective of curing time. At the upper surface, DenFil should be polymerized with middle or wide-banded filter for 20 seconds at least, while Esthet X be cured with middle or wide-banded filter for 30 seconds at least to get similar hardness value to control group.

There was little dye penetration in enamel margin, but all dentin margins showed much more dye penetration irrespective of curing conditions. Although there was no statistical difference, groups cured with mid-banded filter for 40 seconds and with wide-width filter for 20 seconds showed relatively less dye penetration.

It was revealed from the SEM examination that group cured with wide-banded filter had the smallest gap without statistical significance. Spearman’s rho test showed that the correlation between the results of dye penetration and SEM examination was very low.

From these results, it could be concluded that curing with wide-width filter would be better than the other techniques, even though the curing technique using mid-width filter seems to have its own unique advantage.

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The Effect of Two Different Light-Curing Units and Curing Times on Bulk-Fill Restorative Materials
Gokcen Deniz Bayrak, Elif Yaman-Dosdogru, Senem Selvi-Kuvvetli
Polymers.2022; 14(9): 1885. CrossRef

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