Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Research Articles

Development of whitening mouth rinses formulated with mushroom residues and their effect on enamel’s physical properties: Julliana Andrade da Silva, Dayse Alexia de Carvalho de Brito, Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima, Juliano Lemos Bicas, Gislaine Ricci Leonardi; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(3):e27. Published online June 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e27

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study aimed to develop whitening mouth rinses formulated with industrial mushrooms and compare them with over-the-counter whitening mouth rinses.
Materials and Methods
Formulations with black shimeji mushrooms, mushroom substrates, and mushroom stalks were developed. Bovine enamel/dentin samples were divided into 7 groups (n = 10): Colgate Luminous White, Listerine Whitening Extreme (LWE), Listerine Cool Mint (LC), mushroom extract rinse (MEC), mushroom substrate rinse (MSB), mushroom stalk rinse (MTC), and artificial saliva. Samples were stained with black tea for 6 days, and then were immersed in 100 mL of each mouth rinse twice daily for 14 days. Color parameters (CIELAB [ΔE*], CIEDE2000 [ΔE₀₀], whiteness index for dentistry [ΔWI_D]) and microhardness (Knoop hardness number [KHN]) were analyzed at T₁ (initial), T₂ (24 hours), and T₃ (7 days). Mouth rinse pH was measured, and enamel was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models, and KHN with the generalized linear mixed model for repeated measures (p ≤ 0.05).
Results
ΔE* was higher in LW and MSB groups. No significant differences were found for ΔE₀₀ (p = 0.0982) and ΔWI_D (p = 0.2536). Experimental mouth rinses did not promote enamel whitening based on ΔE₀₀ and ΔWI_D. LWE and LC reduced KHN and had a more acidic pH, while MEC had higher KHN at T2. MEC, MSB, and MTC had alkaline pH, not altering the tooth surface.
Conclusions
Black shimeji mushrooms are promising for mouth rinse development due to their alkaline pH and non-altering effect on surface microhardness.

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Can different agents reduce the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue? A systematic review of basic research: Letícia Aparecida Silva Batista, Alexandre Henrique dos Reis-Prado, Hebertt Gonzaga dos Santos Chaves, Lara Cancella de Arantes, Luís Fernando Santos Alves Morgan, Carolina Bosso André, Thaís Yumi Suzuki, Francine Benetti; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(4):e39. Published online November 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e39

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Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different topical/systemic agents in reducing the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue or cells.

Materials and Methods

Electronic searches were performed in July 2023. In vivo and in vitro studies evaluating the effects of different topical or systemic agents on pulp inflammation or cytotoxicity after exposure to bleaching agents were included. The risk of bias was assessed.

Results

Out of 1,112 articles, 27 were included. Nine animal studies evaluated remineralizing/anti-inflammatories agents in rat molars subjected to bleaching with 35%–38% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Five of these studies demonstrated a significant reduction in inflammation caused by HP when combined with bioglass or MI Paste Plus (GC America), or following KF-desensitizing or Otosporin treatment (n = 3). However, orally administered drugs did not reduce pulp inflammation (n = 4). Cytotoxicity (n = 17) was primarily assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on human dental pulp cells and mouse dental papilla Cell-23 cells. Certain substances, including sodium ascorbate, butein, manganese chloride, and peroxidase, were found to reduce cytotoxicity, particularly when applied prior to bleaching. The risk of bias was high in animal studies and low in laboratory studies.

Conclusions

Few in vivo studies have evaluated agents to reduce the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue. Within the limitations of these studies, it was found that topical agents were effective in reducing pulp inflammation in animals and cytotoxicity. Further analyses with human pulp are required to substantiate these findings.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42022337192

Citations

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Cytotoxicity of Bleaching Products: A Systematic Review
Mireia Montaner, José Luis Sanz, Carmen Llena, María Melo, Clara Puig-Herreros, James Ghilotti
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(9): 3680. CrossRef

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Evaluation of at-home bleaching protocol with application on different surfaces: bleaching efficacy and hydrogen peroxide permeability: Heloisa Forville, Michael Willian Favoreto, Michel Wendlinger, Roberta Micheten Dias, Christiane Philippini Ferreira Borges, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(4):e33. Published online October 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e33

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Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the bleaching efficacy and hydrogen peroxide permeability in the pulp chamber by the at-home bleaching gel in protocols applied on different dental surfaces.

Materials and Methods

Forty premolars were randomly into 4 groups: control group no bleaching, only application on the buccal surface (OB), only application on the lingual surface (OL) and application in buccal and lingual surfaces, simultaneously (BL). At-home bleaching gel (White Class 7.5%) was used for the procedure. The bleaching efficacy was evaluated with a digital spectrophotometer (color change in CIELAB [ΔE _ab] and CIEDE 2000 [ΔE ₀₀] systems and Whitening Index for Dentistry [ΔWI_D]). The hydrogen peroxide permeability in the pulp chamber (µg/mL) was assessed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and data were analyzed for a 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).

Results

All groups submitted to bleaching procedure showed bleaching efficacy when measured with ΔE _ab and ΔE ₀₀ (p > 0.05). Therefore, when analyzed by ΔWI_D, a higher bleaching efficacy were observed for the application on the groups OB and BL (p = 0.00003). Similar hydrogen peroxide permeability was found in the pulp chambers of the teeth undergoing different protocols (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The application of bleaching gel exclusively on the OB is sufficient to achieve bleaching efficacy, when compared to BL. Although the OL protocol demonstrated lower bleaching efficacy based on the ΔWI_D values, it may still be of interest and relevant in certain clinical scenarios based on individual needs, requiring clinical trials to better understand its specificities.

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Effect of whitening pens on hydrogen peroxide permeability in the pulp chamber, color change and surface morphology
Laryssa Mylenna Madruga Barbosa, Gabrielle Gomes Centenaro, Deisy Cristina Ferreira Cordeiro, Maria Alice de Matos Rodrigues, Letícia Condolo, Michael Willian Favoreto, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio
Journal of Dentistry.2025; 154: 105595. CrossRef
Efficacy of a buccal and lingual at‐home bleaching protocol—A randomized, split‐mouth, single‐blind controlled trial
Heloisa Forville, Laís Giacomini Bernardi, Michael Willian Favoreto, Felipe Coppla, Taynara de Souza Carneiro, Fabiana Madalozzo Coppla, Alessandro D. Loguercio, Alessandra Reis
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2024; 36(9): 1301. CrossRef
REANATOMIZAÇÃO DE DENTE CONOIDE ASSOCIADA A ESTÉTICA VERMELHA: RELATO DE CASO
Ana Karolayne Sousa de Morais, Daniele Fernanda Sousa Barros, Daniel Messias Limeira, Rhana Leticia de Oliveira Faria, Roberta Furtado Carvalho, Sandna Nolêto de Araújo, Laura Barbosa Santos Di Milhomem
Revista Contemporânea.2024; 4(10): e6299. CrossRef
Effect of the reduction in the exposure time to at-home bleaching gel on color change and tooth sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Priscila Borges Gobbo de Melo, Letícia Vasconcelos Silva Souza, Lucianne Cople Maia, Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez, Matheus Kury, Vanessa Cavalli
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Effect of medium or high concentrations of in-office dental bleaching gel on the human pulp response in the mandibular incisors: Douglas Augusto Roderjan, Rodrigo Stanislawczuk, Diana Gabriela Soares, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa, Michael Willian Favoreto, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(2):e12. Published online March 8, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e12

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Objectives

The present study evaluated the pulp response of human mandibular incisors subjected to in-office dental bleaching using gels with medium or high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP).

Materials and Methods

The following groups were compared: 35% HP (HP35; n = 5) or 20% HP (HP20; n = 4). In the control group (CONT; n = 2), no dental bleaching was performed. The color change (CC) was registered at baseline and after 2 days using the Vita Classical shade guide. Tooth sensitivity (TS) was also recorded for 2 days post-bleaching. The teeth were extracted 2 days after the clinical procedure and subjected to histological analysis. The CC and overall scores for histological evaluation were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The percentage of patients with TS was evaluated by the Fisher exact test (α = 0.05).

Results

The CC and TS of the HP35 group were significantly higher than those of the CONT group (p < 0.05) and the HP20 group showed an intermediate response, without significant differences from either the HP35 or CONT group (p > 0.05). In both experimental groups, the coronal pulp tissue exhibited partial necrosis associated with tertiary dentin deposition. Overall, the subjacent pulp tissue exhibited a mild inflammatory response.

Conclusions

In-office bleaching therapies using bleaching gels with 20% or 35% HP caused similar pulp damage to the mandibular incisors, characterized by partial necrosis, tertiary dentin deposition, and mild inflammation.

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Can pigments of different natures interfere with the cytotoxicity from in-office bleaching?
Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Beatriz Voss Martins, Marlon Ferreira Dias, Victória Peruchi, Caroline Anselmi, Igor Paulino Mendes Soares, Josimeri Hebling, Vanessa Cavalli, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
Odontology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Combined catalytic strategies applied to in-office tooth bleaching: whitening efficacy, cytotoxicity, and gene expression of human dental pulp cells in a 3D culture model
Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Victória Peruchi, Igor Paulino Mendes Sores, Filipe Koon Wu Mon, Diana Gabriela Soares, Josimeri Hebling, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Low and high hydrogen peroxide concentrations of in-office dental bleaching associated with violet light: an in vitro study
Isabela Souza Vardasca, Michael Willian Favoreto, Mylena de Araujo Regis, Taynara de Souza Carneiro, Emanuel Adriano Hul, Christiane Philippini Ferreira Borges, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio, Carlos Francci
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide permeability, color change, and physical–chemical properties on the in‐office dental bleaching with different mixing tip
Michael Willian Favoreto, Sibelli Olivieri Parreiras, Michel Wendlinger, Taynara De Souza Carneiro, Mariah Ignez Lenhani, Christiane Phillipini Ferreira Borges, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2024; 36(3): 460. CrossRef
Catalysis-based approaches with biopolymers and violet LED to improve in-office dental bleaching
Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Beatriz Voss Martins, Marlon Ferreira Dias, Victória Peruchi, Igor Paulino Mendes Soares, Caroline Anselmi, Josimeri Hebling, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
Lasers in Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Feasibility and Safety of Adopting a New Approach in Delivering a 450 nm Blue Laser with a Flattop Beam Profile in Vital Tooth Whitening. A Clinical Case Series with an 8-Month Follow-Up
Reem Hanna, Ioana Cristina Miron, Stefano Benedicenti
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(2): 491. CrossRef
Hydrogen Peroxide in the Pulp Chamber and Color Change in Maxillary Anterior Teeth After In-Office Bleaching
Alexandra Mena-Serrano, Sandra Sanchez, María G. Granda-Albuja, Michael Willian Favoreto, Taynara de Souza Carneiro, Deisy Cristina Ferreira Cordeiro, Alessandro D. Loguercio, Alessandra Reis
Brazilian Dental Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Influence of coating dental enamel with a TiF4-loaded polymeric primer on the adverse effects caused by a bleaching gel with 35% H2O2
Victória Peruchi, Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Igor Paulino Mendes Soares, Lídia de Oliveira Fernandes, Juliana Rios de Oliveira, Maria Luiza Barucci Araújo Pires, Josimeri Hebling, Diana Gabriela Soares, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials.2024; 153: 106497. CrossRef

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In-office dental bleaching with violet light emitting diode: bleaching efficacy and pulpal temperature rise: Brunna Katyuscia de Almeida Guanaes, Talyta Neves Duarte, Gisele Maria Correr, Marina da Rosa Kaizer, Carla Castiglia Gonzaga; Restor Dent Endod 2022;47(1):e7. Published online February 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2022.47.e7

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Objectives

This study evaluated the bleaching efficacy of different in-office protocols associated with violet light emitting diode (V-LED), and measured the pulpal temperature rise caused by V-LED with or without gel application.

Materials and Methods

Bovine incisors were distributed in 4 groups (n = 10): VL – V-LED; HP – 35% hydrogen peroxide (control); HYB – hybrid protocol, V-LED applied without gel for 10 irradiation cycles followed by V-LED applied with gel for another 10 irradiation cycles; and HPVL – gel and V-LED applied for 20 irradiation cycles. Three bleaching sessions were performed with 7-day intervals. Bleaching efficacy was evaluated with $ΔEab*$ , ΔE₀₀ and ΔWI_D. Data were recorded at baseline, 7, 14, 21 and 70 days. For pulpal temperature rise, thermocouples were placed inside the pulp chamber of human incisors. To determine intrapulpal temperature, the teeth were irradiated with V-LED with or without application of bleaching gel. Color difference data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Pulpal temperature was analyzed by t-test (α = 5%).

Results

VL exhibited lower color ( $ΔEab*$ and ΔE₀₀) and whiteness changes (ΔWI_D) than the other groups. HPVL presented higher color change values than HYB. HYB and HPVL showed not different ΔWI_D values; and HP showed the highest whiteness changes at all times. There were significant differences comparing ΔT with gel (8.9°C) and without gel application (7.2°C).

Conclusions

HPLV was more efficient than HYB. The 2 protocols with VL showed similar results to control. Gel application combined with VL promoted higher pulpal temperature than to the no gel group.

Citations

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Effect of antioxidant on tooth sensitivity after bleaching
Mohamed Nabil, Mostafa Mohamed Hasan, Eman Abd Elghany Shebl
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2024; 36(3): 429. CrossRef
In-office Bleaching Activated With Violet LED: Effect on Pulpal and Tooth Temperature and Pulp Viability
NR Carlos, RT Basting, KR Kantovitz, ES Bronze-Uhle, PN Lisboa Filho, V Cavalli, RT Basting
Operative Dentistry.2024; 49(3): 262. CrossRef
Low and high hydrogen peroxide concentrations of in-office dental bleaching associated with violet light: an in vitro study
Isabela Souza Vardasca, Michael Willian Favoreto, Mylena de Araujo Regis, Taynara de Souza Carneiro, Emanuel Adriano Hul, Christiane Philippini Ferreira Borges, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio, Carlos Francci
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Bleaching efficacy of in-office bleaching with violet light using low-concentration hydrogen peroxide nanoparticulate photocatalyst gel: A randomized controlled trial
Gustavo Garcia Castro, Palena Araújo Pinto, Michael Willian Favoreto, Alessandra Reis, Maria Viviana-Mora, Rita de Cássia Mendonça de Miranda, Andres Felipe Milan Cardenas, Alessandro D. Loguercio, Rudys Rodolfo de Jesus Tavarez
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2024; 50: 104410. CrossRef
Continuous vs fractionated violet LED light protocols for dental bleaching: Evaluations of color change and temperature of the dental pulp and buccal surface
Mayanna Pacheco Trindade Najar, Luciana Hilel Rangel Barbosa, Natália Russo Carlos, Fabiana Mantovani Gomes França, Cecilia Pedroso Turssi, Waldemir Francisco Vieira-Junior, Roberta Tarkany Basting
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2023; 42: 103631. CrossRef
Improved esthetic efficacy and reduced cytotoxicity are achieved with a violet LED irradiation of manganese oxide-enriched bleaching gels
Marlon Ferreira Dias, Beatriz Voss Martins, Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Josimeri Hebling, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
Lasers in Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Influence of pain-relieving therapies on inflammation and the expression of proinflammatory neuropeptides after dental bleaching treatment: Livia Maria Alves Valentim da Silva, Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra, Marjorie de Oliveira Gallinari, Francine Benetti, Vanessa Rahal, Edilson Ervolino, Sibele de Alcântara, André Luiz Fraga Briso; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(2):e20. Published online February 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e20

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Objectives

To minimize the tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching, many dentists use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and topical desensitizing gels containing potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of these substances on inflammation and the expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp nerve fibers.

Materials and Methods

Seventy-two rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: GI, control; GII, only dental bleaching; GIII, only ibuprofen; GIV, ibuprofen administered 30 minutes before and after the bleaching treatment and every 12 hours until the analysis; GV, only topical application of a desensitizing agent; and GVI, topical application of a desensitizing agent before dental bleaching. Placebo gel was applied to the upper left jaw and the bleaching agent was applied to the upper right jaw in all groups. Subsequently, the groups were divided into 3 subgroups based on the time of analysis: 0, 24, and 48 hours after bleaching (n = 8). The rats were euthanized and the maxillae were processed and evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05).

Results

In the bleaching groups, the inflammatory process and expression of neuropeptides decreased over time. The animals in which a desensitizing agent was applied showed better results within 24 hours.

Conclusions

The use of a desensitizing agent had positive effects on inflammation and pain-related neuropeptide expression, minimizing the painful effects of dental bleaching treatment.

Citations

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Effectiveness of Analgesics in Dental Whitening Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gabriella Alves Julião Costa, Caio Ferreira Freire Caetano, Ravy Jucá Farias, Diana Araújo Cunha, Dayrine Silveira de Paula, Edson Luiz Cetira Filho, Paulo Goberlânio de Barros Silva
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy.2025; 26(5): 639. CrossRef
Influence of dental bleaching on the pulp tissue: A systematic review of in vivo studies
Mariana Viana Donato, Alexandre Henrique dos Reis‐Prado, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Lara Cancella de Arantes, Juliana Goto, Hebertt Gonzaga dos Santos Chaves, Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra, André Luiz Fraga Briso, Isabella Faria da Cunha Peixoto, Francine Ben
International Endodontic Journal.2024; 57(6): 630. CrossRef
Role of induced nitric oxide synthases in orofacial nociception/discomfort after dental tooth bleaching with hydrogen peroxide
Marcílio Rodrigues Pinto, Kirlya Isabel da Silva Medeiros, Letícia Menezes Maia, Antonio Alexandre Coelho, Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes Alves, Caio Ferreira Freire Caetano, Karine Cestaro Mesquita, Paulo Goberlânio de Barros Silva, Fabricio Bitu Sousa
Archives of Oral Biology.2024; 161: 105937. CrossRef
Can different agents reduce the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue? A systematic review of basic research
Letícia Aparecida Silva Batista, Alexandre Henrique dos Reis-Prado, Hebertt Gonzaga dos Santos Chaves, Lara Cancella de Arantes, Luís Fernando Santos Alves Morgan, Carolina Bosso André, Thaís Yumi Suzuki, Francine Benetti
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effects of Different Drugs with Anti-Inflamatory Potential in Prevention of Pulp Damage During the Teeth Bleaching
Miona Glisic, Andjela Milojevic, Milica Milinkovic, Marina Rankovic
Experimental and Applied Biomedical Research (EABR).2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Bleaching gel volume influences hydrogen peroxide diffusion, inflammation, and the presence of nitric oxide in the pulp tissue: in vitro and in vivo model
Sibele de ALCÂNTARA, Francine BENETTI, Lívia Maria Alves Valentim da SILVA, Nathália Evelyn da Silva MACHADO, Isabela Joane Prado SILVA, Lara Maria Bueno ESTEVES, Edilson ERVOLINO, Luciano Tavares Angelo CINTRA, André Luiz Fraga BRISO
Journal of Applied Oral Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Design of a thermosensitive ibuprofen-loaded nanogel as smart material applied as anti-inflammatory in tooth bleaching: An in vivo study
Samara K.S.C.F. Moura, Milena L.V. dos Santos, Lucas A. do Nascimento, Mariana F.A. da Silva, Glória M. de França, Lucas M. da Costa, Aldo C. Medeiros, Raimundo F. Araújo-Júnior, Aurigena A. de Araújo, Cláudia N. Oliveira, André L. Dorini, Rejane A. de Ca
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2022; 68: 103123. CrossRef
Topical application of Otosporin® before in-office bleaching: a split mouth, triple-blind, multicenter randomized clinical trial
Michael Willian Favoreto, Laína Vochikovski, Renata Maria Oleniki Terra, Veridiana Silva Campos, Mariana Evangelista Santos, Sônia Saeger Meireles, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro D. Loguercio
Clinical Oral Investigations.2022; 26(3): 2555. CrossRef
A novel tooth bleaching gel based on peroxymonosulfate/polyphosphates advanced oxidation process: Effective whitening avoiding pulp damage and sensitivity
Su Yang, Baiyan Sui, Xin Liu, Jiao Sun, Jun Wang
Chemical Engineering Journal.2022; 429: 132525. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Violet LED alone or in association with bleaching gel during dental photobleaching: A Systematic Review
Bianca Rossi, Susana Morimoto, Tamara Kerber Tedesco, Sandra Ribeiro Cunha, Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana, Karen Müller Ramalho
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2022; 38: 102813. CrossRef

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Antioxidant therapy enhances pulpal healing in bleached teeth: Adriano Fonseca Lima, Marcelo Rocha Marques, Diana Gabriela Soares, Josimeri Hebling, Giselle Maria Marchi, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(1):44-54. Published online February 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.1.44

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Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathological effects of an antioxidant therapy on the pulp tissue of rat teeth exposed to a bleaching gel with 35% hydrogen peroxide.

Materials and Methods

Forty rats were subjected to oral ingestion by gavage of distilled water (DW) or ascorbic acid (AA) 90 min before the bleaching therapy. For the bleaching treatment, the agent was applied twice for 5 min each to buccal surfaces of the first right mandibular molars. Then, the animals were sacrificed at 6 hr, 24 hr, 3 day, or 7 day post-bleaching, and the teeth were processed for microscopic evaluation of the pulp tissue.

Results

At 6 hr, the pulp tissue showed moderate inflammatory reactions in all teeth of both groups. In the DW and AA groups, 100% and 80% of teeth exhibited pulp tissue with significant necrosis and intense tissue disorganization, respectively. At 24 hr, the AA-treated group demonstrated a greater regenerative capability than the DW group, with less intense inflammatory reaction and new odontoblast layer formation in 60% of the teeth. For up to the 7 day period, the areas of pulpal necrosis were replaced by viable connective tissue, and the dentin was underlined by differentiated odontoblast-like cells in most teeth of both groups.

Conclusions

A slight reduction in initial pulpal damage during post-bleaching was promoted by AA therapy. However, the pulp tissue of AA-treated animals featured faster regenerative potential over time.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Influence of dental bleaching on the pulp tissue: A systematic review of in vivo studies
Mariana Viana Donato, Alexandre Henrique dos Reis‐Prado, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Lara Cancella de Arantes, Juliana Goto, Hebertt Gonzaga dos Santos Chaves, Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra, André Luiz Fraga Briso, Isabella Faria da Cunha Peixoto, Francine Ben
International Endodontic Journal.2024; 57(6): 630. CrossRef
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEETH WHITENING PROCEDURE ON THE GUM AND CYTOKINE PROFILE OF ORAL FLUID (LITERATURE REVIEW)
S. S. Bozhik, N. V. Hasyuk, V. B. Radchuk
Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine.2024; 1(3): 17. CrossRef
Assessing the Viability of Laser-Activated Dental Bleaching Compared to Conventional In-Office Bleaching Methods: A Systematic Review of Clinical and In Vitro Studies
Eugenia Anagnostaki, Valina Mylona, Steven Parker, Mark Cronshaw, Martin Grootveld
Applied Sciences.2023; 13(22): 12459. CrossRef
Effects of the application of sodium ascorbate after in-office bleaching on the penetration of hydrogen peroxide, color change, and microtensile bond strength
Alexandra Mena-Serrano, María G. Granda-Albuja, Jenny Naranjo, Eliana Aldás Fierro, Michael Willian Favoreto, Alessandro D. Loguercio, Alessandra Reis
Brazilian Dental Journal.2023; 34(5): 87. CrossRef
Can different agents reduce the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue? A systematic review of basic research
Letícia Aparecida Silva Batista, Alexandre Henrique dos Reis-Prado, Hebertt Gonzaga dos Santos Chaves, Lara Cancella de Arantes, Luís Fernando Santos Alves Morgan, Carolina Bosso André, Thaís Yumi Suzuki, Francine Benetti
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Design of a thermosensitive ibuprofen-loaded nanogel as smart material applied as anti-inflammatory in tooth bleaching: An in vivo study
Samara K.S.C.F. Moura, Milena L.V. dos Santos, Lucas A. do Nascimento, Mariana F.A. da Silva, Glória M. de França, Lucas M. da Costa, Aldo C. Medeiros, Raimundo F. Araújo-Júnior, Aurigena A. de Araújo, Cláudia N. Oliveira, André L. Dorini, Rejane A. de Ca
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2022; 68: 103123. CrossRef
Effect of bleaching gel volume on color change and postoperative sensitivity: a randomized clinical study
Lara Maria Bueno Esteves, Paulo Henrique dos Santos, Ticiane Cestari Fagundes, Marjorie de Oliveira Gallinari, Giulia Bessa de Mello Antonaccio, Luciano Tavares Ângelo Cintra, André Luiz Fraga Briso
Clinical Oral Investigations.2022; 26(3): 2527. CrossRef
Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Exhibit Different Biological Behaviours in Response to Commercial Bleaching Products
Carmen Llena, Mar Collado-González, Christopher Joseph Tomás-Catalá, David García-Bernal, Ricardo Elías Oñate-Sánchez, Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano, Leopoldo Forner
Materials.2018; 11(7): 1098. CrossRef
Concentration‐dependent effect of bleaching agents on the immunolabelling of interleukin‐6, interleukin‐17 and CD5‐positive cells in the dental pulp
F. Benetti, J. E. Gomes‐Filho, L. L. Ferreira, G. Sivieri‐Araújo, E. Ervolino, A. L. F. Briso, L. T. A. Cintra
International Endodontic Journal.2018; 51(7): 789. CrossRef

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Effect of antioxidants on push-out bond strength of hydrogen peroxide treated glass fiber posts bonded with two types of resin cement: Maryam Khoroushi, Hamid Mazaheri, Pardis Tarighi, Pouran Samimi, Navid Khalighinejad; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(4):303-309. Published online September 2, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.303

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Objectives

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) surface treatment of fiber posts has been reported to increase bond strength of fiber posts to resin cements. However, residual oxygen radicals might jeopardize the bonding procedure. This study examined the effect of three antioxidant agents on the bond strength of fiber posts to conventional and self-adhesive resin cements.

Materials and Methods

Post spaces were prepared in forty human maxillary second premolars. Posts were divided into five groups of 8 each: G1 (control), no pre-treatment; G2, 10% H₂O₂ pre-treatment; G3, G4 and G5. After H₂O₂ application, Hesperidin (HES), Sodium Ascorbate (SA) or Rosmarinic acid (RA) was applied on each group respectively. In each group four posts were cemented with Duo-Link conventional resin cement and the others with self-adhesive BisCem cement. Push-out test was performed and data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results

There was a statistically significant interaction between the cement type and post surface treatment on push-out bond strength of fiber posts (p < 0.001, F = 16). Also it was shown that different posts' surface treatments significantly affect the push-out bond strength of fiber posts (p = 0.001). H₂O₂ treated posts (G2) and control posts (G1) cemented with Duo-link showed the highest (15.96 ± 5.07MPa) and lowest bond strengths (6.79 ± 3.94) respectively.

Conclusions

It was concluded that H₂O₂ surface treatment might enhance the bond strength of fiber posts cemented with conventional resin cements. The effect of antioxidants as post's surface treatment agents depends on the characteristics of resin cements used for bonding procedure.

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Basic Researchs

Clinical assessment of whitening efficacy and safety of in-office tooth whitening system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide with or without light activation: Young-Suk Noh, Young-Jee Rho, Yeon-Jee Yoo, Hyang-Ok Lee, Sang-Min Lim, Hyun-Jeong Kweon, Yeun Kim, Seong-Yeon Park, Hee-Young Yoon, Jung-Hyun Lee, Chan-Hee Lee, So-Ram Oh, Kee-Yeon Kum; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2011;36(4):306-312. Published online July 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2011.36.4.306

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Objectives

This clinical study evaluated the effect of light activation on the whitening efficacy and safety of in-office bleaching system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide gel.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-three volunteers were randomly treated with (n = 17, experimental group) or without light activation (n = 16, control group), using Zoom2 white gel (15% H₂O₂, Discus Dental) for a total treatment time of 45 min. Visual and instrumental color measurements were obtained using Vitapan Classical shade guide and Shadepilot (DeguDent) at screening test, after bleaching, and 1 month and 3 month after bleaching. Data were analyzed using t-test, repeated measure ANOVA, and chi-squared test.

Results

Zoom2 white gel produced significant shade changes in both experimental and control group when pre-treatment shade was compared with that after bleaching. However, shade difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Tooth shade relapse was not detected at 3 months after bleaching. The incidence of transient tooth sensitivity was 39.4%, with being no differences between two groups.

Conclusions

The application of light activation with Zoom2 white gel system neither achieved additional whitening effects nor showed more detrimental influences.

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Effect of preference drinks on tooth color reduction after tooth bleaching: A 12-momth follow-up study
Hyo Jin Goo, Min Jeong Cho, Yun Sook Jung, Ji Hye Kim, Fan Dong, Keun Bae Song
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Young-Jin Lee, Jong-Hoo Paik, Jeong-Bae Lee, Seung-Jae Choi
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A clinical evaluation of safety of an office bleaching gel containing 30% hydrogen peroxide: Sin-Young Kim, Je-Uk Park, Chang-Hyen Kim, Sung-Eun Yang; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(3):198-210. Published online May 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.3.198

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This study evaluated the safety of an office bleaching gel (RemeWhite, Remedent Inc., Deurle, Belgium) containing 30% hydrogen peroxide. 37 volunteers were recieved office bleaching with the RemeWhite for 3 times at one visit, total 2 visits. As control group, the same gel in which hydrogen peroxide was not included was applied to 34 volunteers with the same protocol.

There was no difference between experimental group and control group using electric pulp test. In the result of gingival inflammation index and tooth sensitivity test, there was mild pain response in experimental group but it disappeared as time went by. Therefore, safety of the office bleaching gel containing 30% hydrogen peroxide was confirmed.

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Clinical assessment of whitening efficacy and safety of in-office tooth whitening system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide with or without light activation
Young-Suk Noh, Young-Jee Rho, Yeon-Jee Yoo, Hyang-Ok Lee, Sang-Min Lim, Hyun-Jeong Kweon, Yeun Kim, Seong-Yeon Park, Hee-Young Yoon, Jung-Hyun Lee, Chan-Hee Lee, So-Ram Oh, Kee-Yeon Kum
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(4): 306. CrossRef

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A clinical evaluation of efficacy of an office bleaching gel containing 30% hydrogen peroxide: Sin-Young Kim, Je-Uk Park, Chang-Hyen Kim, Sung-Eun Yang; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(1):40-50. Published online January 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.1.040

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This study evaluated the efficacy of an office bleaching gel (RemeWhite, Remedent Inc., Deurle, Belgium) containing 30% hydrogen peroxide. 31 volunteers were recieved office bleaching with the RemeWhite for 3 times at one visit, total 2 visits. As control group, the same gel in which hydrogen peroxide was not included was applied to 31 volunteers with the same protocol. The shade change (ΔE^*, color difference) of 12 anterior teeth was measured using Colorimerter and Vitapan classical shade guide. The shade change of overall teeth in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group which was measured using Colorimeter. There was also a significant difference between baseline and 14 weeks or 26 weeks though color rebounding phenomenon occurred as time went by. Small shade change difference can be measured accurately using Colorimeter than using Vitapan classical shade guide.

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Spectrophotometric Comparison of Effectiveness of Two In-office Bleaching Agents with/without Light Activation: A Clinical Study
Rasha AlSheikh, Abeer E El-Embaby
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Clinical assessment of whitening efficacy and safety of in-office tooth whitening system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide with or without light activation
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Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(4): 306. CrossRef

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Original Articles

The effect of concentration and application time of hydrogen peroxide on the microtensile bond strength of resin restorations to the dentin at different depths: Jeong-Lyong Son, Gye-Young Lee, Yu-Mi Kang, Young-Taek Oh, Kwang-Won Lee, Tae-Gun Kim; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2009;34(5):406-414. Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2009.34.5.406

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hydrogen peroxide at different application time and concentrations on the microtensile bond strength of resin restorations to the deep and the pulp chamber dentin.

A conventional endodontic access cavity was prepared in each tooth, and then the teeth were randomly divided into 1 control group and 4 experimental groups as follows: Group 1, non treated; Group 2, with 20% Hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂); Group 3, with 10% H₂O₂; Group 4, with 5% H₂O₂; Group 5, with 2.5% H₂O₂; the teeth of all groups except group 1 were treated for 20, 10, and 5min. The treated teeth were filled using a Superbond C&B (Sun medical Co., Shiga, Japan). Thereafter, the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37℃ for 24-hours and then sectioned into the deep and the chamber dentin. The microtensile bond strength values of each group were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test(p < 0.05).

In this study, the microtensile bond strength of the deep dentin (D1) was significantly greater than that of the pulp chamber dentin (D2) in the all groups tested. The average of microtensile bond strength was decreased as the concentration and the application time of H₂O₂ were increased. Analysis showed significant correlation effect not only between the depth of the dentin and the concentration of H₂O₂ but also between the concentration of H₂O₂ and the application time(p < 0.05), while no significant difference existed among these three variables(p > 0.05). The higher H₂O₂ concentration, the more opened dentinal tubules under a scanning electron microscope(SEM) examination.

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Changes in µ-TBS to pulp chamber dentin after the application of NaOCl & reversal effect by using sodium ascorbate
Su-Mi Kwon, Tae-Gun Kim, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kwang-Won Lee
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Effect of the bleaching light on whitening efficacy: Jong-Hyun Park, Hye-Jin Shin, Deok-Young Park, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2009;34(2):95-102. Published online March 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2009.34.2.095

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of light energy on the tooth whitening effect of bleaching agent in vitro. Extracted human mandibular molars were sectioned to 2 fragments(mesial, distal) and lingual portions of crown were used in this study. All specimens were stained using a red wine for 24 hours and immersed in artificial saliva. Specimens divided into four groups, group 1 and 2 light-activated by LumaCool (LED, LumaLite, Inc., Spring Valley, USA), group 3 and 4 light-activated by FlipoWhite2 (Plasma acr lamp, Lokki, Australia). Group 1 and 3 bleached with LumaWhite(LumaLite, Inc., Spring Valley, USA), group 2 and 4 bleached with Polaoffice(SDI, Victoria, Australia). Bleaching treatment performed during 10 minutes every 24 hours and repeated 6 times. During bleaching treatment , distal fragments was light-activated(L) but mesial fragments was not(NL). Shade assessment employed before and after bleaching treatment using spectrophotometer. The results of the change in shade was compared and analysed between NL and L by using paired-sample T test with 95% level of confidence.

There were no significant differences between NL and L with a few exceptions. In group 2, a^* value more change in L, in group 3, b^* value more change in L, in group 4, a^* value less change in L. After bleaching, L^* value and ΔE increased in all groups and the value of a^* and b^* decreased in all groups.

Within the limitation of this test conditions, the results of this study indicate that the light energy has no obvious improving impact on the tooth whitening effect of a bleaching agent.

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Development of a Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Tooth-whitening Apparatus
Young-Jin Lee, Jong-Hoo Paik, Jeong-Bae Lee, Seung-Jae Choi
Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials.2013; 14(5): 268. CrossRef
Clinical assessment of whitening efficacy and safety of in-office tooth whitening system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide with or without light activation
Young-Suk Noh, Young-Jee Rho, Yeon-Jee Yoo, Hyang-Ok Lee, Sang-Min Lim, Hyun-Jeong Kweon, Yeun Kim, Seong-Yeon Park, Hee-Young Yoon, Jung-Hyun Lee, Chan-Hee Lee, So-Ram Oh, Kee-Yeon Kum
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2011; 36(4): 306. CrossRef

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A clinical evaluation of a bleaching strip containing 2.9% hydrogen peroxide: Eun-Sook Park, So-Rae Seong, Seong-Tae Hong, Ji-Eun Kim, So-Young Lee, Soo-Youn Hwang, Shin-Jae Lee, Bo-Hyoung Jin, Ho-Hyun Son, Byeong-Hoon Cho; J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2006;31(4):269-281. Published online July 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2006.31.4.269

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This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of an experimental bleaching strip (Medison dental whitening strip, Samsung medical Co., Anyang, Korea) containing 2.9% hydrogen peroxide. Twenty-three volunteers used the bleaching strips for one and a half hour daily for 2 weeks. As control group, the same strips in which hydrogen peroxide was not included were used by 24 volunteers with the same protocol. The shade change (ΔE*, color difference) of twelve anterior teeth was measured using Shade Vision (X-Rite Inc., S.W. Grandville, MI, USA), Chroma Meter (Minolta Co., Ltd. Osaka, Japan) and Vitapan classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany). The shade change of overall teeth in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group (p < 0.05) and was easily perceivable. The change resulted from the increase of lightness (CIE L* value) and the decrease of redness (CIE a* value) and yellowness (CIE b* value). The shade change of individual tooth was greatest in canine, and smallest in central incisor. The safety of the bleaching strip was also confirmed.

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A clinical evaluation of efficacy of an office bleaching gel containing 30% hydrogen peroxide
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Byunk-Gyu Shin, Sung-Eun Yang
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Effect of the bleaching light on whitening efficacy
Jong-Hyun Park, Hye-Jin Shin, Deok-Young Park, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
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Clinical study of shade improvement and safety of polymer-based pen type BlancTic Forte whitening agent containing 8.3% Carbamide peroxide
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Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(2): 154. CrossRef

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