The remineralization aspect of enamel according to change of the degree of saturation of the organic acid buffering solution in pH 5.5

Jin-Sung Park; Sung-Ho Park; Jeong-Won Park; Chan-Young Lee

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.2.096

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Basic Research The remineralization aspect of enamel according to change of the degree of saturation of the organic acid buffering solution in pH 5.5: Jin-Sung Park, Sung-Ho Park, Jeong-Won Park, Chan-Young Lee; 2010;35(2):-105.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.2.096
Published online: March 31, 2010

Department of Dentistry, the Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding Author: Chan-Young Lee. Department of Conservative Dentistry College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul, 120-752, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2228-8700, Fax: 82-2-313-7575, chanyoungl@yuhs.ac

• Received: December 28, 2009 • Revised: January 17, 2010 • Accepted: March 11, 2010

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the remineralization tendencies of artificial enamel caries lesion by remineralization solutions of different degree of saturations at pH 5.5, using a polarizing microscope and computer programs (Photoshop, Image pro plus, Scion Image, Excel).

For this study, 48 sound permanent teeth with no signs of demineralization, cracks, or dental restorations were used. The specimens were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solution for 2 days in order to produce artificial dental caries that consist of surface and subsurface lesions. Each of 9 or 10 specimens was immersed in pH 5.5 lactic acid buffering remineralization solution of four different degrees of saturation (0.507, 0.394, 0.301, and 0.251) for 12 days. After the demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope (×100). The results were obtained by observing images of the specimens, and using computer programs, the density of caries lesions were estimated.

While the group with the lowest degree of saturation (0.251) showed total remineralization feature from the surface to the subsurface of the lesion, the group with the highest degree of saturation (0.507) showed demineralization mainly on the surface of the lesion at the constant organic acid concentration 0.01 M and pH 5.5.
Keywords: Demineralization; Remineralization; pH; Degree of saturation; Artificial cares; Enamel

Figure 1

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 1, × 100).

Figure 2

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 1, × 100).

Figure 3

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 2, × 100).

Figure 4

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 2, × 100).

Figure 5

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 3, × 100).

Figure 6

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 3, × 100).

Figure 7

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 4, × 100).

Figure 8

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 4, × 100).

Figure 9

Change ratio of demineralized depth

(demineralized depth after remineralization / demineralized depth before remineralization) × 100 (%).

Figure 10

Change rate of surface lesion width

(surface lesion width after remineralization / surface lesion width before remineralization) × 100 (%).

Figure 11

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 1).

Figure 12

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 2).

Figure 13

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 3).

Figure 14

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 4).

Figure 15

Change rate of remineralizalized amount before and after remineralization ((demineralized area before remineralization-demineralized area after remineralization/demineralized area before remineralization) ×100 + 100 (%)).

Table 1

Initial composition of demineralization solution

Table 2

Initial composition of remineralization solution

Table 3

One-way ANOVA on the remineralizing features of pH 5.5 solutions of different degree of saturations on artificially demineralized enamel

^* p < .05

Table 4

Demineralization depth (mm) and value change (%) during de- and remineralization

Standard Deviation(SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 5

Surface lesion width (mm) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization

Standard Deviation (SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 6

Remineralization amount (mm²) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization

Standard Deviation (SD) is in the parentheses.

REFERENCES

1. Ingram GS, Silverstone LM. A chemical and histological study of artificial caries in human dental enamel in vitro. Caries Res. 1981;15: 393-398.Article PubMed
2. Shellis RP. Relationship between human enamel structure and the formation of caries-like lesions. Arch Oral Biol. 1984;29: 975-981.PubMed
3. Silverstone LM. Observations on the dark zone in early enamel caries and artificial caries-like lesions. Caries Res. 1967;1: 260-274.Article PubMed
4. Ten Cate JM, Arends J. Remineralization of artificial enamel lesions in vitro. Caries Res. 1981;15: 60-69.Article PubMed
5. Brudevold F, McCann HG. Enamel solubility tests and their significance in regard to dental caries. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci. 1968;153: 20-51.Article
6. Christoffersen J, Arends J. Progress of artificial lesion progression in enamel. J Dent Res. 1984;63: 13-18.Article PubMed PDF
7. Moreno EC, Zahradnik RT. Chemistry of enamel subsurface demineralization in vitro. J Dent Res. 1974;53: 226-235.Article PubMed PDF
8. Featherstone JDB, Duncan JF, Cutress TW. Surface layer phenomenon in vitro early caries-like lesions in human tooth enamel. Arch Oral Biol. 1978;23: 397-404.PubMed
9. Ten Cate JM. In vitro studies on the effects of F on de- and remineralization. J Dent Res. 1990;69: 614-619.Article PubMed PDF
10. Varughese K, Moreno E.C. Crystal growth of calcium apatites in dilute solutions containing fluorides. Calcif Tissue Int. 1981;33(4):431-439.Article PubMed PDF
11. Ten Cate JM. In vitro studies on the effects of F on deand remineralization. J Dent Res. 1990;69: 614-619.Article PubMed PDF
12. Park JH, Roh BD, Lee SJ. The accuracy of the frequency dependent type apex locator. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 1996;21: 161-173.
13. Lammers PC, Borggreven JM, Driessens FC. Influence of fluoride and pH on in vitro remneralization of bovine enamel. Caries Res. 1992;26: 8-13.Article PubMed
14. Amjad Z, Nancollas G.H. Effect of fluoride on the growth of hydroxyapatite and human dental enamel. Caries Res. 1979;13: 250-258.Article PubMed
15. Park SH, Lee CY, Lee CS. The effect of acid concentration and ph of lactate buffer solution on the progress of artificial caries lesion in human tooth enamel. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 1993;18: 277-290.
16. Kwak YJ, Kim ES, Park SH, Gong HK, Lee Y, Lee CY. The remineralizing features of ph 5.5 solutions of different decree of saturations on artificially demineralized enamel. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2008;33(5):481-492.Article
17. Head JA. A study of saliva and its action on tooth enamel in reference to its hardening and softing. J Am Med Assoc. 1912;59: 2118-2122.
18. Arends J, Jongebloed W, Ogaard B, Rolla G. SEM and microradiographic investigation of initial enamel caries. Scand J Dent Res. 1987;95: 193-201.Article PubMed
19. Featherstone JDB, Rodger BF. Effect of acetic, lactic and other organic acids on the formation of artificial caries lesion. Caries Res. 1981;15: 377-385.Article PubMed
20. Featherstone JDB. Comparison of artificial caries like lesions by quantitative microradiography and microhardness profile. Caries Res. 1983;17: 385-391.Article PubMed
21. Silverstone LM, Wefer JS, Zimmerman BF, Clark BH, Featherstone MJ. Remineralization phenomena. Caries Res. 1977;11: 59-84.Article PubMed
22. Ten Cate JM, Duijsters PPE. Alternating demineralization and remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Caries Res. 1982;16: 201-210.Article PubMed
23. Darling AI. Studies of the early lesion of enamel caries with transmitted light, polarized light and radiography. Brit Dent J. 1956;6: 289-341.
24. Silverstone LM. Observations on the dark zone in early enamel caries and artificial caries-like lesions. Caries Res. 1967;1: 260-274.Article PubMed
25. Silverstone LM, Wefer JS, Zimmerman BF, Clark BH, Featherstone MJ. Remineralization phenomena. Caries Res. 1977;11: 59-84.Article PubMed
26. Ten Cate JM, Duijsters PPE. Alternating demineralization and remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Caries Res. 1982;16: 201-210.Article PubMed
27. Rooij J.F., Nancollas G.H. The formation and remineralization of artificial white spot lesions: A Constant composition approach. J Dent Res. 1984;63(6):864-867.PubMed
28. Exterkate RAM, Damen JJM, ten Cate JM. A single-section model for enamel de- and remineralization studies. 1. The effects of different Ca/P ratios in remineralization solutions. J Dent Res. 1993;72: 1599-1603.Article PubMed PDF
29. Park JW, Hur B, Lee CY. The effects of the degree of saturation of acidulated buffer solutions in enamel and dentin remineralization and afm observation of hydroxyapatite crystals. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2000;25: 459-473.

Tables & Figures

Figure 1

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 1, × 100).

Figure 2

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 1, × 100).

Figure 3

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 2, × 100).

Figure 4

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 2, × 100).

Figure 5

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 3, × 100).

Figure 6

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 3, × 100).

Figure 7

Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 4, × 100).

Figure 8

Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 4, × 100).

Figure 9

Change ratio of demineralized depth

(demineralized depth after remineralization / demineralized depth before remineralization) × 100 (%).

Figure 10

Change rate of surface lesion width

(surface lesion width after remineralization / surface lesion width before remineralization) × 100 (%).

Figure 11

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 1).

Figure 12

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 2).

Figure 13

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 3).

Figure 14

Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 4).

Figure 15

Table 1

Initial composition of demineralization solution

Table 2

Initial composition of remineralization solution

Table 3

One-way ANOVA on the remineralizing features of pH 5.5 solutions of different degree of saturations on artificially demineralized enamel

^* p < .05

Table 4

Demineralization depth (mm) and value change (%) during de- and remineralization

Standard Deviation(SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 5

Surface lesion width (mm) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization

Standard Deviation (SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 6

Remineralization amount (mm²) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization

Standard Deviation (SD) is in the parentheses.

REFERENCES

1. Ingram GS, Silverstone LM. A chemical and histological study of artificial caries in human dental enamel in vitro. Caries Res. 1981;15: 393-398.Article PubMed
2. Shellis RP. Relationship between human enamel structure and the formation of caries-like lesions. Arch Oral Biol. 1984;29: 975-981.PubMed
3. Silverstone LM. Observations on the dark zone in early enamel caries and artificial caries-like lesions. Caries Res. 1967;1: 260-274.Article PubMed
4. Ten Cate JM, Arends J. Remineralization of artificial enamel lesions in vitro. Caries Res. 1981;15: 60-69.Article PubMed
5. Brudevold F, McCann HG. Enamel solubility tests and their significance in regard to dental caries. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci. 1968;153: 20-51.Article
6. Christoffersen J, Arends J. Progress of artificial lesion progression in enamel. J Dent Res. 1984;63: 13-18.Article PubMed PDF
7. Moreno EC, Zahradnik RT. Chemistry of enamel subsurface demineralization in vitro. J Dent Res. 1974;53: 226-235.Article PubMed PDF
8. Featherstone JDB, Duncan JF, Cutress TW. Surface layer phenomenon in vitro early caries-like lesions in human tooth enamel. Arch Oral Biol. 1978;23: 397-404.PubMed
9. Ten Cate JM. In vitro studies on the effects of F on de- and remineralization. J Dent Res. 1990;69: 614-619.Article PubMed PDF
10. Varughese K, Moreno E.C. Crystal growth of calcium apatites in dilute solutions containing fluorides. Calcif Tissue Int. 1981;33(4):431-439.Article PubMed PDF
11. Ten Cate JM. In vitro studies on the effects of F on deand remineralization. J Dent Res. 1990;69: 614-619.Article PubMed PDF
12. Park JH, Roh BD, Lee SJ. The accuracy of the frequency dependent type apex locator. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 1996;21: 161-173.
13. Lammers PC, Borggreven JM, Driessens FC. Influence of fluoride and pH on in vitro remneralization of bovine enamel. Caries Res. 1992;26: 8-13.Article PubMed
14. Amjad Z, Nancollas G.H. Effect of fluoride on the growth of hydroxyapatite and human dental enamel. Caries Res. 1979;13: 250-258.Article PubMed
15. Park SH, Lee CY, Lee CS. The effect of acid concentration and ph of lactate buffer solution on the progress of artificial caries lesion in human tooth enamel. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 1993;18: 277-290.
16. Kwak YJ, Kim ES, Park SH, Gong HK, Lee Y, Lee CY. The remineralizing features of ph 5.5 solutions of different decree of saturations on artificially demineralized enamel. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2008;33(5):481-492.Article
17. Head JA. A study of saliva and its action on tooth enamel in reference to its hardening and softing. J Am Med Assoc. 1912;59: 2118-2122.
18. Arends J, Jongebloed W, Ogaard B, Rolla G. SEM and microradiographic investigation of initial enamel caries. Scand J Dent Res. 1987;95: 193-201.Article PubMed
19. Featherstone JDB, Rodger BF. Effect of acetic, lactic and other organic acids on the formation of artificial caries lesion. Caries Res. 1981;15: 377-385.Article PubMed
20. Featherstone JDB. Comparison of artificial caries like lesions by quantitative microradiography and microhardness profile. Caries Res. 1983;17: 385-391.Article PubMed
21. Silverstone LM, Wefer JS, Zimmerman BF, Clark BH, Featherstone MJ. Remineralization phenomena. Caries Res. 1977;11: 59-84.Article PubMed
22. Ten Cate JM, Duijsters PPE. Alternating demineralization and remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Caries Res. 1982;16: 201-210.Article PubMed
23. Darling AI. Studies of the early lesion of enamel caries with transmitted light, polarized light and radiography. Brit Dent J. 1956;6: 289-341.
24. Silverstone LM. Observations on the dark zone in early enamel caries and artificial caries-like lesions. Caries Res. 1967;1: 260-274.Article PubMed
25. Silverstone LM, Wefer JS, Zimmerman BF, Clark BH, Featherstone MJ. Remineralization phenomena. Caries Res. 1977;11: 59-84.Article PubMed
26. Ten Cate JM, Duijsters PPE. Alternating demineralization and remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Caries Res. 1982;16: 201-210.Article PubMed
27. Rooij J.F., Nancollas G.H. The formation and remineralization of artificial white spot lesions: A Constant composition approach. J Dent Res. 1984;63(6):864-867.PubMed
28. Exterkate RAM, Damen JJM, ten Cate JM. A single-section model for enamel de- and remineralization studies. 1. The effects of different Ca/P ratios in remineralization solutions. J Dent Res. 1993;72: 1599-1603.Article PubMed PDF
29. Park JW, Hur B, Lee CY. The effects of the degree of saturation of acidulated buffer solutions in enamel and dentin remineralization and afm observation of hydroxyapatite crystals. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2000;25: 459-473.

Citations

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The remineralization aspect of enamel according to change of the degree of saturation of the organic acid buffering solution in pH 5.5

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2010;35(2):96-105. Published online March 31, 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.2.096

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Figure

The remineralization aspect of enamel according to change of the degree of saturation of the organic acid buffering solution in pH 5.5

Figure 1 Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 1, × 100).

Figure 2 Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 1, × 100).

Figure 3 Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 2, × 100).

Figure 4 Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 2, × 100).

Figure 5 Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 3, × 100).

Figure 6 Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 3, × 100).

Figure 7 Polarizing microscopic observation of demineralized enamel (Group 4, × 100).

Figure 8 Polarizing microscopic observation of remineralized enamel (Group 4, × 100).

Figure 9 Change ratio of demineralized depth (demineralized depth after remineralization / demineralized depth before remineralization) × 100 (%).

Figure 10 Change rate of surface lesion width (surface lesion width after remineralization / surface lesion width before remineralization) × 100 (%).

Figure 11 Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 1).

Figure 12 Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 2).

Figure 13 Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 3).

Figure 14 Comparison of density in enamel area before and after remineralization (Group 4).

Figure 15 Change rate of remineralizalized amount before and after remineralization ((demineralized area before remineralization-demineralized area after remineralization/demineralized area before remineralization) ×100 + 100 (%)).

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

The remineralization aspect of enamel according to change of the degree of saturation of the organic acid buffering solution in pH 5.5

Table 1

Initial composition of demineralization solution

Table 2

Initial composition of remineralization solution

Table 3

One-way ANOVA on the remineralizing features of pH 5.5 solutions of different degree of saturations on artificially demineralized enamel

^* p < .05

Table 4

Demineralization depth (mm) and value change (%) during de- and remineralization

Standard Deviation(SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 5

Surface lesion width (mm) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization

Standard Deviation (SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 6

Remineralization amount (mm²) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization

Standard Deviation (SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 1 Initial composition of demineralization solution

Table 2 Initial composition of remineralization solution

Table 3 One-way ANOVA on the remineralizing features of pH 5.5 solutions of different degree of saturations on artificially demineralized enamel

^* p < .05

Table 4 Demineralization depth (mm) and value change (%) during de- and remineralization

Standard Deviation(SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 5 Surface lesion width (mm) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization

Standard Deviation (SD) is in the parentheses.

Table 6 Remineralization amount (mm2) and value change (%) during de-and remineralization