Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Research Articles

Morphotypes of the apical constriction of maxillary molars: a micro-computed tomographic evaluation: Jeffrey Wen-Wei Chang, Kuzhanchinathan Manigandan, Lakshman Samaranayake, Chellapandian NandhaKumar, Pazhamalai AdhityaVasun, Johny Diji, Angambakkam Rajasekharan PradeepKumar; Restor Dent Endod 2022;47(2):e19. Published online March 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2022.47.e19

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the apical constriction (AC) and apical canal morphology of maxillary first and second molars, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT).

Materials and Methods

The anatomical features of 313 root canals from 41 maxillary first molars and 57 maxillary second molars of patients with known age and sex were evaluated using micro-CT, with a resolution of 26.7 µm. The factors evaluated were the presence or absence of AC, the morphotypes, bucco-lingual dimension, mesio-distal dimension, and the profile (shape) of AC and the apical root canal. The apical root canal dimensions, location of the apical foramen (AF), AC to AF distance, and presence of accessory canals in the apical 5 mm were also assessed. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used for data evaluation.

Results

AC was present in all 313 root canals. Patients’ age and sex did not significantly impact either AC or the apical canal dimensions. The most common AC morphotype detected was the traditional (single) constriction (52%), followed by the parallel (29%) morphotype. The mean AC dimensions in maxillary first molars were not significantly different from those in maxillary second molars. Sixty percent of AF were located within 0.5 mm from the anatomic apex.

Conclusions

The most common morphotype of AC detected was the traditional constriction. Neither patients’ age nor sex had a significant impact on the dimensions of the AC or the apical root canal. The majority of AF (60%) were located within 0.5 mm from the anatomic apex.

Citations

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Effect of Coronal Flaring on Initial Apical File Size Estimation in Curved Canals Using Three Distinct Rotary Instruments: A Comparative In Vitro Study
Vinodhini Varatharajan, Muhammed Abdul Rahman Thazhathveedan, Mohammed Salman Kuttikkodan, Ismail Puzhangaraillath Mundanatayil, Amrutha Ravindran Thazhe Mangool, Ashraf Karumbil
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
In Vitro Evaluation of the Accuracy of Three Electronic Apex Locators Using Different Sodium Hypochlorite Concentrations
Sanda Ileana Cîmpean, Radu Marcel Chisnoiu, Adela Loredana Colceriu Burtea, Rareș Rotaru, Marius Gheorghe Bud, Ada Gabriela Delean, Ioana-Sofia Pop-Ciutrilă
Medicina.2023; 59(5): 918. CrossRef
Cone beam computed tomography analysis of the root and canal morphology of the maxillary second molars in a Hail province of the Saudi population
Ahmed A. Madfa, Moazzy I. Almansour, Saad M. Al-Zubaidi, Albandari H. Alghurayes, Safanah D. AlDAkhayel, Fatemah I. Alzoori, Taif F. Alshammari, Abrar M. Aldakhil
Heliyon.2023; 9(9): e19477. CrossRef

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Fused roots of maxillary molars: characterization and prevalence in a Latin American sub-population: a cone beam computed tomography study: Maytté Marcano-Caldera, Jose Luis Mejia-Cardona, María del Pilar Blanco-Uribe, Elena Carolina Chaverra-Mesa, Didier Rodríguez-Lezama, Jose Hernán Parra-Sánchez; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(2):e16. Published online April 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e16

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The upper molars generally have three roots; therefore, different combinations of fusion can occur, increasing the possibility of finding more complex root canal systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and characterization of fused roots in first and second maxillary molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Colombian population.

Materials and Methods

A total of 1274 teeth were evaluated, of which 534 were maxillary first molars and 740 were maxillary second molars. Axial sections were made at the cervical, middle, and apical levels to determine the prevalence of root fusion and the types of fusion.

Results

Overall, 43% of the molars (n = 551) presented some type of fused root. Root fusion was present in 23.4% of the maxillary first molars. The most frequent type of fused root was type 3 (distobuccal-palatal; DB-P) (58.9%). Root fusion was observed in 57.6% of the maxillary second molars, and the most prevalent type of fused root was type 6 (cone-shaped) (45.2%). Of the maxillary molars, 12.5% were classified as C-shaped.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, there was a high prevalence of fused roots in maxillary molars in the Colombian population, mainly in the maxillary second molars. In first molars, the most common type of fused root was type 3 (DB-P) and in second molars, the most common type was type 6 (cone-shaped). Additionally, molars with root fusion presented variation at different levels of the radicular portion, with implications for treatment quality.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Exploring the sex-associated differences in molars fused roots
Maria Eduarda Nunis Locks, Erika Calvano Küchler, Leonardo Santos Antunes, Alice Corrêa Silva-Sousa, Natanael Henrique Ribeiro Mattos, Camila Paiva Perin, Paulo Henrique Condeixa França, Peter Proff, Christian Kirschneck, Flares Baratto-Filho
Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger.2024; 254: 152245. CrossRef
Cone beam computed tomography analysis of the root and canal morphology of the maxillary second molars in a Syrian subpopulation
Safaa Allawi, Mouhammad Al-Tayyan, Hassan Achour, Eyad Al-Toutangy, Yasser Alsayed Tolibah
BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of root fusion in canine maxillary second molar teeth using cone-beam computed tomography
Kristin Linder, Scott MacGee, Loren Schultz
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Dentine thickness in maxillary fused molars depends on the fusion type: An ex vivo micro‐computed tomography study
Cangül Keskin, Defne Toplu, Ali Keleş
International Endodontic Journal.2023; 56(5): 637. CrossRef
Root and canal-specific features of maxillary first molars with fused roots
Katarina Beljic-Ivanovic, Branislav Karadzic
Vojnosanitetski pregled.2022; 79(11): 1092. CrossRef
Micro-CT Analysis of the Root Canal Configuration of Maxillary Second Molars with Fusion
Cangül KESKİN, Özgür ÖZDEMİR, Ali KELEŞ
European Annals of Dental Sciences.2022; 49(Suppl 1): 25. CrossRef
Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Morphology in Mandibular and Maxillary Second Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Kazhan Abdalrahman, Ranjdar Talabani, Sara Kazzaz, Dlsoz Babarasul, Berndt Koslowski
Scanning.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Analysis of Root and Canal Morphology of Fused and Separate Rooted Maxillary Molar Teeth in Turkish Population
H Aydin
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice.2021; 24(3): 435. CrossRef
Investigating prevalence of dental anomalies in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia through digital orthopantomogram
Jehan ALHumaid, Maryam Buholayka, Arishiya Thapasum, Muhanad Alhareky, Maha Abdelsalam, Amr Bughsan
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2021; 28(5): 2900. CrossRef
Preferred Reporting Items for Epidemiologic Cross-sectional Studies on Root and Root Canal Anatomy Using Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Technology: A Systematized Assessment
Jorge N.R. Martins, Anil Kishen, Duarte Marques, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, João Caramês, António Mata, Marco A. Versiani
Journal of Endodontics.2020; 46(7): 915. CrossRef
Second mesiobuccal root canal in maxillary molars—A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies using cone beam computed tomography
Jorge N.R. Martins, Duarte Marques, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, João Caramês, António Mata, Marco A. Versiani
Archives of Oral Biology.2020; 113: 104589. CrossRef

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Case Report

Maxillary first molar with 7 root canals diagnosed using cone-beam computed tomography: Evaldo Rodrigues, Antônio Henrique Braitt, Bruno Ferraz Galvão, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva; Restor Dent Endod 2017;42(1):60-64. Published online August 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.60

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Root canal anatomy is complex, and the recognition of anatomic variations could be a challenge for clinicians. This case report describes the importance of cone beam computed tomographyic (CBCT) imaging during endodontic treatment. A 23 year old woman was referred by her general dental practitioner with the chief complaint of spontaneous pain in her right posterior maxilla. From the clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis was made and endodontic treatment was suggested to the patient. The patient underwent CBCT examination, and CBCT scan slices revealed seven canals: three mesiobuccal (MB1, MB2, and MB3), two distobuccal (DB1 and DB2), and two palatal (P1 and P2). Canals were successfully treated with reciprocating files and filled using single-cone filling technique. Precise knowledge of root canal morphology and its variation is important during root canal treatment. CBCT examination is an excellent tool for identifying and managing these complex root canal systems.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

KONİK IŞINLI BİLGİSAYARLI TOMOGRAFİ İLE DOĞRULANMIŞ OLAĞANDIŞI ÜST BİRİNCİ BÜYÜK AZI DİŞİN ENDODONTİK TEDAVİSİ
Didem Seda Gültekin, Funda Kont Çobankara
Journal of International Dental Sciences.2025; 11(1): 46. CrossRef
An Unusual Case of Maxillary First Molar: A Case Report
Reetu Shrestha
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT).2024; : 1330. CrossRef
Root canal therapy of maxillary first molar with seven canals diagnosed using cone beam computed tomography – a case report
Saini Rashmi, Saini V. Kumar
Tanta Dental Journal.2022; 19(3): 169. CrossRef
Four-Rooted Maxillary First Molars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gabriel Magnucki, Sven V. K. Mietling, Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni
International Journal of Dentistry.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Endodontic treatment of various palatal roots in maxillary molars
Chengshi Wei, Keyi Li, Lili Shen, Guangliang Bai, Xiufen Tian
The Journal of the American Dental Association.2021; 152(12): 1044. CrossRef
Diversity of root canal morphology of maxillary first molars
Juhász Kincső-Réka, Kovács Mónika, Pop Mihai, Pop Silvia, Kerekes-Máthé Bernadette
Bulletin of Medical Sciences.2021; 94(1): 63. CrossRef
Endodontic Management of Maxillary First Molar with Seven Root Canals Diagnosed Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Case Report
Ravindranath Megha, Venkatachalam Prakash
World Journal of Dentistry.2021; 12(1): 89. CrossRef
Endodontic management of the maxillary first molar with special root canals: A case report and review of the literature
Zhi-Hui Zhang, Hai-Lin Yao, Yan Zhang, Xiao Wang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2020; 8(12): 2590. CrossRef
Management of a permanent maxillary first molar with unusual crown and root anatomy: a case report
Prateeksha Chowdhry, Pallavi Reddy, Mamta Kaushik
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Usefulness of cone beam computed tomography in perplexing endodontic cases
Amandeep Kaur, Ajay Logani
Endodontology.2018; 30(2): 187. CrossRef
Endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with seven root canal systems evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography scanning
VijayReddy Venumuddala, Sridhar Moturi, SV Satish, BKalyan Chakravarthy, Sudhakar Malapati
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry.2017; 7(5): 297. CrossRef

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Research Article

Analysis of C-shaped root canal configuration in maxillary molars in a Korean population using cone-beam computed tomography: Hyoung-Hoon Jo, Jeong-Bum Min, Ho-Keel Hwang; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(1):55-62. Published online January 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.1.55

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of root fusion and C-shaped root canals in maxillary molars, and to classify the types of C-shaped canal by analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Korean population.

Materials and Methods

Digitized CBCT images from 911 subjects were obtained in Chosun University Dental Hospital between February 2010 and July 2012 for orthodontic treatment. Among them, a total of selected 3,553 data of maxillary molars were analyzed retrospectively. Tomography sections in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were displayed by PiViewstar and Rapidia MPR software (Infinitt Co.). The incidence and types of root fusion and C-shaped root canals were evaluated and the incidence between the first and the second molar was compared using Chi-square test.

Results

Root fusion was present in 3.2% of the first molars and 19.5% of the second molars, and fusion of mesiobuccal and palatal root was dominant. C-shaped root canals were present in 0.8% of the first molars and 2.7% of the second molars. The frequency of root fusion and C-shaped canal was significantly higher in the second molar than the first molar (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In a Korean population, maxillary molars showed total 11.3% of root fusion and 1.8% of C-shaped root canals. Furthermore, root fusion and C-shaped root canals were seen more frequently in the maxillary second molars.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of C‐Shaped Canal Configuration in Maxillary Molars Among an Iranian Population
Nafiseh Nikkerdar, Mohammad Moslehi, Amin Golshah, Mario Dioguardi
International Journal of Dentistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Endodontic treatment of a C‐shaped mandibular second molar with narrow dentinal thickness: A case report
Mina Mehrjouei, Hamid Jafarzadeh, Pourya Esmaeelpour, Maryam Khorasanchi
Clinical Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of 2- and 3-dimensional anatomic parameters of C-shaped root canals with cone beam computed tomography, microcomputed tomography, and nanocomputed tomography
Miguel Angel Ventura Molina, Giovane Oliveira Silva, Amanda Pelegrin Candemil, Rafael Verardino de Camargo, Ruben Pauwels, Reinhilde Jacobs, Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto, Jardel Francisco Mazzi-Chaves
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2023; 136(6): 759. CrossRef
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Analysis of an Unusual Configuration of the Upper First Molar With a C-shaped Canal With Apically Fused Roots: A Case Report
Kapil D Wahane, Anand V Bansod, Sudha mattigatti, Rushikesh Mahaparale, Yuvraj B Rote, Mayur B Wanjari
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Morphology in Mandibular and Maxillary Second Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Kazhan Abdalrahman, Ranjdar Talabani, Sara Kazzaz, Dlsoz Babarasul, Berndt Koslowski
Scanning.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Root and canal-specific features of maxillary first molars with fused roots
Katarina Beljic-Ivanovic, Branislav Karadzic
Vojnosanitetski pregled.2022; 79(11): 1092. CrossRef
Diagnosis and treatment of maxillary molar with abnormality
Kkot-Byeol Bae, Bin-Na Lee, Hoon-Sang Chang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh, Yun-Chan Hwang
Oral Biology Research.2022; 46(4): 195. CrossRef
Endodontic treatment of the maxillary first molar with palatal canal variations: A case report and review of literature
Kai Chen, Xing Ran, Yan Wang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(32): 12036. CrossRef
Evaluation of C-shaped canals in maxillary molars in a Chinese population using CBCT
Yuyan Qian, Yamei Li, Jukun Song, Ping Zhang, Zhu Chen
BMC Medical Imaging.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive evaluation of root and root canal morphology of mandibular second molars in a Saudi subpopulation evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography
Moazzy I. Almansour, Saad M. Al‑Zubaidi, Abdulmjeed S. Enizy, Ahmed A. Madfa
BMC Oral Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of C-shaped canal configuration in maxillary molars: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study
Emre KÖSE, Rüya AK
Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences.2021; 11(3): 444. CrossRef
Maxillary First Molars with Two Palatal Root Canals
Kun-Hwa Sung, Ho-Keel Hwang, Hyoung-Hoon Jo, Konstantinos Michalakis
Case Reports in Dentistry.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Preferred Reporting Items for Epidemiologic Cross-sectional Studies on Root and Root Canal Anatomy Using Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Technology: A Systematized Assessment
Jorge N.R. Martins, Anil Kishen, Duarte Marques, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, João Caramês, António Mata, Marco A. Versiani
Journal of Endodontics.2020; 46(7): 915. CrossRef
Evaluation of root and root canal morphology of elderly Korean patients maxillary molars using cone-beam computed tomography
Tae-Yong Lee, Mi-Yeon Kim, Sun-Ho Kim, Jeong-Hee Kim
The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics.2020; 58(2): 95. CrossRef
Second mesiobuccal root canal in maxillary molars—A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies using cone beam computed tomography
Jorge N.R. Martins, Duarte Marques, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, João Caramês, António Mata, Marco A. Versiani
Archives of Oral Biology.2020; 113: 104589. CrossRef
Prevalência estimada de canais “C- Shaped”: Uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise
Natália Pereira da Silva Falcão, Sandro Junio de Oliveira Tavares, Ludmila Silva Guimarães, Katherine Azevedo Batistela Rodrigues Thuller, Leonardo dos Santos Antunes, Estefano Borgo Sarmento, Fellipe Navarro Azevedo de Azevedo, Cinthya Cristina Gomes, Ca
Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento.2020; : 91. CrossRef
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G. Colakoglu, I. Kaya Buyukbayram, M. A. Elcin, M. Kazak, H. Sezer
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy.2020; 42(1): 15. CrossRef
Analysis of Prevalence of Pyramidal Molars in Adolescent
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THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2020; 47(4): 389. CrossRef
Prevalence Studies on Root Canal Anatomy Using Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Imaging: A Systematic Review
Jorge N.R. Martins, Duarte Marques, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, João Caramês, Marco A. Versiani
Journal of Endodontics.2019; 45(4): 372. CrossRef
Fused roots of maxillary molars: characterization and prevalence in a Latin American sub-population: a cone beam computed tomography study
Maytté Marcano-Caldera, Jose Luis Mejia-Cardona, María del Pilar Blanco-Uribe, Elena Carolina Chaverra-Mesa, Didier Rodríguez-Lezama, Jose Hernán Parra-Sánchez
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
An original micro‐CT study and meta‐analysis of the internal and external anatomy of maxillary molars—implications for endodontic treatment
Iwona M. Tomaszewska, Anna Jarzębska, Bendik Skinningsrud, Przemysław A. Pękala, Sebastian Wroński, Joe Iwanaga
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BMC Medical Imaging.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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