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Research Articles
Critical evaluation of fracture strength testing for endodontically treated teeth: a finite element analysis study
Emel Uzunoglu-Özyürek, Selen Küçükkaya Eren, Oğuz Eraslan, Sema Belli
Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(2):e15.   Published online April 18, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e15
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the diameter and direction of the plunger and simulation of the periodontal ligament (PDL) affected the stress distribution in endodontically treated premolars.

Methods

A fracture strength test was simulated via finite element analysis. A base model was set up, and the following parameters were modified: plunger diameter (3 mm vs. 6 mm), plunger direction (vertical vs. 135° angular to the central fossa), and PDL simulation. The analysis was conducted using the CosmosWorks structural analysis program, and the results are presented in terms of von Mises stresses.

Results

The smaller plunger increased the stresses at the contact area of the crown, but the plunger diameter had no effect on the stress distribution within the root. An angular plunger direction increased stresses within the root, as well as at the buccal cusp of the crown, compared with the vertical direction. Simulation of the PDL caused higher stress accumulation, especially in the cervical region of the root.

Conclusions

The plunger diameter had no effect on the stress distribution in the roots, whereas the plunger direction and PDL simulation did affect the stress distribution. More stringent standards can be established by taking such parameters into account when performing fracture testing in future studies.

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Comparing the effect of a desensitizing material and a self-etch adhesive on dentin sensitivity after periodontal surgery: a randomized clinical trial
Hila Hajizadeh, Atefeh Nemati-Karimooy, Sara Majidinia, Amir Moeintaghavi, Marjaneh Ghavamnasiri
Restor Dent Endod 2017;42(3):168-175.   Published online July 21, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.3.168
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

This double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the ability of a desensitizing agent and a self-etch adhesive on cervical dentin sensitivity (CDS) after periodontal surgery.

Materials and Methods

Ninety hypersensitive teeth of 13 subjects were included in the study. After periodontal surgery, the teeth of each posterior sextant treated with one of the following materials: G1: Clearfil S3 Bond (Kuraray Dental), G2: Gluma Desensitizer (Heraeus Kulzer), and G3: placebo (water). The sensitivity was assessed using evaporative stimuli before treatment (baseline, T0), 1 day after treatment (T1), after 1 week (T2), and after 1 month (T3) according to visual analog scale (VAS).

Results

Following the treatment, all the 3 groups showed significant reduction of CDS in T1 compared to T0. Reduction of CDS between T1 and T2 was observed only in G1 but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3 in this group. Although we observed a significant difference in T3 compared to T1 and T2 in G2 and G3, comparison of treatment groups in each assessment time showed a significant difference only in T3. According to paired comparison, this was due to the difference between G2 and G3.

Conclusions

Dentin sensitivity following periodontal surgery will decrease spontaneously over time, but treating the sensitive teeth with Gluma Desensitizer and Clearfil S3 Bond can have some benefits.

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White mineral trioxide aggregate mixed with calcium chloride dihydrate: chemical analysis and biological properties
Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Norhayati Luddin, Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan, Khairani Idah Mokhtar, Azlina Ahmad
Restor Dent Endod 2017;42(3):176-187.   Published online April 17, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.3.176
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and biological properties of fast-set white mineral trioxide aggregate (FS WMTA), which was WMTA combined with calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2·2H2O), compared to that of WMTA.

Materials and Methods

Surface morphology, elemental, and phase analysis were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The cytotoxicity and cell attachment properties were evaluated on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs) using methyl-thiazol-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay and under SEM after 24 and 72 hours, respectively.

Results

Results showed that the addition of CaCl2·2H2O to WMTA affected the surface morphology and chemical composition. Although FS WMTA exhibited a non-cytotoxic profile, the cell viability values of this combination were lesser than WMTA, and the difference was significant in 7 out of 10 concentrations at the 2 time intervals (p < 0.05). HPLFs adhered over the surface of WMTA and at the interface, after 24 hours of incubation. After 72 hours, there were increased numbers of HPLFs with prominent cytoplasmic processes. Similar findings were observed with FS WMTA, but the cells were not as confluent as with WMTA.

Conclusions

The addition of CaCl2·2H2O to WMTA affected its chemical properties. The favorable biological profile of FS WMTA towards HPLFs may have a potential impact on its clinical application for repair of perforation defects.

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Review Article
Recognition and management of palatogingival groove for tooth survival: a literature review
Hee-Jin Kim, Yoorina Choi, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kwang-Won Lee, Kyung-San Min
Restor Dent Endod 2017;42(2):77-86.   Published online April 12, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.2.77
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Palatogingival groove (PGG) is an anomaly in the maxillary anterior teeth, often accompanied by the area of bony destruction adjacent to the teeth with no carious or traumatic history. The hidden trap in the tooth can harbor plaque and bacteria, resulting in periodontal destruction with or without pulpal pathologic change. Related diseases can involve periodontal destruction, combined endodontic-periodontal lesions, or separate endodontic and periodontal lesions. Disease severity and prognosis related to PGG depend on several factors, including location, range, depth, and type of the groove. Several materials have been used and recommended for cases of extensive periodontal destruction from PGG to remove and block the inflammatory source and recover the health of surrounding periodontal tissues. Even in cases of severe periodontal destruction, several studies have reported favorable treatment outcomes with proper management. With new options in diagnosis and treatment, clinicians need a detailed understanding of the characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of PGG to successfully manage the condition.

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Research Article
Effects of proanthocyanidin, a crosslinking agent, on physical and biological properties of collagen hydrogel scaffold
Yoorina Choi, Hee-Jin Kim, Kyung-San Min
Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(4):296-303.   Published online October 4, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.4.296
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of proanthocyanidin (PAC), a crosslinking agent, on the physical properties of a collagen hydrogel and the behavior of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) cultured in the scaffold.

Materials and Methods

Viability of hPDLCs treated with PAC was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The physical properties of PAC treated collagen hydrogel scaffold were evaluated by the measurement of setting time, surface roughness, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The behavior of the hPDLCs in the collagen scaffold was evaluated by cell morphology observation and cell numbers counting.

Results

The setting time of the collagen scaffold was shortened in the presence of PAC (p < 0.05). The surface roughness of the PAC-treated collagen was higher compared to the untreated control group (p < 0.05). The thermogram of the crosslinked collagen exhibited a higher endothermic peak compared to the uncrosslinked one. Cells in the PAC-treated collagen were observed to attach in closer proximity to one another with more cytoplasmic extensions compared to cells in the untreated control group. The number of cells cultured in the PAC-treated collagen scaffolds was significantly increased compared to the untreated control (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our results showed that PAC enhanced the physical properties of the collagen scaffold. Furthermore, the proliferation of hPDLCs cultured in the collagen scaffold crosslinked with PAC was facilitated. Conclusively, the application of PAC to the collagen scaffold may be beneficial for engineering-based periodontal ligament regeneration in delayed replantation.

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Case Reports
Management of failed periodontal surgical intervention for a furcal lesion with a nonsurgical endodontic approach
Saeed Asgary, Mahta Fazlyab
Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(2):115-119.   Published online March 21, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.2.115
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

As long as the prognosis of teeth remains a matter of concern, the endodontic-periodontal relationship will be considered a challenge for the clinician. Many etiologic factors, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plus other contributing factors, such as trauma, root resorptions/perforations, and dental malformations, play a role in the co-occurrence of endodontic and periodontal lesions. Whatever the cause, a correct diagnosis on which to base the treatment plan is the key to successful maintenance of the tooth. This article reports the successful endodontic management of a furcation lesion in a mandibular molar that was nonresponsive to a previous periodontal surgical graft. The case had presented a diagnostic challenge for the clinicians, and this article reviews the key points that can lead to a correct diagnosis and treatment planning.

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Diagnosis and treatment of teeth with primary endodontic lesions mimicking periodontal disease: three cases with long-term follow ups
Jae-Hyung Lim, Ji-Hyun Lee, Su-Jung Shin
Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(1):56-62.   Published online January 20, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.1.56
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

A tooth with primary endodontic disease that demonstrates a periodontal defect might be extracted because of misdiagnosis as severe periodontal disease or a vertical root fracture. The aim of this case report was to demonstrate the long-term survival of endodontically treated teeth, which had been initially considered unsavable. With meticulous evaluation including the patient's dental history, clinical and radiographic examinations, teeth with primary endodontic lesions could be differentiated and saved after proper root canal treatment. Pain history, vitality test, and radiographic examinations, as well as a general periodontal condition check with periodontal probing on an affected tooth, might be the key methods to differentiate endodontic pathosis from that of periodontal disease.

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Review Article
Success and failure of endodontic microsurgery
Minju Song, Euiseong Kim
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2011;36(6):465-476.   Published online November 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2011.36.6.465
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

In current endodontic practice, introduction of operating microscope, ultrasonic instruments, and microinstruments has induced a big change in the field of surgical retreatment. In this study, we aimed to offer key steps of endodontic microsurgery procedure compared with traditional root-end surgery, and to evaluate factors influencing success and failure based on published articles.

Endodontic microsurgery is a surgical procedure performed with the aid of a microscope, ultrasonic instruments and modern microsurgical instruments. The microscope provides magnification and illumination - essential for identifying minute details of the apical anatomy. Ultrasonic instruments facilitate the precise root-end preparation that is within the anatomical space of the canal. Modern endodontics can therefore be performed with precision and predictability, thus eliminating the disadvantages inherent in traditional periapical surgery such as large osteotomy, beveled apicoectomy, inaccurate root-end preparation and the inability to observe isthmus.

Factors influencing the outcomes of endodontic microsurgery may be diverse, but standardization of procedures can minimize its range. Among patient and tooth-related factors, periodontal status and tooth position are known to be prognostic, but there are only few articles concerning this matter. High-evidence randomized clinical trials or prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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Case Report
Treatment of a lateral incisor anatomically complicated with palatogingival groove
Moon-Sun Choi, Se-Hee Park, Kyung-Mo Cho, Jin-Woo Kim
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2011;36(3):238-242.   Published online May 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2011.36.3.238
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

Palatogingival groove is a developmental anomaly that starts near the cingulum of the tooth and runs down the cementoenamel junction in apical direction, terminating at various depths along the roots. While frequently associated with periodontal pockets and bone loss, pulpal necrosis of these teeth may precipitate a combined endodontic-periodontal lesion. This case presents a case of a lateral incisor anatomically complicated with palatogingival groove.

Methods

Two patients with lesion associated with the palatogingival groove were chosen for this report. Palatogingival grooves were treated with different restoration materials with endodontic treatment.

Conclusions

Maxillary lateral incisor with a palatogingival groove may occur the periodontal disease with pulpal involvement. Elimination of groove may facilitate the periodontal re-attachment and prevent the recurrence.

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Basic Researchs
The effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) from the human dental pulp, gingival, and periodontal ligament cells
Eun-Mi Rhim, Sang-Hyuk Park, Duck-Su Kim, Sun-Young Kim, Kyoung-Kyu Choi, Gi-Woon Choi
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2011;36(1):26-36.   Published online January 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2011.36.1.26
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

In the present study, three kinds of tissues cells (pulp, gingiva, and periodontal ligament) were investigated if those cells express MMP and TIMP when they were stimulated with neuropeptides (substance P, CGRP) or proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α.

Materials and Methods

The cells cultured from human dental pulp (PF), gingiva (GF) and periodontal ligament were (PDLF) stimulated with Mock, SP, TNF-α, and CGRP for 24 hrs and 48 hrs. for an RNase protection assay and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Cells (PF, GF and PDLF) seeded in 100 mm culture dish were stimulated with SP (10-5, 10-8 M) or only with medium (Mock stimulation) for 4hrs and for 24 hrs for RNase Protection Assay, and they were stimulated with CGRP (10-5 M) and TNF-α (2 ng/mL) for 24 hrs and with various concentraion of TNF-α (2, 10, and 100 ng/mL) for Rnase Protection Assay with a human MMP-1 probe set including MMP 1, 2, 8, 7, 8, 9, 12, and TIMP 2, 3.

In addition, cells (PF, GF and PDLF) were stimulated with Mock and various concentraion of TNF-α (2, 10, and 100 ng/mL) for 24 hrs and with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 48 hrs, and the supernatents from the cells were collected for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for MMP-1 and MMP-13.

Results

The expression of MMPs in PF, GF, PDLF after stimulation with SP and CGRP were not changed compared with Mock stimulation for 4 hrs and 24 hrs. The expression of MMP-1, -12, -13 24 hrs after stimulation with TNF-α were upregulated, however the expression of TIMP-3 in PF, GF, PDLF after stimulation with TNF-α were downregulated. TNF-α (2 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL) increased MMP-1 and MMP-12 expression in PF dose dependently for 24 hrs.

Conclusions

TNF-α in the area of inflammation may play an important role in regulating the remodeling of dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone.

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Biocompatibility of bioaggregate cement on human pulp and periodontal ligament (PDL) derived cells
Choo-Ryung Chung, Euiseong Kim, Su-Jung Shin
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(6):473-478.   Published online November 30, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.6.473
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

This study was performed to investigate the biocompatibility of newly introduced Bioaggregate on human pulp and PDL cells.

Materials and Methods

Cells were collected from human pulp and PDL tissue of extracted premolars. Cell culture plate was coated either with Bioaggregate or white MTA, then the same number of cells were poured to cell culture dishes. Cell attachment and growth was examined under a phase microscope after 1,3 and 7 days of seeding. Cell viability was measured and the data was analyzed using Student t-test and one way ANOVA.

Results

Both types of cells used in this study were well attached and grew healthy on Bioaggregate and MTA coated culture dishes. No cell inhibition zone was observed in Bioaggregate group. There was no statistical difference of viable cells between bioaggreagte and MTA groups.

Conclusions

Bioaggregate appeared to be biocompatible compared with white MTA on human pulp and PDL cells.

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Case Report
Treatment of crown-root fracture with a modified crown fragment reattachment technique
Chang-Won Song, Min-Ju Song, Su-Jung Shin, Jeong-Won Park
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(5):395-401.   Published online September 30, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.5.395
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The development of adhesive dentistry has allowed that the crown fragment reattachment can be another option in the treatment of crown fracture. However, additional crown lengthening procedure or extrusion of the tooth may be necessary in the treatment of crown root fracture because subgingival fracture line in close proximity to the alveolar bone leads to challenges for restorative procedure and the violation of the biologic width. This case report presents a modified crown fragment reattachment technique of crown root fracture with pulp exposure, which was done without additional crown lengthening procedures. After the endodontic treatment, the patient was treated using a post insertion and the fragment reattachment technique, which made it possible to preserve the space for the biologic width and maintain a dry surgical field for adequate adhesion through the modification of the fractured coronal fragment. Since a coronal fracture was occurred and reattached afterward, it was observed that the coronal fragment was well maintained without the additional loss of periodontal attachment through 2-year follow up.

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Basic Research
The evaluation of periodontal ligament cells of rat teeth after low-temperature preservation under high pressure
Jin-Ho Chung, Jin Kim, Seong-Ho Choi, Eui-Seong Kim, Jiyong Park, Seung-Jong Lee
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2010;35(4):285-294.   Published online July 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.4.285
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of periodontal ligament cells of rat teeth after low-temperature preservation under high pressure by means of MTT assay, WST-1 assay. 12 teeth of Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4 week-old were used for each group.

Both side of the first and second maxillary molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under tiletamine anesthesia. The experimental groups were group 1 (Immediate extraction), group 2 (Slow freezing under pressure of 3 MPa), group 3 (Slow freezing under pressure of 2 MPa), group 4 (Slow freezing under no additional pressure), group 5 (Rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen under pressure of 2 MPa), group 6 (Rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen under no additional pressure), group 7 (low-temperature preservation at 0℃ under pressure of 2 MPa), group 8 (low-temperature preservation at 0℃ under no additional pressure), group 9 (low-temperature preservation at -5℃ under pressure of 90 MPa). F-medium and 10% DMSO were used as preservation medium and cryo-protectant. For cryo-preservation groups, thawing was performed in 37℃ water bath, then MTT assay, WST-1 assay were processed. One way ANOVA and Tukey HSD method were performed at the 95% level of confidence. The values of optical density obtained by MTT assay and WST-1 were divided by the values of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization.

In both MTT and WST-1 assay, group 7 (0℃/2 MPa) showed higher viability of periodontal ligament cells than other group (2-6, 8) and this was statistically significant (p < 0.05), but showed lower viability than group 1, immediate extraction group (no statistical significance).

By the results of this study, low-temperature preservation at 0℃ under pressure of 2 MPa suggest the possibility for long term preservation of teeth.

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Original Articles
The comparison of gene expression from human dental pulp cells and periodontal ligament cells
Hyoun So, Sang-Hyuk Park, Gi-Woon Choi
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2009;34(5):430-441.   Published online September 30, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2009.34.5.430
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The purpose of this study was to characterize functional distinction between human dental pulp cells(PC) and periodontal ligament cells(PDLC) using cDNA microarray assay and to confirm the results of the microarray assay using RT-PCR. 3 genes out of 51 genes which were found to be more expressed(>2 fold) in PC were selected, and 3 genes out of 19 genes which were found to be more expressed(>2 fold) in PDLC were selected for RT-PCR as well.

According to this study, the results were as follows:

1. From the microarray assay, 51 genes were more expressed (2 fold) from PC than PDLC.

2. RT-PCR confirmed that ITGA4 and TGF β2 were more expressed in PC than in PDLC.

3. From the microarray assay, 19 genes were more expressed (2 fold) from PDLC than PC.

4. RT-PCR confirmed that LUM, WISP1, and MMP1 were more expressed in PDLC than in PC.

From the present study, different expression of the genes between the PC and PDLC were characterized to show the genes which play an important role in dentinogenesis were more expressed from PC than PDLC, while the genes which were related with collagen synthesis were more expressed from PDLC than PC.

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THE EFFICACY OF PROGRAMMED CRYO-PRESERVATION UNDER PRESSURE IN RAT PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT CELLS
Young-Eun Lee, Eui-Seong Kim, Jin Kim, Seung-Hoon Han, Seung-Jong Lee
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2009;34(4):356-363.   Published online January 14, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2009.34.4.356
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of periodontal ligament cells in rat teeth using slow cryo-preservation method under pressure by means of MTT assay and WST-1 assay. Eighteen teeth of Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4 week-old were used for each group.

Both sides of the first and second maxillary molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under Tiletamine anesthesia. The experimental groups were group 1 (Immediate control), group 2 (Cold preservation at 4°C for 1 week), group 3 (Slow freezing), group 4 (Slow freezing under pressure of 3 MPa). F-medium and 10% DMSO were used as preservation medium and cryo-protectant. For cryo-preservation groups, thawing was performed in 37°C water bath, then MTT assay and WST-1 assay were processed. One way ANOVA and Tukey method were performed at the 95% level of confidence. The values of optical density obtained by MTT assay and WST-1 were divided by the values of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization.

In both MTT and WST-1 assay, group 4 showed significantly higher viability of periodontal ligament cells than group 2 and 3 (p < 0.05), but showed lower viability than immediate control group.

By the results of this study, slow cryo-preservation method under pressure suggests the possibility for long term cryo-preservation of the teeth.

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Evaluation of the viability of periodontal ligament cell in rat teeth using slow cryopreservation method with magnetic field
Hyun-Jung Ahn, Eui-Seong Kim, Jin Kim, Duck-Won Kim, Ki-Yeol Kim, Chan-Young Lee, Seung-Jong Lee
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2008;33(4):332-340.   Published online July 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.4.332
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of periodontal ligament cell in rat teeth using slow cryopreservation method with magnetic field through MTT assay and TUNEL test. For each group, 12 teeth of 4 weeks old white female Sprague-Dawley rat were used for MTT assay, and 6 teeth in TUNEL test. The Maxillary left and right, first and second molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under tiletamine anesthesia. The experimental groups were group1 (immediately extraction), group 2 (cold preservation at 4℃ for 1 week), group 3 (rapid cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen), group 4 (slow cryopreservation with magnetic field of 1 G), and group 5 (slow cryopreservation). F medium was used as preservation medium and 10% DMSO as cryoprotectant. After preservation and thawing, the MTT assay and TUNEL test were processed. One way ANOVA and Scheffe method were performed at the 95% level of confidence. The value of optical density obtained after MTT analysis was divided by the value of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization. In both MTT assay and TUNEL test, it had showed no significant difference among group 3, 4, and 5. And group 3 had showed higher viability of periodontal ligament cell than group 2.

From this study, slow cryopreservation method with magnetic field can be used as one of cryopreservation methods.

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Evaluation of the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of resinous root canal sealers
Chang-Kyu Kim, Hyun-Wook Ryu, Hoon-Sang Chang, Byung-Do Lee, Kyung-San Min, Chan-Ui Hong
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2007;32(5):419-425.   Published online September 30, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.5.419
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based (AH 26, EZ fill and AD Seal), a zinc oxide-eugenol-based (ZOB Seal), and a calcium hydroxide-based (Sealapex) root canal sealers. Specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness, were radiographed simultaneously with an aluminum step wedge using occlusal films, according to ISO 6876/2001 standards. Radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of sealers was compared to the different thicknesses of the aluminum step wedge, using the Scion image software. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of each material was determined in immortalized human periodontal ligament (IPDL) cells.

The results demonstrated that EZ fill was the most radiopaque sealer, while Sealapex was the least radiopaque (p < 0.05). AH 26, AD Seal and ZOB Seal presented intermediate radiopacity values. All the materials evaluated, except for Sealapex, presented the minimum radiopacity required by ISO standards. The cell viabilities of resin-based root canal sealers were statistically higher than that of other type of root canal sealers through the all experimental time. Further, EZ fill showed statistically lower cell viability in 24 and 48 hours compared to AD Seal and in 72 hours compared to all other resin-based root canal sealers. However, there was no correlation between the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canals sealers (p > 0.05).

These results indicate that resin-based root canal sealer is more biocompatible and has advantage in terms of radiopacity.

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Evaluation of periodontal ligament cell viability in rat teeth according to various extra-oral dry storage times using MTT assay
In-Soo Jeon, Eui-Seong Kim, Jin Kim, Seung-Jong Lee
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2006;31(5):398-408.   Published online September 30, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2006.31.5.398
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The purpose of this study was to verify the usefulness of MTT analysis as a tool of measurement of the periodontal ligament cell viability from the extracted rat molar.

A total of 80 Sprague-Dawley white female rat of 4 week-old with a body weight of 100 grams were used. The maxillary left and right, first and second molars were extracted under Ketamine anesthesia. Twenty-four teeth of each group (divided as five groups depending upon the time-lapse after extraction such as immediate, 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes) were immersed in 200 µl of MTT solution (0.5 mg/ml) and processed for optical density measurements . Another 10 teeth of each group were treated as same as above and sectioned at 10 µm for microscopic examination.

All measurements values were divided by the value of hematoxylin-eosin staining which represented the volume of each corresponding samples. Immediate and 10 minute groups showed highest MTT values followed by 20, 40, and 60 minutes consecutively. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) existed between all groups except in immediate versus 10 minute groups and 40 versus 60 minutes. Histological findings also showed similar findings with MTT results in crystal shape and crystal numbers between the experimental groups.

These data indicate that in vivo MTT analysis may be of value for evaluation of the periodontal ligament cell viability without time- consuming cell culturing processes.

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Evaluation of periodontal ligament cell viability in rat teeth after frozen preservation using in-vivo MTT assay
Jae-Wook Kim, Eui-Sung Kim, Jin Kim, Seung-Jong Lee
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2006;31(3):192-202.   Published online May 31, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2006.31.3.192
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The purpose of this study was to examine the viability of PDL cells in rat molars by using in vivo MTT assay, which was used to compare fast cryopreservation group by liquid nitrogen (-196℃) with 4℃ cold preservation group.

A total of 74 Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4 week-old with a body weight of 100 grams were used. The maxillary left and right, first and second molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under ketamine anesthesia.

Ten teeth of each group were divided as six experimental groups depending upon the preservation. Cryopreservation groups were Group 1 (5% DMSO 6% HES in F medium), Group 2 (10% DMSO in F medium), Group 3 (5% DMSO 6% HES in Viaspan®), Group 4 (10% DMSO in Viaspan®) which were cryopreserved for 1 week and cold preservation groups were Group 5 (F medium), Group 6 (Viaspan®) at 4℃ for 1 week. Immediate extraction group was used as a control. After preservation and thawing, the in vivo MTT assay was processed. Two way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was performed at the 95% level of confidence. Another 2 teeth of each group were treated as the same manner and frozen sections 10 µm thick for microscopic observation.

The value of optical density obtained after in vivo MTT analysis was divided by the value of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization. Group 1, 2 had significantly higher optical density than Group 3 and 4 which had the lowest OD value. Group 6 had higher OD value than in Group 5 (P < 0.05). Histological findings of periodontal ligament cell, after being stained with MTT solution were consistent with the in vivo MTT assay results.

In this study, the groups which were frozen with DMSO as a cryoprotectant and the groups with F medium showed the best results.

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The effect of neuropeptides on secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
Kyung-Jun Kim, Sang-Hyuk Park, Kyoung-Kyu Choi, Sang-Jin Park
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2006;31(3):153-160.   Published online May 31, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2006.31.3.153
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

We investigated the secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) from ginviva and periodontal ligament stimulated with Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP). Gingiva (GF), periodontal ligament (PDLF) and pulp (PF) tissues were collected from extracted intact 3rd molars.

Cultured cells were stimulated with different concentrations of SP for 4 hrs, and stimulated with SP, CGRP and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) for 8 hrs. Then RNase Protection Assay was carried out. ELISA was performed using supernatants of stimulated cells for quantitative analysis of IL-8. Results were assessed using student t-test with significance of P < 0.05.

According to this study, the results were as follows:

IL-8 mRNA was detected in all type of cells studied (PF, GF and PDLF).

IL-8 mRNA expression was not increased after stimulating 4 hrs with SP (10-5M) and SP (10-8M) compared with Mock stimulation in all type of cells studied.

IL-8 mRNA expression was not increased after stimulating 8 hrs with SP (10-4M) and CGRP (10-6M) compared with Mock stimulation in all type of cells studied.

TNF-α(2 ng/ml) increased the expression of IL-8 mRNA in all kind of cells studied.

The secretion of IL-8 from GF was increased 8 hrs after the stimulation with CGRP (10-6M) (p < 0.05).

The secretion of IL-8 from PDLF was increased 8 hrs after the stimulation with SP (10-4M) (p < 0.05).

Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) increased Interleukin-8 (IL-8) which plays an important role in chemotaxis of neutrophil in Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) gingival tissue, whereas Substance P increased the secretion of IL-8 from periodontal ligament.

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