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A fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) fixed prosthesis is an innovative alternative to a traditional metal restoration, as it is a conservative treatment method. This case report demonstrates a detailed procedure for restoring a missing anterior tooth with an FRC. A 44-year-old woman visited our department with an avulsed tooth that had fallen out on the previous day and was completely dry. This tooth was replanted, but it failed after one year. A semi-direct technique was used to fabricate a FRC fixed partial prosthesis for its replacement. The FRC framework and the pontic were fabricated using a duplicated cast model and nanofilled composite resin. Later on, interproximal contact, tooth shape, and shade were adjusted at chairside. This technique not only enables the clinician to replace a missing tooth immediately after extraction for minimizing esthetic problems, but it also decreases both tooth reduction and cost.

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Crown reattachment is the most conservative treatment which can be used to restore fractured tooth, presumably with sufficient strength, while maintaining original contour, incisal translucency, and reducing chair time and cost.

However, in case of crown fracture with pin-point pulp exposure, we should cautiously minimize the irritation to the pulp and consider pre-treatment pulpal status, choice of pulp capping materials, choice of bonding system and treatment sequence during crown reattachment procedures. This case reports the considerations while crown reattachment with direct pulp capping using calcium hydroxide (Dycal, Dentsply Caulk).

Citations

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• A Conservative Approach to the Management of a Dental Trauma for Immediate Natural Esthetics
  Pallav Mahesh Patni, Pradeep Jain, Mona Jain Patni
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• An in vitro study on comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of bioactive composite to tooth structure with various dentin conditioning agents
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Regenerative endodontics has a potential to heal a partially necrotic pulp, which can be beneficial for the continued root development and strengthening of immature teeth. For this purpose, triple antibiotic mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline was recommended as intracanal medicament in an attempt to disinfect the root canal system for revascularization of a tooth with a necrotic pulp. However, discoloration of the tooth was reported after applying this. This case shows the idea for preventing the tooth discoloration using a delivery syringe (SW-O-01, Shinwoo dental) to avoid the contact between the clinical crown and the antibiotics.

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  R. Rafatjou, R. Yousefimashouf, M. Farhadian, S. Afzalsoltani
  European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry.2019; 20(6): 609.     CrossRef
• Triple antibiotic paste: momentous roles and applications in endodontics: a review
  Ardavan Parhizkar, Hanieh Nojehdehian, Saeed Asgary
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Clinical Effectiveness of Different Polishing Systems and Self-Etch Adhesives in Class V Composite Resin Restorations: Two-Year Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
  J-H Jang, H-Y Kim, S-M Shin, C-O Lee, DS Kim, K-K Choi, S-Y Kim
  Operative Dentistry.2017; 42(1): 19.     CrossRef
• Revascularization of Necrotic Immature Permanent Teeth: An Update
  N Velmurugan
  Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics.2016; 1(1): 18.     CrossRef
• Treatment of non-vital immature teeth with amoxicillin-containing triple antibiotic paste resulting in apexification
  Hyon-Beom Park, Bin-Na Lee, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh, Hoon-Sang Chang
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2015; 40(4): 322.     CrossRef

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• Qualitative analysis on crystal growth of synthetic hydroxyapatite influenced by fluoride concentration
  Sumi Kang, Jeong Taeg Seo, Sung-Ho Park, Il Young Jung, Chan Young Lee, Jeong-Won Park
  Archives of Oral Biology.2019; 104: 52.     CrossRef

In clinic, esthetic restoration of a defective natural tooth with composite resin is challenging procedure and needs complete understanding of the color of tooth itself and materials used. The optical characteristics of the composites are different because the chemical compositions and microstructures are not same.

This review provided basic knowledge of the color and the color measurement devices, and analyze the color of the natural tooth. Further, the accuracy of the shade tab, color of the composite resins before and after curing, effect of the water, food and bleaching agent, and translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence effects were evaluated.

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• Evaluation of Color Stability according to Shade of Temporary Crown Resin Using Digital Spectrophotometer: In Vitro Study
  Hye-min Ku, Mi-Kyoung Jun
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2022; 22(3): 139.     CrossRef
• Effects of Children's Drinks on the Color Stability of Strip and Zirconia crown
  Ilyong Jeong, Seoksoon Yi, Haney Lee, Daewoo Lee, Yeonmi Yang, Jaegon Kim
  THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2017; 44(3): 306.     CrossRef
• Color and Translucency of Multi-Shade Layered Composites
  Chang-Ha Lee, Bum-Soon Lim, In-Bog Lee
  Korean Journal of Dental Materials.2016; 43(4): 369.     CrossRef
• Color evaluation of composite resin using dental colorimeter according to the specimen size
  Ji-Hye Jung, 심규리, 장훈상
  Oral Biology Research.2016; 40(4): 198.     CrossRef

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• Observation of surface roughness on three types of resin based on grinding time of dental automatic barrel finishing
  An-Na Jung, Hyeon-Jeong Ko, Yu-Jin Park
  Journal of Korean Acedemy of Dental Technology.2021; 43(2): 56.     CrossRef
• Observations of surface roughness of Co-Cr alloys according to grinding time of dental barrel finishing
  Hyeon-Jeong Ko, Yu-Jin Park, Sung-Min Choi
  Journal of Korean Acedemy of Dental Technology.2021; 43(3): 93.     CrossRef
• Component and surface residue observation of barrel finishing media for grinding dental resins
  An-Na Jung, Yu-Jin Park, Sung-Min Choi
  Journal of Korean Acedemy of Dental Technology.2021; 43(4): 145.     CrossRef
• Performance of a novel polishing rubber wheel in improving surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain
  Geum-Jun HAN, Jae-Hoon KIM, Mi-Ae LEE, So-Yeon CHAE, Yun-Hee LEE, Byeong-Hoon CHO
  Dental Materials Journal.2014; 33(6): 739.     CrossRef

The development of adhesive dentistry has allowed that the crown fragment reattachment can be another option in the treatment of crown fracture. However, additional crown lengthening procedure or extrusion of the tooth may be necessary in the treatment of crown root fracture because subgingival fracture line in close proximity to the alveolar bone leads to challenges for restorative procedure and the violation of the biologic width. This case report presents a modified crown fragment reattachment technique of crown root fracture with pulp exposure, which was done without additional crown lengthening procedures. After the endodontic treatment, the patient was treated using a post insertion and the fragment reattachment technique, which made it possible to preserve the space for the biologic width and maintain a dry surgical field for adequate adhesion through the modification of the fractured coronal fragment. Since a coronal fracture was occurred and reattached afterward, it was observed that the coronal fragment was well maintained without the additional loss of periodontal attachment through 2-year follow up.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of post types and sizes on fracture resistance in immature tooth model with various restorative techniques. Bovine incisors were sectioned 8 mm above and 12 mm below the cementoenamel junction to simulate immature tooth model. To compare various post-and-core restorations, canals were restored with gutta-percha and resin core, or reinforced dentin wall with dual-cured resin composite, followed by placement of D.T. LIGHT-POST, ParaPost XT, and various sizes of EverStick Post individually. All of specimens were stored in the distilled water for 72 hours and underwent 6,000 thermal cycles. After simulation of periodontal ligament structure with polyether impression material, compressive load was applied at 45 degrees to the long axis of the specimen until fracture was occurred.

Experimental groups reinforced with post and composite resin were shown significantly higher fracture strength than gutta-percha group without post placement (p < 0.05). Most specimens fractured limited to cervical third of roots. Post types did not influence on fracture resistance and fracture level significantly when cement space was filled with dual-cured resin composite. In addition, no statistically significant differences were seen between customized and standardized glass fiber posts, which cement spaces were filled with resin cement or composite resin individually. Therefore, root reinforcement procedures as above in immature teeth improved fracture resistance regardless of post types and sizes.

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• Effect of Dental Posts used in Restoring Badly Broken Primary teeth
  Tebra Alkayakh, Abdulrahim Aldarewesh
  Libyan Journal of Medical Research.2024; 18(1): 65.     CrossRef
• An in vitro comparison of fracture resistance of immature teeth subjected to apexification using three different bioactive materials
  Aarshati Vyas, Shilpa Shah, Nishtha K Patel, Krushnangi Yagnik, Vyoma Hirpara, Rajvi Shah
  IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics.2023; 7(4): 172.     CrossRef
• Comparative Evaluation of the Fracture Resistance of Simulated Immature Teeth Reinforced with a Novel Anatomic Post and MTA or Biodentine as an Apical Barrier: An In Vitro Study
  Shivani H Dholakia, Mrunalini J Vaidya
  Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics.2020; 4(2): 62.     CrossRef
• Fracture resistance of upper central incisors restored with different posts and cores
  Maryam Rezaei Dastjerdi, Kamran Amirian Chaijan, Saeid Tavanafar
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2015; 40(3): 229.     CrossRef
• Retentive strength of different intracanal posts in restorations of anterior primary teeth: anin vitrostudy
  Mahtab Memarpour, Fereshteh Shafiei, Maryam Abbaszadeh
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 215.     CrossRef

Due to the improvement of the composite resin and esthetic desire of the patient, amalgam restoration has been replaced by composite resin. However, still there are many unsolved problems, for example, technique sensitivity, polymerization shrinkage stress and limited mechanical properties. These factors results in fracture of the restoration and secondary caries of the tooth. Also the use of the dental bonding system should be used for the retention of the restoration. In this paper, I want to talk about the present and the future of the remineralizing component released from dental composite resin to overcome the secondary caries and there possibility in the clinical use.

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the remineralization tendencies of artificial enamel caries lesion by remineralization solutions of different degree of saturations at pH 5.5, using a polarizing microscope and computer programs (Photoshop, Image pro plus, Scion Image, Excel).

For this study, 48 sound permanent teeth with no signs of demineralization, cracks, or dental restorations were used. The specimens were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solution for 2 days in order to produce artificial dental caries that consist of surface and subsurface lesions. Each of 9 or 10 specimens was immersed in pH 5.5 lactic acid buffering remineralization solution of four different degrees of saturation (0.507, 0.394, 0.301, and 0.251) for 12 days. After the demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope (×100). The results were obtained by observing images of the specimens, and using computer programs, the density of caries lesions were estimated.

While the group with the lowest degree of saturation (0.251) showed total remineralization feature from the surface to the subsurface of the lesion, the group with the highest degree of saturation (0.507) showed demineralization mainly on the surface of the lesion at the constant organic acid concentration 0.01 M and pH 5.5.

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• A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of a Mouthwash Containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract for Preventing Dental Caries
  Yu-Rin Kim, Seoul-Hee Nam
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 19(1): 242.     CrossRef
• Effect of fluoride concentration in pH 4.3 and pH 7.0 supersaturated solutions on the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite
  Haneol Shin, Sung-Ho Park, Jeong-Won Park, Chan-Young Lee
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(1): 16.     CrossRef

"Residual stress" can be developed during polymerization of the dental composite and it can be remained after this process was completed. The total amount of the force which applied to the composite restoration can be calculated by the sum of external and internal force. For the complete understanding of the restoration failure behavior, these two factors should be considered. In this experiment, I compared the residual stress of the recently developed nanofilled dental composite by ring slitting methods.

The composites used in this study can be categorized in two groups, one is microhybrid type-Z250, as control group, and nanofilled type-Grandio, Filtek Supreme, Ceram-X, as experimental ones. Composite ring was made and marked two reference points on the surface. Then measure the change of the distance between these two points before and after ring slitting. From the distance change, average circumferential residual stress (σθ) was calculated. In 10 minutes and 1 hour measurement groups, Filtek Supreme showed higher residual stress than Z250 and Ceram-X. In 24 hour group, Filtek showed higher stress than the other groups.

Following the result of this experiment, nanofilled composite showed similar or higher residual stress than Z250, and when comparing the Z250 and Filtek Supreme, which have quite similar matrix components, Filtek Supreme groups showed higher residual stress.

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• Microleakage of the experimental composite resin with three component photoinitiator systems
  Ji-Hoon Kim, Dong-Hoon Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(4): 333.     CrossRef

This study investigated the clinical effectiveness and safety of sealed bleaching compared to conventional in-office bleaching using a randomized clinical trial of split arch design. Ten participants received a chairside bleaching treatment on the upper anterior teeth, and each side was randomly designated as sealed or control side. A mixture of Brite powder (PacDent, Walnut, USA), 3% hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide (KoolWhite, PacDent, Walnut, USA) were used as bleaching agent. The control side was unwrapped and the experimental side was covered with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) wrap for sealed bleaching. The bleaching gel was light activated for 1 hour. The tooth shades were evaluated before treatment, after treatment, and at one week check up by means of a visual shade (VS) assessment using a value oriented shade guide and a computer assisted shade assessment using a spectrophotometer (SP). The data were analyzed by paired t-test.

In the control and sealed groups, the visual shade scores after bleaching treatment and at check up showed statistically significant difference from the preoperative shade scores (p < .05). The shade scores of the sealed group were significantly lighter than the control immediately after bleaching and at the check-up appointment (p < 0.05). Compared to prebleaching status, the ΔE values at post-bleaching condition were 4.35 ± 1.38 and 5.08 ± 1.34 for the control and sealed groups, respectively. The ΔE values at check up were 3.73 ± 1.95 and 4.38 ± 2.08 for the control and sealed groups. ΔE values were greater for the sealed group both after bleaching (p < .05) and at check up (p < .05).

In conclusion, both ΔE and shade score changes were greater for the sealed bleaching group than the conventional bleaching group, effectively demonstrating the improvement of effectiveness through sealing.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the C-factor on the bond strength of a 6th generation self-etching system by measuring the microtensile bond strength of four types of restorations classified by different C-factors with an identical depth of dentin.

Eighty human molars were divided into four experimental groups, each of which had a C-factor of 0.25, 2, 3 or 4. Each group was then further divided into four subgroups based on the adhesive and composite resin used. The adhesives used for this study were AQ Bond Plus (Sun Medical, Japan) and Xeno III (DENTSPLY, Germany). And composite resins used were Fantasista (Sun Medical, Japan) and Ceram-X mono (DENTSPLY, Germany).

The results were then analyzed using one-way ANOVA, a Tukey's test, and a Pearson's correlation test and were as follows.

There was no significant difference among C-factor groups with the exception of groups of Xeno III and Ceram-X mono (p < 0.05).

It was concluded that the C-factor of cavities does not have a significant effect on the microtensile bond strength of the restorations when cavities of the same depth of dentin are restored using composite resin in conjunction with the 6th generation self-etching system.

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• Effect of different chlorhexidine application times on microtensile bond strength to dentin in Class I cavities
  Hyun-Jung Kang, Ho-Jin Moon, Dong-Hoon Shin
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(1): 9.     CrossRef
• Effect of Er:YAG lasing on the dentin bonding strength of two-step adhesives
  Byeong-Choon Song, Young-Gon Cho, Myung-Seon Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(5): 409.     CrossRef
• Effect of Chlorhexidine Application Methods on Microtensile Bond Strength to Dentin in Class I Cavities
  Y-E. Chang, D-H. Shin
  Operative Dentistry.2010; 35(6): 618.     CrossRef
• Difference in bond strength according to filling techniques and cavity walls in box-type occlusal composite resin restoration
  Eun-Joo Ko, Dong-Hoon Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(4): 350.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of thickness on the degree of cure of dual-cured composite core.

2, 4, 6, 8 mm thickness Luxacore Dual and Luxacore Self (DMG Inc, Hamburg, Germany) core composites were cured by bulk or incremental filling with halogen curing unit or self-cure mode. The specimens were stored at 37℃ for 24 hours and the Knoop's hardness of top and bottom surfaces were measured.

The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test at p = 0.05 significance level.

In self cure mode, polymerization is not affected by the thickness. In Luxacore dual, polymerization of the bottom surface was effective in 2, 4 and 6 (incremental) mm specimens. However the 6 (bulk) and 8 (bulk, incremental) mm filling groups showed lower bottom/top hardness ratio (p < 0.05). Within the limitation of this experiment, incremental filling is better than bulk filling in case of over 4 mm depth, and bulk filling should be avoided.

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• Strategies for enhancing the shear bond strength using highly acidic universal adhesive and dual-cured composite resin
  Sumin Choi, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho, Se-Hee Park, Yoon Lee
  Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science.2025; 41(1): 11.     CrossRef
• A Study of Composite Surface Hardness When Cured Using Special Accessories with a Curing Light
  Samir Koheil
  Dental Research and Management.2020; : 11.     CrossRef
• Effect of curing modes on micro-hardness of dual-cure resin cements
  Ki-Deok Lee, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(2): 132.     CrossRef

Recently, self-etching adhesive system has been introduced to simplify the clinical bonding procedures. It is less acidic compared to the phosphoric acid, thus there is doubt whether this system has enough bond strength to enamel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of additional etching on the adhesion of resin composite to enamel.

Ninety extracted bovine permanent anterior teeth were used. The labial surfaces of the crown were ground with 600-grit abrasive paper under wet condition. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 15 teeth each. Clearfil SE Bond®, Adper™ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian SPE™ were used as self-etching primers. Each self-etching primers were applied in both enamel specimens with and without additional etching. For additional etching groups, enamel surface was pretreated with 32% phosphoric acid (UNI-ETCH, Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA). Hybrid resin composite Clearfil AP-X, (Kuraray Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was packed into the mold and light-cured for 40 seconds. Twenty-four hours after storage, the specimens were tested in shear bond strength. The data for each group were subjected to independent t - test at p < 0.01 to make comparisons among the groups.

In Clearfil SE Bond®, shear bond strength of additional etching group was higher than no additional etching group (p < 0.01). In Adper™ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian SPE, there were no significant difference between additional etching and non-etching groups (p > 0.01).

In conclusion, self-etching adhesive system with weak acid seems to have higher bond strength to enamel with additional etching, while self-etching adhesive system with strong acid seems not.

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• Microtensile bond strength of silorane-based composite specific adhesive system using different bonding strategies
  Laura Alves Bastos, Ana Beatriz Silva Sousa, Brahim Drubi-Filho, Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza, Lucas da Fonseca Roberti Garcia
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2015; 40(1): 23.     CrossRef

The aim of this study was to evaluate the retrievability of Resilon as a root canal filling material. Twenty-seven human single-rooted extracted teeth were instrumented utilizing a crown down technique with Gates-Glidden burs and ProFile system. In group1 (n = 12) canals were obturated with gutta percha and AH-26 plus sealer using a continuous wave technique and backfilled. In group 2 (n = 15) Resilon was used as a filling material. Then teeth were sealed and kept in 37℃ and 100% humidity for 7 days. For retreatment, the samples were re-accessed and filling material was removed using Gates-Glidden burs and ProFiles. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally to compare the general cleanliness and amount of debris (× 75) using SEM. Chi-square test was used (α = 0.05) to analyze the data. The total time required for removal of filling materials was expressed as mean ± SD (min) and analyzed by the Student t-test (α = 0.05). Required time for retreatment was 3.25 ± 0.32 minutes for gutta percha/AH 26 plus sealer and 3.05 ± 0.34 minutes for Resilon. There was no statistically significant difference between the two experimental groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in the cleanliness of the root canal wall. This study showed that Resilon was effectively removed by Gates-Glidden burs and ProFiles.

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• An in vitro evaluation of effectiveness of Xylene, Thyme oil and Orange oil in dissolving three different endodontic sealers
  N Aiswarya, TN Girish, KC Ponnappa
  Journal of Conservative Dentistry.2023; 26(3): 305.     CrossRef
• A Comparative Evaluation of Two Commonly Used GP Solvents on Different Epoxy Resin-based Sealers: An In Vitro Study
  Sakshi Tyagi, Ekta Choudhary, Rajat Chauhan, Ashish Choudhary
  International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2020; 13(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of softening ability of Xylene & Endosolv-R on three different epoxy resin based sealers within 1 to 2 minutes - anin vitrostudy
  Pratima Ramakrishna Shenoi, Gautam Pyarelal Badole, Rajiv Tarachand Khode
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(1): 17.     CrossRef
• Microleakage of resilon by methacrylate-based sealer and self-adhesive resin cement
  Sun-Young Ham, Jin-Woo Kim, Hye-Jin Shin, Kyung-Mo Cho, Se-Hee Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(3): 204.     CrossRef
• Microleakage of resilon: Effects of several self-etching primer
  Jong-Hyeon O, Se-Hee Park, Hye-Jin Shin, Kyung-Mo Cho, Jin-Woo Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(2): 133.     CrossRef

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• Influence of additional etching on shear bond strength of self-etching adhesive system to enamel
  Sun-Jin Yoo, Young-Kyung Kim, Jeong-Won Park, Myoung-Uk Jin, Sung Kyo Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2006; 31(4): 263.     CrossRef

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• The effect of concentration and application time of hydrogen peroxide on the microtensile bond strength of resin restorations to the dentin at different depths
  Jeong-Lyong Son, Gye-Young Lee, Yu-Mi Kang, Young-Taek Oh, Kwang-Won Lee, Tae-Gun Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(5): 406.     CrossRef
• Effect of vital tooth bleaching agent on dentin bonding
  Na-Young Jeong, Myoung-Uk Jin, Young-kyung Kim, Sung Kyo Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2006; 31(2): 79.     CrossRef

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• Effect of different air-drying time on the microleakage of single-step self-etch adhesives
  Horieh Moosavi, Maryam Forghani, Esmatsadat Managhebi
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(2): 73.     CrossRef
• Effect of moisture and drying time on the bond strength of the one-step self-etching adhesive system
  Yoon Lee, Jeong-Won Park
  Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2012; 37(3): 155.     CrossRef
• Priming time and etching effect on shear bond strength of self-etching adhesive
  In-Joo Kang, Jeong-Won Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2004; 29(2): 185.     CrossRef

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light irradiation modes on polymerization shrinkage, degree of cure and microleakage of a composite resin.

VIP™ (Bisco Dental Products, Schaumburg, IL, USA) and Optilux 501™ (Demetron/Kerr, Danbury, CT, USA) were used for curing Filtek™ Z-250 (3M Dental Products, St. Paul., MN, USA) composite resin using following irradiation modes: VIP™ (Bisco) 200mW/cm² (V2), 400mW/cm² (V4), 600mW/cm² (V6), Pulse-delay (200 mW/cm² 3 seconds, 5 minutes wait, 600mW/cm² 30seconds, VPD) and Optilux 501™ (Demetron/Kerr) C-mode (OC), R-mode (OR).

Linear polymerization shrinkage of the composite specimens were measured using Linometer (R&B, Daejeon, Korea) for 90 seconds for V2, V4, V6, OC, OR groups and for up to 363 seconds for VPD group (n=10, each).

Degree of conversion was measured using FTIR spectrometer (IFS 120 HR, Bruker Karlsruhe, Germany) at the bottom surface of 2 mm thick composite specimens. V2, V4, V6, OC groups were measured separately at five irradiation times (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 seconds) and OR, VPD groups were measured in the above mentioned irradiation modes (n=5, each).

Microhardness was measured using Digital microhardness tester (FM7, Future-Tech Co., Tokyo, Japan) at the top and bottom surfaces of 2mm thick composite specimens after exposure to the same irradiation modes as the test of degree of conversion(n=3, each).

For the microleakage test, class V cavities were prepared on the distal surface of the ninety extracted human third molars. The cavities were restored with one of the following irradiation modes: V2/60 seconds, V4/40 seconds, V6/30 seconds, VPD, OC and OR. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration along enamel and dentin margins of cavities.

Mean polymerization shrinkage, mean degree of conversion and mean microhardness values for all groups at each time were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, and using chi-square test for microleakage values.

The results were as follows:

·Polymerization shrinkage was increased with higher light intensity in groups using VIP™ (Bisco): the highest with 600mW/cm², followed by Pulse-delay, 400mW/cm² and 200mW/cm² groups. The degree of polymerization shrinkage was higher with Continuous mode than with Ramp mode in groups using Optilux 501™ (Demetron/Kerr).

·Degree of conversion and microhardness values were higher with higher light intensity. The final degree of conversion was in the range of 44.7 to 54.98% and the final microhardness value in the range of 34.10 to 56.30.

·Microleakage was greater in dentin margin than in enamel margin. Higher light intensity showed more microleakage in dentin margin in groups using VIP™ (Bisco). The micoleakage was the lowest with Continuous mode in enamel margin and with Ramp mode in dentin margin when Optilux 501™(Demetron/Kerr) was used.

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• Study on the Effect of Soft-Start Light on Microleakage in Pit and Fissure Closure
  Yong Chen, Ling Guo
  Journal of Hard Tissue Biology.2023; 32(2): 105.     CrossRef
• Power density of light curing units through resin inlays fabricated with direct and indirect composites
  Hoon-Sang Chang, Young-Jun Lim, Jeong-Mi Kim, Sung-Ok Hong
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(5): 353.     CrossRef