Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Research Article

Color stability and solubility of Biodentine and NeoPutty in contact with different irrigation solutions: Sıla Nur Usta, Cangül Keskin; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(3):e25. Published online June 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e25

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the color stability and solubility of Biodentine and NeoPutty in contact with different irrigation solutions.
Materials and Methods
Biodentine and NeoPutty were set in cylindrical molds with 7 mm diameter and 1.5 mm high and immersed in distilled water, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 9% 1-hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP), and 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions for 24 hours. The color change was measured with a spectrophotometer. The solubility values were calculated as the mass loss was expressed as a percentage of the original mass using an analytical balance with 10⁻⁴ g accuracy. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney U tests, and 2-way analysis of variance test followed by Bonferroni corrections for pairwise comparisons for solubility and color stability with a 5% significance threshold, respectively.
Results
Biodentine exhibited higher color changes compared to the NeoPutty contact with all solutions except distilled water (p < 0.05). Both hydraulic cements (HCs) showed higher discoloration values immersion in CHX followed by NaOCl. No statistically significant difference was found between Biodentine and NeoPutty regardless of irrigation solution in terms of solubility (p > 0.05). Solubility values were lower in the distilled water group compared to EDTA and CHX (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Tested HCs showed solubility and color changes at various rates. NeoPutty could be an appropriate material in aesthetic areas. The usage of HEDP as an irrigant solution can be considered suitable for various endodontic treatments due to its relatively lower solubility and discoloration values.

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Review Article

Disinfectant effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel compared to sodium hypochlorite: a systematic review with meta-analysis: Theodoro Weissheimer, Karem Paula Pinto, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva, Lina Naomi Hashizume, Ricardo Abreu da Rosa, Marcus Vinicius Reis Só; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(4):e37. Published online October 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e37

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This study aimed to compare the disinfectant ability of chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Systematic searches were conducted from inception until December 8th, 2022 (MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Grey Literature databases). Only randomized clinical trials were included. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized trials were used to assess the quality of studies. Meta-analyses were performed. The overall quality of evidence was assessed through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool. Six studies were included. Five had a low risk of bias and 1 had some concerns. Three studies assessed bacterial reduction. Two were included in the meta-analysis for bacterial reduction (mean difference, 75.03 [confidence interval, CI, −271.15, 421.22], p = 0.67; I² = 74%); and 3 in the meta-analysis for cultivable bacteria after chemomechanical preparation (odds ratio, 1.03 [CI, 0.20, 5.31], P = 0.98; I² = 49%). Five studies assessed endotoxin reduction. Three were included in a meta-analysis (mean difference, 20.59 [CI, −36.41, 77.59], p = 0.48; I² = 74%). There seems to be no difference in the disinfectant ability of CHX gel and NaOCl, but further research is necessary.

Citations

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Preparing porcine lens to mimic human lens capsule
Yajing Pei, Shaofeng Han, Mingfeng Lu, Yang Yang, Ke Ma
Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery.2024; 50(9): 963. CrossRef
Comparative Evaluation of Disinfection Protocols for Dental Impressions in Prosthodontics
Subhash Sonkesriya, Ghanshyam Gaur, Akanksha Maheshwari, Arun Kumar Ashahiya, Simran Kaur Aulakh, Amit Kumar, Bhumika Kamal Badiyani
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Articles

Effect of irrigation protocols on smear layer removal, bond strength and nanoleakage of fiber posts using a self-adhesive resin cement: Rodrigo Stadler Alessi, Renata Terumi Jitumori, Bruna Fortes Bittencourt, Giovana Mongruel Gomes, João Carlos Gomes; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(3):e28. Published online July 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e28

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Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the application method of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and its influence on the adhesion of fiberglass posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement.

Materials and Methods

Sixty human mandibular premolars were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups (n = 12), according to the canal irrigant and its application method: 2 groups with conventional syringe irrigation (CSI)—2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control) and 2% CHX— and 3 groups with 2% CHX irrigation/activation—by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Easy Clean file, and XP-Endo Finisher file. Two roots per group were evaluated for smear layer (SL) removal by scanning electron microscopy. For other roots, fiber posts were luted using a self-adhesive resin cement. The roots were sectioned into 6 slices for push-out bond strength (BS) (7/group) and nanoleakage (NL) (3/group). Data from SL removal were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α = 0.05). Data from BS and NL were evaluated by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).

Results

For SL removal and BS, the CHX irrigation/activation promoted better values than CSI with CHX (p < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from CSI with NaOCl (p > 0.05). For NL, the lowest values were obtained by the chlorhexidine irrigation/activation groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Active 2% CHX irrigation can be used to improve the post space cleaning and adhesion before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cements.

Citations

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Laser‐Activated Irrigation via Photon‐Induced Photoacoustic Streaming and Shock Wave Enhanced Emission on Smear Layer Removal Efficacy, Pushout Bond Strength, and Sealer Adaptation: A SEM Assessment
Basil Almutairi, Fahad Alkhudhairy
Microscopy Research and Technique.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Microleakage Using Different Luting Cements in Kedo Zirconia Crowns: An In Vitro Assessment
Guru Vishnu, Ganesh Jeevanandan
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Comparative evaluation of Emblica officinalis as an etchant and an MMP inhibitor with orthophosphoric acid and chlorhexidine on the microshear bond strength of composite resin: an ex vivo study: Divya Sangeetha Rajkumar, Annapoorna Ballagere Mariswamy; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(3):e36. Published online June 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e36

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Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry or amla) as an acid etchant and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, and to compare its effect on the microshear bond strength of composite resin with orthophosphoric acid (OPA) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as an acid etchant and MMP inhibitor, respectively.

Materials and Methods

The etching effect and MMP-inhibiting action of amla on dentin samples were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gelatin zymography, respectively. Dentinal slabs (3 mm thick) from 80 extracted human molars were divided into 10 and 20 samples to form 2 control groups and 3 experimental groups. Groups 1, 2, and 4 were etched with OPA and groups 3 and 5 with amla juice. An MMP inhibitor was then applied: CHX for group 2 and amla extract for groups 4 and 5. Groups 1 and 3 received no MMP inhibitor. All specimens received a standardized bonding protocol and composite resin build-up, and were subjected to microshear bond strength testing. The force at which the fracture occurred was recorded and statistically analyzed.

Results

Amla juice had a similar etching effect as a self-etch adhesive in SEM and 100% amla extract was found to inhibit MMP-9 by gelatin zymography. The microshear bond strength values of amla were lower than those obtained for OPA and CHX, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Amla has a promising role as an acid etchant and MMP inhibitor, but further studies are necessary to substantiate its efficacy.

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Eco-conscious synthesis of novel 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as potent Anti-microbial agent and comparative study of cell viability and cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cell line utilizing Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit extract
Bhaktiben R. Bhatt, Kamalkishor Pandey, Tarosh Patel, Anupama Modi, Chandani Halpani, Vaibhav D. Bhatt, Bharat C. Dixit
Bioorganic Chemistry.2024; 153: 107936. CrossRef
Cell mediated ECM-degradation as an emerging tool for anti-fibrotic strategy
Peng Zhao, Tian Sun, Cheng Lyu, Kaini Liang, Yanan Du
Cell Regeneration.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Insight into the development of versatile dentin bonding agents to increase the durability of the bonding interface
Isabel Cristina Celerino de Moraes Porto, Teresa de Lisieux Guedes Ferreira Lôbo, Raphaela Farias Rodrigues, Rodrigo Barros Esteves Lins, Marcos Aurélio Bomfim da Silva
Frontiers in Dental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Antimicrobial efficacy of QMix on Enterococcus faecalis infected root canals: a systematic review of in vitro studies: Benjamin Syek Hur Lim, Abhishek Parolia, Margaret Soo Yee Chia, Jayakumar Jayaraman, Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(2):e23. Published online March 11, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e23

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Objectives

This study aimed to summarize the outcome of in vitro studies comparing the antibacterial effectiveness of QMix with other irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and Methods

The research question was developed by using population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design framework. The literature search was performed using 3 electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost until October 2019. The additional hand search was performed from the reference list of the eligible studies. The risk of bias of the studies was independently appraised using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0).

Results

Fourteen studies were included in this systematic review. The overall risk of bias for the selected studies was moderate. QMix was found to have a higher antimicrobial activity compared to 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), mixture of tetracycline isonomer, an acid and a detergent (MTAD), 0.2% Cetrimide, SilverSol/H2O2, HYBENX, and grape seed extract (GSE). QMix had higher antibacterial efficacy compared to NaOCl, only when used for a longer time (10 minutes) and with higher volume (above 3 mL).

Conclusions

QMix has higher antibacterial activity than 17% EDTA, 2% CHX, MTAD, 0.2% Cetrimide, SilverSol/H2O2, HYBENX, GSE and NaOCl with lower concentration. To improve the effectiveness, QMix is to use for a longer time and at a higher volume.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews Identifier: CRD42018096763

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Karthikeyan Anbalagan, Amit Jena, Saumyakanta Mohanty, Rashmirekha Mallick, Govind Shashirekha, Priyanka Sarangi
Odontology.2025; 113(1): 61. CrossRef
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Yang Yang, Yuanji Zhao, Huan Lei, Xiaohong Tan
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Limin Cai, Beibei Wang
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A Local Desiccant Antimicrobial Agent as an Alternative to Adjunctive Antibiotics in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Narrative Review
Iulia C. Micu, Alexandrina Muntean, Alexandra Roman, Ștefan I. Stratul, Emöke Pall, Andreea Ciurea, Andrada Soancă, Marius Negucioiu, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Ada G. Delean
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An in-vitro analysis to evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma jet in Enterococcus faecalis infected root canals
Pravin Kumar, P. Soundharrajan, Ram Prakash, Sarika Prabhakar Kombade, Pankaj Yadav, Ankita Chugh, Arun Kumar Patnana
Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of two graphene derivatives on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms and cytotoxicity
Mi-Ah KIM, Vinicius ROSA, Kyung-San MIN
Dental Materials Journal.2023; 42(2): 211. CrossRef
Antibacterial Activity of Endodontic Gutta-Percha—A Systematic Review
Jakub Kowalski, Joanna Rygas, Karolina Homa, Wojciech Dobrzyński, Rafal J. Wiglusz, Jacek Matys, Maciej Dobrzyński
Applied Sciences.2023; 14(1): 388. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of QMix and AgNP Solutions in Root Canals of Primary Molars: An In-Vitro Study
Dania Alkhourbotly, Mohamed K Altinawi, Rouaida Abou-Samra, Hasan M Alzoubi, Abedulrahman K Ebrahim
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiological Aspects of Root Canal Infections and Disinfection Strategies: An Update Review on the Current Knowledge and Challenges
Jasmine Wong, Daniel Manoil, Peggy Näsman, Georgios N. Belibasakis, Prasanna Neelakantan
Frontiers in Oral Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Effect of intracanal medications on the interfacial properties of reparative cements: Andrea Cardoso Pereira, Mariana Valerio Pallone, Marina Angélica Marciano, Karine Laura Cortellazzi, Marcos Frozoni, Brenda P. F. A. Gomes, José Flávio Affonso de Almeida, Adriana de Jesus Soares; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(2):e21. Published online May 9, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e21

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine gel (HCX) or distilled water (HCA) compared to triple antibiotic paste (TAP) on push-out bond strength and the cement/dentin interface in canals sealed with White MTA Angelus (WMTA) or Biodentine (BD).

Materials and Methods

A total of 70 extracted human lower premolars were endodontically prepared and randomly divided into 4 groups according to the intracanal medication, as follows: group 1, HCX; group 2, TAP; group 3, HCA; and group 4, control (without intracanal medication). After 7 days, the medications were removed and the cervical third of the specimens was sectioned into five 1-mm sections. The sections were then sealed with WMTA or BD as a reparative material. After 7 days in 100% humidity, a push-out bond strength test was performed. Elemental analysis was performed at the interface, using energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Results

BD presented a higher bond strength than WMTA (p < 0.05). BD or WMTA in canals treated with calcium hydroxide intracanal medications had the highest bond strength values, with a statistically significant difference compared to TAP in the WMTA group (p < 0.05). There were small amounts of phosphorus in samples exposed to triple antibiotic paste, regardless of the coronal sealing.

Conclusions

The use of intracanal medications did not affect the bond strength of WMTA and BD, except when TAP was used with WMTA.

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Effects of calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament on push‐out bond strength of endodontic sealers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Fadhilah Daud, Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri, Yanti Johari, Zuryati Ab‐Ghani, Mariatti Jaafar, Yoshihito Naito, Widyasri Prananingrum, Zaihan Ariffin
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2022; 34(8): 1166. CrossRef
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Yasser Alsayed Tolibah, Line Droubi, Saleh Alkurdi, Mohammad Tamer Abbara, Nada Bshara, Thuraya Lazkani, Chaza Kouchaji, Ibrahim Ali Ahmad, Ziad D. Baghdadi
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(9): 5304. CrossRef
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Jaqueline Lazzari, Walbert Vieira, Vanessa Pecorari, Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes, José Flávio Affonso de Almeida, Adriana De-Jesus-Soares
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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MarinaCarvalho Prado, Kevillin Martiniano, AndreaCardoso Pereira, KarineL Cortellazzi, MarinaA Marciano, Gabriel Abuna, Adriana de-Jesus-Soares
Journal of Conservative Dentistry.2021; 24(5): 464. CrossRef

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Influence of silver nanoparticles on resin-dentin bond strength durability in a self-etch and an etch-and-rinse adhesive system: Zahra Jowkar, Fereshteh Shafiei, Elham Asadmanesh, Fatemeh Koohpeima; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(2):e13. Published online March 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e13

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Objectives

This study evaluated the effect of dentin pretreatment with silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the microshear bond strength (µSBS) durability of different adhesives to dentin.

Materials and Methods

Occlusal surfaces of 120 human molars were ground to expose flat dentin surfaces. The specimens were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 20). Three groups (A, B, and C) were bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) and the other groups (D, E, and F) were bonded with Clearfil SE Bond (SEB). Dentin was pretreated with CHX in groups B and E, and with SNPs in groups C and F. The specimens were restored with Z250 composite. Half of the bonded surfaces in each group underwent µSBS testing after 24 hours and the other half was tested after 6 months of water storage.

Results

SNP application was associated with a higher µSBS than was observed in the CHX and control groups for SEB after 24 hours (p < 0.05). A significantly lower µSBS was observed when no dentin pretreatment was applied compared to dentin pretreatment with CHX and SNPs for SB after 24 hours (p < 0.05). The µSBS values of the 6-month specimens were significantly lower than those obtained from the 24-hour specimens for all groups (p < 0.05). This decrease was much more pronounced when both adhesives were used without any dentin pretreatment (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

SNPs and CHX reduced the degradation of resin-dentin bonds over a 6-month period for both adhesive systems.

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The Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Bond Strength of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealer: An In Vitro Study
Sundus Bukhary, Sarah Alkahtany, Dalal AlDabeeb
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Performance of self-etching adhesives on caries-affected primary dentin treated with glutaraldehyde or silver diamine fluoride
Marcelly Tupan Christoffoli Wolowski, Andressa Mioto Stabile Grenier, Victória Alícia de Oliveira, Caroline Anselmi, Mariana Sversut Gibin, Lidiane Vizioli de Castro-Hoshino, Francielle Sato, Cristina Perez, Régis Henke Scheffel, Josimeri Hebling, Mauro L
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials.2024; 150: 106293. CrossRef
The Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Dentinal Tubule Penetration of Endodontic Bioceramic Sealer
Sundus Bukhary, Sarah Alkahtany, Amal Almohaimede, Nourah Alkhayatt, Shahad Alsulaiman, Salma Alohali
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(24): 11639. CrossRef
Effect of silver diamine fluoride on the longevity of the bonding properties to caries-affected dentine
LP Muniz, M Wendlinger, GD Cochinski, PHA Moreira, AFM Cardenas, TS Carvalho, AD Loguercio, A Reis, FSF Siqueira
Journal of Dentistry.2024; 143: 104897. CrossRef
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Shuya Zhao, Yunyang Zhang, Yun Chen, Xianghui Xing, Yu Wang, Guofeng Wu
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Influence of silver nanoparticles on the resin-dentin bond strength and antibacterial activity of a self-etch adhesive system
Jia Wang, Wei Jiang, Jingping Liang, Shujun Ran
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2022; 128(6): 1363.e1. CrossRef
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Aya AEM Nemt-Allah, Shereen H Ibrahim, Amira F El-Zoghby
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Ana Coelho, Inês Amaro, Beatriz Rascão, Inês Marcelino, Anabela Paula, José Saraiva, Gianrico Spagnuolo, Manuel Marques Ferreira, Carlos Miguel Marto, Eunice Carrilho
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 22(1): 353. CrossRef

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Discoloration of teeth due to different intracanal medicaments: Farzaneh Afkhami, Sadaf Elahy, Alireza Mahmoudi Nahavandi, Mohamad Javad Kharazifard, Aidin Sooratgar; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(1):e10. Published online February 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e10

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Objectives

The objective of this study was to assess coronal discoloration induced by the following intracanal medicaments: calcium hydroxide (CH), a mixture of CH paste and chlorhexidine gel (CH/CHX), and triple antibiotic paste (3Mix).

Materials and Methods

Seventy extracted single-canal teeth were selected. Access cavities were prepared and each canal was instrumented with a rotary ProTaper system. The specimens were randomly assigned to CH, CH/CHX, and 3Mix paste experimental groups (n = 20 each) or a control group (n = 10). Each experimental group was randomly divided into 2 subgroups (A and B). In subgroup A, medicaments were only applied to the root canals, while in subgroup B, the root canals were completely filled with medicaments and a cotton pellet dipped in medicament was also placed in the pulp chamber. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained from the mid-buccal surface of the tooth crowns immediately after placing the medicaments (T1) and at 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), and 3 months (T4) after filling. The ∆E was then calculated. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3-way ANOVA, and the Scheffé post hoc test.

Results

The greatest color change (ΔE) was observed at 3 months (p < 0.0001) and in 3Mix subgroup B (p = 0.0057). No significant color change occurred in the CH (p = 0.7865) or CH/CHX (p = 0.1367) groups over time, but the 3Mix group showed a significant ΔE (p = 0.0164).

Conclusion

Intracanal medicaments may induce tooth discoloration. Use of 3Mix must be short and it must be carefully applied only to the root canals; the access cavity should be thoroughly cleaned afterwards.

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Effects of Intra-canal Medicaments on Infrared Light Energy Transmission Through Enamel and Dentin During Photobiomodulation: An In Vitro Study
Sachin Kulkarni, Laurence J. Walsh, Yash Bhurani, Roy George
Journal of Endodontics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Afsaneh Rahmati, Farshad Seyedein, Omid Dianat, Sara Saedi, Golriz Rostami, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban, Shima Sabertahan, Majid Kazem, Kee Y. Kum
International Journal of Dentistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Leila Bassir, Shirin Taravati, Farzad Nouri, Saeide Rahimi
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Shalu Maan, Vijaya Dhar Bhatt, Rohit Singh, Sayak Gupta, Syed Alay Noorain, Aashna Gill, Pradeep Kumar, Sushil Yadav, Preeti Sharma
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In vitro evaluation of octenidine as an antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus epidermidis in disinfecting the root canal system: Jia Da Chum, Darryl Jun Zhi Lim, Sultan Omer Sheriff, Shaju Jacob Pulikkotil, Anand Suresh, Fabian Davamani; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(1):e8. Published online February 8, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e8

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Objectives

Irrigants are imperative in endodontic therapy for the elimination of pathogens from the infected root canal. The present study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) for root canal disinfection.

Materials and Methods

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained using serial dilution method. The agar diffusion method was then used to determine the zones of inhibition for each irrigant. Lastly, forty 6-mm dentin blocks were prepared from human mandibular premolars and inoculated with S. epidermidis. Samples were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 blocks and irrigated for 3 minutes with saline (control), 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, or 0.1% OCT. Dentin samples were then collected immediately for microbial analysis, including an analysis of colony-forming units (CFUs).

Results

The MICs of each tested irrigant were 0.05% for CHX, 0.25% for NaOCl, and 0.0125% for OCT. All tested irrigants showed concentration-dependent increase in zones of inhibition, and 3% NaOCl showed the largest zone of inhibition amongst all tested irrigants (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the CFU measurements of 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, and 0.1% OCT showing complete elimination of S. epidermidis in all samples.

Conclusions

This study showed that OCT was comparable to or even more effective than CHX and NaOCl, demonstrating antimicrobial activity at low concentrations against S. epidermidis.

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Mahenaz Salam Inamdar, Dayanand G. Chole, Shrinivas S. Bakle, Preeti B. Vaprani, Neha P. Gandhi, Nikhil R. Hatte
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2024; 27(10): 1059. CrossRef
Causal relationship, shared genes between rheumatoid arthritis and pulp and periapical disease: evidence from GWAS and transcriptome data
Huili Wu, Lijuan Wang, Chenjie Qiu
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Mahitab Mansour, Tarek Salah, Haidy N. Salem
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Yuqiang Wang, Jiakang Zhu, Ying Tang, Cui Huang
International Endodontic Journal.2024; 57(5): 566. CrossRef
New Insights Regarding the Use of Relevant Synthetic Compounds in Dentistry
Stefania-Irina Dumitrel, Anamaria Matichescu, Stefania Dinu, Roxana Buzatu, Ramona Popovici, Dorin Dinu, Dana Bratu
Molecules.2024; 29(16): 3802. CrossRef
Formulation and Characterization of a Novel Palm-Oil-Based α-Mangostin Nano-Emulsion (PO-AMNE) as an Antimicrobial Endodontic Irrigant: An In Vitro Study
Omer Sheriff Sultan, Haresh Kumar A/L Kantilal, Khoo Suan Phaik, Hira Choudhury, Fabian Davamani
Processes.2023; 11(3): 798. CrossRef
Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Formulations of Septilin and Triphala with Conventional 2% Chlorhexidine on Root Canal and Oral Commensal Bacteria using Kirby Bauer Method
Shadab Ahmed, Kamil Shahnawaz, Tapan Kumar Mandal, Mamnoon Ghafir, Shiva Shankar Gummaluri, Gaurav Vishal
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry.2022; 13(4): 383. CrossRef
A comparative assessment of pomegranate extract, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, Myrrh (Commiphora molmol), tulsi extract against Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Staphylococci epidermidis
Mallwika Sisodiya, Shadab Ahmed, Ranjan Sengupta, Priyanka, Ankit Kumar Saha, Gourav Verma
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.2021; 25(2): 369. CrossRef
Effects of Octenidine on the Formation and Disruption of Dental Biofilms: An Exploratory In Situ Study in Healthy Subjects
B. Reda, J. Dudek, M. Martínez-Hernández, M. Hannig
Journal of Dental Research.2021; 100(9): 950. CrossRef
Does Cavity Disinfectant Affect Sealing Ability of Universal Self-etch Adhesive?
S Lata, Prasanti Kumari Pradhan, Gaurav Patri, Subhasmita Bhol, Kanhu C Sahoo, Khushboo Ghosh
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2021; 22(3): 273. CrossRef
Effect of duration and dilution on antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine hydrochloride as an intracanal medicament with chitosan carrier against Enterococcus faecalis – A modified direct contact test
VinayaSusan Varghese, Nirmal Kurian
Journal of Conservative Dentistry.2020; 23(5): 463. CrossRef

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Root canal irrigants influence the hydrophobicity and adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to root canal dentin: an in vitro study: Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu, Omer Sheriff Sultan, Sreedharan Kannathasan, Amir Shahreza Patel, Ebenezer Chitra, Prasanna Neelakantan, Fabian Davamani; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(1):e1. Published online December 7, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e1

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

To determine the effect of root canal irrigants on the hydrophobicity and adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) to root canal dentin in vitro.

Materials and Methods

Root dentin blocks (n = 60) were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the irrigation regimen: group 1, saline; group 2, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group 3, 5.25% NaOCl followed by 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group 4, same as group 3 followed by 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). The hydrophobicity of S. epidermidis to root dentin was calculated by cell surface hydrophobicity while the adherence was observed by fluorescence microscopy, and bacteria were quantified using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). Statistical analysis of the data was done using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test (p = 0.05).

Results

The hydrophobicity and adherence of S. epidermidis to dentin were significantly increased after irrigating with group 3 (NaOCl-EDTA) (p < 0.05), whereas in group 4 (NaOCl-EDTA-CHX) both hydrophobicity and adherence were significantly reduced (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The adherence of S. epidermidis to dentin was influenced differently by root canal irrigants. Final irrigation with CHX reduces the bacterial adherence and may impact biofilm formation.

Citations

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Quaternary ammonium silane (k21) based intracanal medicament triggers biofilm destruction
Esther Sook Kuan Kok, Xian Jin Lim, Soo Xiong Chew, Shu Fen Ong, Lok Yin See, Siao Hua Lim, Ling Ang Wong, Fabian Davamani, Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu, Amr Fawzy, Umer Daood
BMC Oral Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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1 Crossref

Evaluation of penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate into root dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscope: Sekar Vadhana, Jothi Latha, Natanasabapathy Velmurugan; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(2):149-154. Published online March 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.149

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study evaluated the penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) into root dentinal tubules and the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).

Materials and Methods

Twenty freshly extracted anterior teeth were decoronated and instrumented using Mtwo rotary files up to size 40, 4% taper. The samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10), that is, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and PUI. CHX was mixed with Rhodamine B dye and was used as the final irrigant. The teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle and apical levels and viewed under CLSM to record the penetration depth of CHX. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results

The mean penetration depths of 2% CHX in coronal, middle and apical thirds were 138 µm, 80 µm and 44 µm in CSI group, respectively, whereas the mean penetration depths were 209 µm, 138 µm and 72 µm respectively in PUI group. Statistically significant difference was present between CSI group and PUI group at all three levels (p < 0.01 for coronal third and p < 0.001 for middle and apical thirds). On intragroup analysis, both groups showed statistically significant difference among three levels (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Penetration depth of 2% CHX into root dentinal tubules is deeper in coronal third when compared to middle and apical third. PUI aided in deeper penetration of 2% CHX into dentinal tubules when compared to conventional syringe irrigation at all three levels.

Citations

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The ability of different diffusing enhancers to deliver chlorhexidine into dentinal tubules: An in vitro evaluation
Yi Luo, Mengting Duan, Runze Liu, Pei Liu, Wei Fan, Bing Fan
Journal of Dental Sciences.2024; 19(4): 2226. CrossRef
The effect of 2% chlorhexidine iontophoresis on dentin sealing ability of etch-and-rinse adhesive: An in vitro study
Kanittha Kijsamanmith, Panisara Srisatayasatien, Nichapa Thanindratarn, Chanisa Vichainarong, Jirapat Panyasukum
Journal of Dental Sciences.2024; 19(2): 846. CrossRef
Influence of different presentation forms of chlorhexidine on contaminated root canals during agitation
Ana B. S. Lopes, Augusto R. Lima, Juliana D. Bronzato, Daniel R. Herrera, Priscila A. Francisco, Maria C. C. Carvalho, Gabriel Abuna, Mario Sinhoreti, Brenda P. F. A. Gomes
Australian Endodontic Journal.2024; 50(3): 513. CrossRef
Evaluation of the transdentinal capability of the intrinsic antibacterial cetylpyridinium chloride/cholesterol sterosomes in vitro and in vivo
Xiaojun Yang, Chaoning Zhan, Tianjiao Cheng, Minchun Huang, Weiwen Ge, Yiqing Zhang, Ting Chen, Yanli Lu, Zhong‐Kai Cui, Jin Hou
International Endodontic Journal.2023; 56(2): 245. CrossRef
Dentinal tubule penetration of sodium hypochlorite in root canals with and without mechanical preparation and different irrigant activation methods
Renata Aqel de Oliveira, Theodoro Weissheimer, Gabriel Barcelos Só, Ricardo Abreu da Rosa, Matheus Albino Souza, Rodrigo Gonçalves Ribeiro, Marcus Vinicius Reis Só
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of Lipidic Nanoplatform for Intra-Oral Delivery of Chlorhexidine: Characterization, Biocompatibility, and Assessment of Depth of Penetration in Extracted Human Teeth
Krishnaraj Somyaji Shirur, Bharath Singh Padya, Abhijeet Pandey, Manasa Manjunath Hegde, Aparna I. Narayan, Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao, Varadaraj G. Bhat, Srinivas Mutalik
Nanomaterials.2022; 12(19): 3372. CrossRef
Value addition property of a cationic surfactant on endodontic irrigant: A confocal laser scanning microscope study
Sembagalakshmi Thirunarayanan, MithraN Hegde
Journal of Conservative Dentistry.2022; 25(4): 380. CrossRef
The effect of different irrigants on sealer penetration into dentinal tubules with and without activation, using confocal scanning microscope
HelaylA Alshaibani, ShibuThomas Mathew
Journal of the International Clinical Dental Research Organization.2022; 14(1): 37. CrossRef
Calcium hydroxide/iodoform nanoparticles as an intracanal filling medication: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro study using a bovine primary tooth model
Arturo Garrocho-Rangel, Diana María Escobar-García, Mariana Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Denisse Herrera-Badillo, Fernanda Carranco-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos Flores-Arriaga, Amaury Pozos-Guillén
Odontology.2021; 109(3): 687. CrossRef
The influence of irrigant activation, concentration and contact time on sodium hypochlorite penetration into root dentine: an ex vivo experiment
S. S. Virdee, D. J. J. Farnell, M. A. Silva, J. Camilleri, P. R. Cooper, P. L. Tomson
International Endodontic Journal.2020; 53(7): 986. CrossRef
Efficacy of different irrigation methods on dentinal tubule penetration of Chlorhexidine, QMix and Irritrol: A confocal laser scanning microscopy study
Meltem Küçük, Fatma Kermeoğlu
Australian Endodontic Journal.2019; 45(2): 202. CrossRef
Sodium hypochlorite penetration into dentinal tubules after manual dynamic agitation and ultrasonic activation: a histochemical evaluation
Luigi Generali, Erica Campolongo, Ugo Consolo, Carlo Bertoldi, Luciano Giardino, Francesco Cavani
Odontology.2018; 106(4): 454. CrossRef
Push-out bond strength and dentinal tubule penetration of different root canal sealers used with coated core materials
Derya Deniz Sungur, Nuhan Purali, Erdal Coşgun, Semra Calt
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2016; 41(2): 114. CrossRef

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Effect of three different irrigation solutions applied by passive ultrasonic irrigation: Carmen Llena, Leopoldo Forner, Raquel Cambralla, Adrian Lozano; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(2):143-148. Published online February 11, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.143

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study evaluated the maximum depth and percentage of irrigant penetration into dentinal tubules by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI).

Materials and Methods

Thirty extracted human teeth were instrumented and divided into three groups. According to final irrigation regimen, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (Group A, NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (Group B, CHX) and saline solution (Group C, control group) were applied with Irrisafe 20 tips (Acteon) and PUI. Irrigant was mixed with 0.1% rhodamine B. Sections at 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm from the apex were examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The percentage and maximum depth of irrigant penetration were measured. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were performed for overall comparison between groups at each level and for pairwise comparison, respectively. Within a group, Wilcoxon test was performed among different levels. p values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

In all groups, highest penetration depth and percentage of penetration were observed at the 8 mm level. At 2 mm level, Groups A and B had significantly greater depths and percentages in penetration than Group C (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between Groups A and B. At 5 mm level, penetration depths and percentage of penetration was not significantly different among the groups.

Conclusions

NaOCl and CHX applied by PUI showed similar depth and percentage of penetration at all evaluated levels.

Citations

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Comparative evaluation of side-vented needle, air sonic, and ultrasonic irrigation techniques on sodium hypochlorite penetration into tubules of dentin in root canal: An in vitro study
Anjali Meena, Nidhi Sharma, Dakshita Joy Sinha, Sarita Singh, Anu Dhawan, Neha Verma
Endodontology.2025; 37(1): 80. CrossRef
The influence of irrigant activation, concentration and contact time on sodium hypochlorite penetration into root dentine: an ex vivo experiment
S. S. Virdee, D. J. J. Farnell, M. A. Silva, J. Camilleri, P. R. Cooper, P. L. Tomson
International Endodontic Journal.2020; 53(7): 986. CrossRef
Sodium hypochlorite penetration into dentinal tubules after manual dynamic agitation and ultrasonic activation: a histochemical evaluation
Luigi Generali, Erica Campolongo, Ugo Consolo, Carlo Bertoldi, Luciano Giardino, Francesco Cavani
Odontology.2018; 106(4): 454. CrossRef
Sonic versus ultrasonic activation for the cleaning of the root canal after post space preparation: an in vitro study.
René Carrasco, Ricardo Román, Makarena Ojeda, Carolina Vergara
Journal Oral Of Research.2015; 4(4): 255. CrossRef

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Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Ferula gummosa plant essential oil compared to NaOCl and CHX: a preliminary in vitro study: Abbas Abbaszadegan, Ahmad Gholami, Hosein Mirhadi, Mina Saliminasab, Aboozar Kazemi, Mahmood Reza Moein; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(1):50-57. Published online December 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.50

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The usage of medicinal plants as natural antimicrobial agents has grown in many fields including dental medicine. The aim of this in vitro study was three-fold: (i) to determine the chemical compositions of the Ferula gummosa essential oil (FGEO), (ii) to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of the oil with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), (iii) to assess the toxic behavior of FGEO in different concentrations compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX.

Materials and Methods

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the chemical compositions of the oil. The disk diffusion method and a broth micro-dilution susceptibility assay were exploited to assess the antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, and Candida albicans. The cytocompatibility of the FGEO was assessed on L929 fibroblasts, and compared to that of NaOCl and CHX.

Results

Twenty-seven constituents were recognized in FGEO. The major component of the oil was β-pinene (51.83%). All three irrigants significantly inhibited the growth of all examined microorganisms compared to the negative control group. FGEO at 50 µg/mL was effective in lower concentration against Enterococcus faecalis than 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX, and was also more potent than 0.2% CHX against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. FGEO was a cytocompatible solution, and had significantly lower toxicity compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX.

Conclusions

FGEO showed a promising biological potency as a root canal disinfectant. More investigations are required on the effectiveness of this oil on intracanal bacterial biofilms.

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Fatemeh Maghsoodi, Parissa Taheri, Saeed Tarighi
Heliyon.2025; 11(2): e42037. CrossRef
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Hernán Coaguila-Llerena, Luana Raphael da Silva, Gisele Faria
Heliyon.2024; 10(1): e23060. CrossRef
Comparison the effect of Ferula gummosa and Chlorhexidine on dental cariogenic bacteria
bahareh nazemi salman, ali Yazdi Nejad, fakhri haghi, mahtab Mohammadi Gheydari, samira basir shabestari
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Yoneisy Abraham-Millán, Rosa María Montano-Silva, Yaima Pupo-Martínez
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Comparison effects of Ferula gummosa essential oil and Beta-pinene Alginate nanoparticles on human melanoma and breast cancer cells proliferation and apoptotic index in short term normobaric hyperoxic model
Mahmoud Osanloo, Somayyeh Pishamad, Ali ghanbariasad, Elham Zarenezhad, Media Alipanah, Hiva Alipanah
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Xiaodan Hui, Yu Wan, Hao Dong, Jian Peng, Weiliang Wu, Xingfen Yang, Qi He
LWT.2023; 177: 114575. CrossRef
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Gözdem Bayraktar, Ayşe Mine Yılmaz Göler, Burak Aksu, Hafize Öztürk Özener
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Elham Riazimontazer, Roghayeh Heiran, Aliasghar Jarrahpour, Ahmad Gholami, Zahra Hashemi, Aboozar Kazemi
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Leila Aghababaei, Maryam Hasani, Peyman Mahasti Shotorbani, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Hassan Hamedi
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Maliheh Zarandi, Maryam Hasani, Peyman Mahasti Shotorbani, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Hassan Hamedi
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization.2022; 16(4): 2556. CrossRef
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Thaís A. S. Oliveira, Mariana B. Santiago, Valmore H. P. Santos, Eliane O. Silva, Carlos H. G. Martins, Antônio E. M. Crotti
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Priyankaraj Sonigra, Mukesh Meena
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Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Benoit Schaller, Michael A. Pikos, Anton Sculean, Richard J. Miron
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Ehsan Tafazoli Moghadam, Mohsen Yazdanian, Elahe Tahmasebi, Hamid Tebyanian, Reza Ranjbar, Alireza Yazdanian, Alexander Seifalian, Ali Tafazoli
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Maryam Salehi, Mohammad Reza Naghavi, Moslem Bahmankar
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Kosaku Sawada, Ken Nakahara, Maiko Haga-Tsujimura, Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Tateyuki Iizuka, Richard J. Miron
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Ahmad Sobhani Najafabadi, Mohammad Reza Naghavi
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Lusiane Volpato, Marilisa Carneiro Leão Gabardo, Denise Piotto Leonardi, Paulo Henrique Tomazinho, Leila Teresinha Maranho, Flares Baratto-Filho
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Young-Sun Kwon, Hee-Jin Kim, Yun-Chan Hwang, Vinicius Rosa, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kyung-San Min
Journal of Endodontics.2017; 43(2): 289. CrossRef
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Hassan Hamedi, Mina Kargozari, Peyman Mahasti Shotorbani, Nima Babolani Mogadam, Maryam Fahimdanesh
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Abbas Abbaszadegan, Sahar Dadolahi, Ahmad Gholami, Mahmoud Reza Moein, Shahram Hamedani, Younes Ghasemi, Paul Vincent Abbott
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Nagendrababu Venkateshbabu, Suresh Anand, Mohan Abarajithan, Sultan O. Sheriff, Pulikkotil S. Jacob, Nath Sonia
The Open Dentistry Journal.2016; 10(1): 214. CrossRef
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Mohaddese Mahboubi
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Kosaku Sawada, Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Eizaburo Kobayashi, Benoit Schaller, Richard J. Miron
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Antiseptic solutions modulate the paracrine‐like activity of bone chips: differential impact of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite
Kosaku Sawada, Jordi Caballé‐Serrano, Dieter D. Bosshardt, Benoit Schaller, Richard J. Miron, Daniel Buser, Reinhard Gruber
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Taek-Seung Kim, Hee-Deung Park
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Chlorhexidine gel associated with papain in pulp tissue dissolution: Gabriel Couto De Oliveira, Caio Souza Ferraz, Carlos Vieira Andrade Júnior, Matheus Melo Pithon; Restor Dent Endod 2013;38(4):210-214. Published online November 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.4.210

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of 2% chlorhexidine gel associated with 8% papain gel in comparison with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in bovine pulp tissue dissolution.

Materials and Methods

Ninety bovine pulps of standardized sizes were used and fragmented into 5-mm sizes. The fragments were removed from the root middle third region. They were divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 15), 1) 8% papain; 2) 2% chlorhexidine; 3) 2% chlorhexidine associated with 8% papain; 4) 0.9% saline solution; 5) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; and 6) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The pulp fragments were weighed and put into immobile test tubes for dissolution for time intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min.

Results

The 5.25% sodium hypochlorite had greater dissolution potential than the pure papain, and when associated with chlorhexidine, both promoted greater dissolution than did the saline solution and 2% chlorhexidine groups (p < 0.05). The 2.5% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution to a lesser extent than the groups with papain within a period of 30 min (p < 0.05), but, was comparable to the saline solution and chlorhexidine. After 120 min, the 2.5% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution of 100% of the pulp fragments, and papain, 61%, while chlorhexidine associated with papain and chlorhexidine alone dissolved only 55% and 3%, respectively.

Conclusions

The 8% papain in gel, both alone and in association with chlorhexidine, was able to dissolve bovine pulp tissue, but to a lesser extent than did 5.25% sodium hypochlorite.

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Effects of traditional and novel proteolytic agents on tissue dissolution and dentine microhardness
Shwetha Elizabeth Jacob, Niharika Prasad, Sreya Dutta, Vasavi Kumblekar, Srikant Natarajan, Kukkila Jayaprakash, Manuel Sebastian Thomas
Australian Endodontic Journal.2023; 49(2): 287. CrossRef
A Comparative Evaluation of Pulp Tissue Dissolving Ability of Three Different Pulp Dissolving Agents With 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite: An In-Vitro Study
Ganesh Kalandar, Manoj Ramugade, Kishor Sapkale, Abrar Sayed, Sapna Sonkurla
International Journal of Orofacial Research.2023; 7(2): 42. CrossRef
Effect of bromelain and papain gel on enamel deproteinisation before orthodontic bracket bonding
Matheus Melo Pithon, Matheus Souza Campos, Raildo da Silva Coqueiro
Australasian Orthodontic Journal.2016; 32(1): 23. CrossRef

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Effect of chlorhexidine application on the bond strength of resin core to axial dentin in endodontic cavity: Yun-Hee Kim, Dong-Hoon Shin; Restor Dent Endod 2012;37(4):207-214. Published online November 21, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2012.37.4.207

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study evaluated the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the microtensile bonds strength (µTBS) of resin core with two adhesive systems to dentin in endodontic cavities.

Materials and Methods

Flat dentinal surfaces in 40 molar endodontic cavities were treated with self-etch adhesive system, Contax (DMG) and total-etch adhesive system, Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) after the following surface treatments: (1) Priming only (Contax), (2) CHX for 15 sec + rinsing + priming (Contax), (3) Etching with priming (Adper Single Bond 2), (4) Etching + CHX for 15 sec + rinsing + priming (Adper Single Bond 2). Resin composite build-ups were made with LuxaCore (DMG) using a bulk method and polymerized for 40 sec. For each condition, half of specimens were submitted to µTBS after 24 hr storage and half of them were submitted to thermocycling of 10,000 cycles between 5℃ and 55℃ before testing. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and independent t-test at a significance level of 95%.

Results

CHX pre-treatment did not affect the bond strength of specimens tested at the immediate testing period, regardless of dentin surface treatments. However, after 10,000 thermocycling, all groups showed reduced bond strength. The amount of reduction was greater in groups without CHX treatments than groups with CHX treatment. These characteristics were the same in both self-etch adhesive system and total-etch adhesive system.

Conclusions

2% CHX application for 15 sec proved to alleviate the decrease of bond strength of dentin bonding systems. No significant difference was shown in µTBS between total-etching system and self-etching system.

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Micro Tensile bond strength and microleakage assessment of total-etch and self-etch adhesive bonded to carious affected dentin disinfected with Chlorhexidine, Curcumin, and Malachite green
Zeeshan Qamar, Nishath Sayed Abdul, R Naveen Reddy, Mahesh Shenoy, Saleh Alghufaili, Yousef Alqublan, Ali Barakat
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2023; 43: 103636. CrossRef
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Naji Ziad Arandi
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry.2023; Volume 15: 165. CrossRef
Influence of chlorhexidine 2% and sodium hypochlorite 5.25% on micro-tensile bond strength of universal adhesive system (G-Premio Bond)
Nafiseh Fazelian, Abbas Rahimi Dashtaki, MohammadAmin Eftekharian, Batool Amiri
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of the effects of different methods of post space preparation in primary anterior teeth on the fracture resistance of tooth restorations
Bahman Seraj, Sara Ghadimi, Ebrahim Najafpoor, Fatemeh Abdolalian, razieh khanmohammadi
Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects.2019; 13(2): 141. CrossRef
Chemical, microbial, and host‐related factors: effects on the integrity of dentin and the dentin–biomaterial interface
Marcela T. Carrilho, Fabiana Piveta, Leo Tjäderhane
Endodontic Topics.2015; 33(1): 50. CrossRef
MMP Inhibitors on Dentin Stability
A.F. Montagner, R. Sarkis-Onofre, T. Pereira-Cenci, M.S. Cenci
Journal of Dental Research.2014; 93(8): 733. CrossRef
Thermal cycling for restorative materials: Does a standardized protocol exist in laboratory testing? A literature review
Anna Lucia Morresi, Maurizio D'Amario, Mario Capogreco, Roberto Gatto, Giuseppe Marzo, Camillo D'Arcangelo, Annalisa Monaco
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials.2014; 29: 295. CrossRef

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Effect of different chlorhexidine application times on microtensile bond strength to dentin in Class I cavities: Hyun-Jung Kang, Ho-Jin Moon, Dong-Hoon Shin; Restor Dent Endod 2012;37(1):9-15. Published online March 2, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2012.37.1.9

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Objectives

This study evaluated the effect of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) with different application times on microtensile bonds strength (MTBS) to dentin in class I cavities and intended to search for ideal application time for a simplified bonding protocol.

Materials and Methods

Flat dentinal surfaces with class I cavities (4 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm) in 40 molar teeth were bonded with etch-and-rinse adhesive system, Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) after: (1) etching only as a control group; (2) etching + CHX 5 sec + rinsing; (3) etching + CHX 15 sec + rinsing; (4) etching + CHX 30 sec + rinsing; and (5) etching + CHX 60 sec + rinsing. Resin composite was built-up with Z-250 (3M ESPE) using a bulk method and polymerized for 40 sec. For each condition, half of the specimens were immediately submitted to MTBS test and the rest of them were assigned to thermocycling of 10,000 cycles between 5℃ and 55℃ before testing. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, at a significance level of 95%.

Results

There was no significant difference in bond strength between CHX pre-treated group and control group at the immediate testing period. After thermocycling, all groups showed reduced bond strength irrespective of the CHX use. However, groups treated with CHX maintained significantly higher MTBS than control group (p < 0.05). In addition, CHX application time did not have any significant influence on the bond strength among groups treated with CHX.

Conclusion

Application of 2% CHX for a short time period (5 sec) after etching with 37% phosphoric acid may be sufficient to preserve dentin bond strength.

Citations

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Effect of nonthermal atmospheric plasma application at different time intervals on the dentinal shear bond strength pretreated with 2% chlorhexidine as cavity disinfectant: An in vitro study
Roopadevi Garlapati, Nagesh Bolla, Gali Praveen Kumar, Mayana Aameena Banu, Bandlapally Sreenivasa Guptha Anila, Shaik Afreen Kamal
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2024; 27(7): 769. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation ofEmblica officinalisas an etchant and an MMP inhibitor with orthophosphoric acid and chlorhexidine on the microshear bond strength of composite resin: anex vivostudy
Divya Sangeetha Rajkumar, Annapoorna Ballagere Mariswamy
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Cavity Disinfectants on Adhesion to Primary Teeth—A Systematic Review
Ana Coelho, Inês Amaro, Ana Apolónio, Anabela Paula, José Saraiva, Manuel Marques Ferreira, Carlos Miguel Marto, Eunice Carrilho
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(9): 4398. CrossRef
Effect of Different Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors on Shear Bond Strength of Composite Attached to Primary Teeth Dentin
Najmeh Mohammadi, Zahra Parsaie, Dana Jafarpour, Fatemeh Bizolm
European Journal of General Dentistry.2020; 9(03): 147. CrossRef

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Review Article

Effects of matrix metallproteinases on dentin bonding and strategies to increase durability of dentin adhesion: Jung-Hyun Lee, Juhea Chang, Ho-Hyun Son; Restor Dent Endod 2012;37(1):2-8. Published online March 2, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2012.37.1.2

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The limited durability of resin-dentin bonds severely compromises the longevity of composite resin restorations. Resin-dentin bond degradation might occur via degradation of water-rich and resin sparse collagen matrices by host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This review article provides overview of current knowledge of the role of MMPs in dentin matrix degradation and four experimental strategies for extending the longevity of resin-dentin bonds. They include: (1) the use of broad-spectrum inhibitors of MMPs, (2) the use of cross-linking agents for silencing the activities of MMPs, (3) ethanol wet-bonding with hydrophobic resin, (4) biomimetic remineralization of water-filled collagen matrix. A combination of these strategies will be able to overcome the limitations in resin-dentin adhesion.

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Remineralization Effects of Silver Fluoride, Silver Diamine Fluoride, and Sodium Fluoride Varnish
Jihyeon Lee, Hwalim Lee, Jongsoo Kim, Joonhaeng Lee, Jongbin Kim, Jisun Shin, Miran Han
International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry.2024; 20(1): 19. CrossRef

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Basic Researchs

Effect of 2% chlorhexidine application on microtensile bond strength of resin composite to dentin using one-step self-etch adhesives: Soon-Ham Jang, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Yong-Hun Kwon, Jeong-Kil Park; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(6):486-491. Published online November 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.6.486

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study examined the effect of 2% chlorhexidine on the µTBS of a direct composite restoration using one-step self-etch adhesives on human dentin.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-four extracted permanent molars were used. The teeth were assigned randomly to six groups (n = 10), according to the adhesive system and application of chlorhexidine. With or without the application of chlorhexidine, each adhesive system was applied to the dentin surface. After the bonding procedure, light-cure composite resin buildups were produced. The restored teeth were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours, and then cut and glued to the jig of the microtensile testing machine. A tensile load was applied until the specimen failed. The failure mode was examined using an operating microscope. The data was analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, Student's t-test (p < 0.05) and Scheffé's test.
Results
Regardless of the application of chlorhexidine, the Clearfil S³ Bond showed the highest µTBS, followed by G-Bond and Xeno V. Adhesive failure was the main failure mode of the dentin bonding agents tested with some samples showing cohesive failure.
Conclusions
The application of 2% chlorhexidine did not affect the µTBS of the resin composite to the dentin using a one-step self-etch adhesive.

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The comparison of different canal irrigation methods to prevent reaction precipitate between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine: Moon-Sun Choi, Se-Hee Park, Kyung-Mo Cho, Jin-Woo Kim; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(2):80-87. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.2.080

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The purpose of this study was to compare the different canal irrigation methods to prevent the formation of precipitate between sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX).

Extracted 50 human single-rooted teeth were used. The root canals were instrumented using NiTi rotary file (Profile .04/#40) with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA as irrigants. Teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups and one control group as follows; Control group: 2.5% NaOCl only, Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl + 2% CHX, Group 2: 2.5% NaOCl + paper points + 2% CHX, Group 3: 2.5% NaOCl + preparation with one large sized-file + 2% CHX, Group 4: 2.5% NaOCl +95% alcohol+ 2% CHX.

The teeth were split in bucco-lingual aspect and the specimens were observed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. The percentages of remaining debris and patent dentinal tubules were determined. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy was used for analyzing the occluded materials in dentinal tubule for elementary analysis.

There were no significant differences in percentage of remaining debris and patent tubules between all experimental groups at all levels (p > .05).

In elementary analysis, the most occluded materials in dentinal tubule were dentin debris. NaOCl/CHX precipitate was detected in one tooth specimen of Group 1.

In conclusion, there were no significant precipitate on root canal, but suspected material was detected on Group 1. The irrigation system used in this study could be prevent the precipitate formation.

Citations

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Analysis of para-chloroaniline after chemical interaction between alexidine and sodium hypochlorite using mass spectrometry: A preliminary study
Hyeon-Sik Kim, Seung-Hyun Han, Soram Oh, Sang-Min Lim, Yu Gu, Kee-Yeon Kum
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(4): 295. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Selective detection of viable Enterococcus faecalis using propidium monoazide in combination with real-time PCR: Sinyoung Kim, Seungjong Lee, Euiseong Kim, Deoggyu Seo, Yoonjung Song, Ilyoung Jung; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2008;33(6):537-544. Published online November 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.6.537

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can detect bacteria more rapidly than conventional plate counting. However DNA-based assays cannot distinguish between viable and dead cells due to persistence of DNA after cells have lost their vitality. Recently, propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment has been introduced. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the PMA treatment and real-time PCR method for cell counting in comparison with plate counting and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of 2% CHX on E. faecalis using PMA treatment in combination with real-time PCR.

Firstly, to elucidate the relationship between the proportion of viable cells and the real-time PCR signals after PMA treatment, mixtures with different ratios of viable and dead cells were used. Secondly, relative difference of viable cells using PMA treatment in combination with real-time PCR was compared with CFU by plate counting. Lastly, antibacterial efficacy of 2% CHX on E. faecalis was measured using PMA treatment in combination with real-time PCR.

The results were as follows :

Ct value increased with decreasing proportion of viable E. faecalis.

There was correlation between viable cells measured by real-time PCR after PMA treatment and CFU by plate counting until Optical density (OD) value remains under 1.0. However, viable cells measured by real-time PCR after PMA treatment have decreased at 1.5 of OD value while CFU kept increasing.

Relative difference of viable E. faecalis decreased more after longer application of 2% CHX.

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Effects of sodium hypochlorite on the potential infectivity of human norovirus GII .4 using propidium monoazide with RT‐qPCR and quality assessments in Manila clams ( Ruditapes phili
Min Gyu Song, Eun Bi Jeon, Ji Yoon Kim, Shin Young Park
Journal of Food Processing and Preservation.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of temperature and medium on the viability ofMycobacterium lepraeduring long term-storage
Jin-Ho Park, Yun-Ji Kim, Jong-Pill Kim
Korean Leprosy Bulletin.2019; 52(1): 41. CrossRef
In Vivo Quantitative Evaluation of Live and Dead Bacteria in Root Canal Infection by Using Propidium Monoazide with Real-Time PCR
Sin-Young Kim, Yooseok Shin, Chan-Young Lee, Il-Young Jung
Journal of Endodontics.2013; 39(11): 1359. CrossRef

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Effect of chlorhexidine on microtensile bond strength of dentin bonding systems: Eun-Hwa Oh, Kyoung-Kyu Choi, Jong-Ryul Kim, Sang-Jin Park; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2008;33(2):148-161. Published online March 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.2.148

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of dentin bonding systems.

Dentin collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activities can be suppressed by protease inhibitors, indicating that MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinases) inhibition could be beneficial in the preservation of hybrid layers. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is known as an inhibitor of MMPs activity in vitro.

The experiment was proceeded as follows:

At first, flat occlusal surfaces were prepared on mid-coronal dentin of extracted third molars. GI (Glass Ionomer) group was treated with dentin conditioner, and then, applied with 2% CHX. Both SM (Scotchbond Multipurpose) and SB (Single Bond) group were applied with CHX after acid-etched with 37% phosphoric acid. TS (Clearfil Tri-S) group was applied with CHX, and then, with adhesives. Hybrid composite Z-250 and resin-modified glass ionomer Fuji-II LC was built up on experimental dentin surfaces. Half of them were subjected to 10,000 thermocycle, while the others were tested immediately. With the resulting data, statistically two-way ANOVA was performed to assess the µTBS before and after thermocycling and the effect of CHX. All statistical tests were carried out at the 95% level of confidence. The failure mode of the testing samples was observed under a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Within limited results, the results of this study were as follows;

In all experimental groups applied with 2% chlorhexidine, the microtensile bond strength increased, and thermocycling decreased the microtensile bond strength (P > 0.05).

Compared to the thermocycling groups without chlorhexidine, those with both thermocycling and chlorhexidine showed higher microtensile bond strength, and there was significant difference especially in GI and TS groups.

SEM analysis of failure mode distribution revealed the adhesive failure at hybrid layer in most of the specimen, and the shift of the failure site from bottom to top of the hybrid layer with chlorhexidine groups.

2% chlorhexidine application after acid-etching proved to preserve the durability of the hybrid layer and microtensile bond strength of dentin bonding systems.

Citations

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The effect of the removal of chondroitin sulfate on bond strength of dentin adhesives and collagen architecture
Jong-Ryul Kim, Sang-Jin Park, Gi-Woon Choi, Kyoung-Kyu Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(3): 211. CrossRef

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Evaluation of time-dependent antimicrobial effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) on Enterococcus faecalis in the root canal: Hye-Jeong Kim, Se-Hee Park, Kyung-Mo Cho, Jin-Woo Kim; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2007;32(2):121-129. Published online March 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.2.121

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The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) on Enterococcus faecalis and to evaluate and to compare the time-dependant antimicrobial effect of NaDCC with NaOCl and CHX in the root canal in vitro before and after instrumentation.

Extracted human single teeth were prepared by serial instrumentation technique. The samples were autoclaved and contaminated for 3 days with E. faecalis monocultures. The teeth were then divided into 4 groups. Each group was irrigated and inserted with 2% NaOCl, 2% NaDCC, 2% CHX and sterilized saline. After 6, 12, 24, 72h, and 1 week incubation, sterilized paper point was inserted into the root canal. Paper points containing root canal contents were then placed on the agar plate. And then each root canal was prepared with #4 and #5 GG (Gates-Glidden) drill. The debris were collected in the sterilized microtube and the plates were incubated at 37℃ in an increased CO₂ atmosphere. After 24h incubation the growth of bacteria around the paper points were measured.

NaOCl and NaDCC solution shows similar antimicrobial effect for E. faecalis at 6, 12, 24, 72h and 1 week. In control group, irrigated with sterilized saline, no antimicrobial effect was observed.

The results are in agreement with other investigators, who have shown the bactericidal property and possibility of NaDCC as a root canal irrigation solution. Thus it seems that NaDCC solutions can be clinically applied into the root canal within 1 week after dilution.

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Pulmonary toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate after intratracheal instillation in sprague-dawley rats
Jean Yoo, Haewon Kim, Yeon-Mi Lim, Byung-Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Ig-Chun Eom, Ilseob Shim
Human & Experimental Toxicology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in endodontic infections: antibiotic resistance profile and susceptibility to photodynamic therapy
Ana Carolina Chipoletti Prado, Patrícia Pimentel De Barros, Jéssica Diane Dos Santos, Luciane Dias De Oliveira, Claudio Antônio Talge Carvalho, Marcia Carneiro Valera, Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge, Juliana Campos Junqueira
Lasers in Dental Science.2017; 1(2-4): 91. CrossRef
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Disease Control Efficacy of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) Against Major Strawberry Diseases
Da-Ran Kim, Gun-Hye Gang, Hyun-Ji Cho, Hae-Suk Yoon, Youn-Sig Kwak
The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science.2015; 19(1): 47. CrossRef
Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Its Convergent Treatments on Lily Leaf Blight Pathogen, Botrytis elliptica, and the Disease Development
Ji-Hoon Kim, Sung-Chul Yun
Research in Plant Disease.2014; 20(2): 71. CrossRef
Microorganism penetration in dentinal tubules of instrumented and retreated root canal walls.In vitroSEM study
Saad Al-Nazhan, Alaa Al-Sulaiman, Fellwa Al-Rasheed, Fatimah Alnajjar, Bander Al-Abdulwahab, Abdulhakeem Al-Badah
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(4): 258. CrossRef
Analysis of para-chloroaniline after chemical interaction between alexidine and sodium hypochlorite using mass spectrometry: A preliminary study
Hyeon-Sik Kim, Seung-Hyun Han, Soram Oh, Sang-Min Lim, Yu Gu, Kee-Yeon Kum
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(4): 295. CrossRef
The comparison of different canal irrigation methods to prevent reaction precipitate between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine
Moon-Sun Choi, Se-Hee Park, Kyung-Mo Cho, Jin-Woo Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(2): 80. CrossRef
Comparison of Antibacterial effect of Listerine® with Various root canal irrigants
Young Hun Kim, Min-Kyung Kang, Eun-Kyoung Choi, So-Young Yang, Inseok Yang, In-Chol Kang, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(6): 500. CrossRef
Evaluation ofEnterococcus faecalisremoval efficacy of the EndoVac® and EndoActivator® intracanal irrigation methods
Seung-Gon Song, Se-Hee Park, Kyung-Mo Cho, Jin-Woo Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(5): 390. CrossRef
The effect of MTAD as a final root canal irrigants on the coronal bacterial leakage of obturated root canals
Tae Woo Kim, Seok Woo Chang, Dong Sung Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(4): 397. CrossRef

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The sustaining effect of three polymers on the release of chlorhexidine from a controlled release drug device for root canal disinfection: Young-Bin Bok, Doug-Youn Lee, Chang-Young Lee, Kyung-Nam Kim, Kee-Yeon Kum; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2004;29(6):548-554. Published online November 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.6.548

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The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the suitability of using chitosan, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to control the release of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) from a prototype of controlled release drug device (CRD) for root canal disinfection. Four different prototypes with different formulations were prepared. Group A (n = 12); The device (absorbent paper point) was loaded with CHX as control. Group B (n = 12); same as group A, but the device was coated with chitosan. In Groups C and D, the device was treated in the same way as group A and then coated three times with 5% PMMA (Group C, n = 12), or coated three times with 3% PLGA (Group D, n = 12). The devices were randomly allocated to experimental groups of 12 each.

All CRD prototypes were soaked in 3 mL distilled water. The concentrations of CHX were determined using a UV spectrophotometer. The surface characteristics of each prototype were observed using a scanning electron microscope.

The result showed that release rate of CHX was the greatest in the non-coated group, followed by the chitosan-coated group, the PLGA-coated group, and the PMMA-coated group (P < 0.05). Pores were observed on the surface of the prototypes that were coated with PLGA and PMMA. When the pore size was smaller, the release rate was lower. This data indicate that polymer coating can control the release rate of CHX from the CRD prototypes.

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Effect of different chlorhexidine application times on microtensile bond strength to dentin in Class I cavities
Hyun-Jung Kang, Ho-Jin Moon, Dong-Hoon Shin
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(1): 9. CrossRef
Effect of chlorhexidine application on the bond strength of resin core to axial dentin in endodontic cavity
Yun-Hee Kim, Dong-Hoon Shin
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(4): 207. CrossRef

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