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- Research Article Orthodontic bracket bonding to glazed full-contour zirconia
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Ji-Young Kwak1, Hyo-Kyung Jung2, Il-Kyung Choi1, Tae-Yub Kwon3
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2016;41(2):-113.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.2.106
Published online: April 14, 2016
1Department of Medical and Biological Engineering, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
2Department of Dental Laboratory Technology, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Korea.
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- Correspondence to Tae-Yub Kwon, DDS, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea 41940. TEL, +82-53-660-6891; FAX, +82-53-422-9631; tykwon@knu.ac.kr
• Received: December 16, 2015 • Accepted: February 25, 2016
©Copyrights 2016. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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XML DownloadOrthodontic bracket bonding to glazed full-contour zirconia
Figure 1 Representative cross-sectional SEM image of the glazed full-zirconia ceramic (original magnification ×200, bar represents 100 µm). ER, epoxy resin for embedding; GL, glaze layer; ZC, zirconia ceramic.
Figure 2 Topographic SEM images and corresponding EDS spectra of the surfaces subjected to 6 different pre-treatments. Note that only the PO and BR spectra show Zr peaks. PO, polishing unglazed zirconia; BR, bur roughening; PP, cleaning with a prophy cup and pumice; HF, hydrofluoric acid etching; AA, air-particle abrasion with aluminum oxide; CJ, silicon dioxide [CoJet-Sand] particles.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Orthodontic bracket bonding to glazed full-contour zirconia
Surface conditioning (pre-treatment + primer application) methods to glazed zirconia specimens
| Group code | Pre-treatment | Applied primer |
|---|---|---|
| PO-Z | Polishing unglazed (control) zirconia surface with silicon carbide paper | Z-Prime Plus* |
| BR-Z | Roughening with a diamond bur (grit size: 106 - 125 µm) | Z-Prime Plus |
| PP-S | Cleaning with a rubber prophy cup and pumice | Monobond-S† |
| HF-S | 4% hydrofluoric acid etching | Monobond-S |
| AA-S | Air-particle abrasion with 30 µm aluminum oxide particles | Monobond-S |
| AA-Z | Air-particle abrasion with 30 µm aluminum oxide particles | Z-Prime Plus |
| CJ-S | Air-particle abrasion with 30 µm silicon dioxide particles (CoJet-Sand) | Monobond-S |
PO, polishing unglazed zirconia; BR, bur roughening; PP, cleaning with a prophy cup and pumice; HF, hydrofluoric acid etching; AA, air-particle abrasion with aluminum oxide; CJ, silicon dioxide (CoJet-Sand) particles; Z, Z-Prime Plus; S, Monobond-S.
*1 - 2 coats were applied and dried with an air syringe for 3 - 5 sec.
†Applied with a brush, allowed to react for 60 sec, then dispersed with a strong stream of air.
Ra surface roughness (µm) after surface pre-treatment
| Surface pre-treatment | n | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PO (polishing unglazed zirconia) | 10 | 0.06a | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
| BR (bur roughening) | 10 | 1.25e | 0.24 | 0.85 | 1.64 |
| PP (cleaning) | 10 | 0.24b | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.34 |
| HF (hydrofluoric acid etching) | 10 | 0.32c | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.39 |
| AA (alumina air-abrasion) | 10 | 0.51d | 0.09 | 0.39 | 0.67 |
| CJ (CoJet-Sand air-abrasion) | 10 | 0.60d | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.69 |
Welch's variance-weighted one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in mean Ra value among the groups (p < 0.001); the Games-Howell post hoc test showed that means with the same superscripted letter were not significantly different (p > 0.05).
SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum value; Max, maximum value.
Shear bond strength values (MPa) for each group
| Group | n | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PO (polishing unglazed zirconia)-Z* | 10 | 13.38a | 2.57 | 9.75 | 18.22 |
| BR (bur roughening)-Z | 10 | 15.48a | 3.15 | 10.68 | 19.92 |
| PP (cleaning)-S† | 10 | 14.90a | 2.75 | 10.93 | 18.91 |
| HF (hydrofluoric acid etching)-S | 10 | 15.24a | 3.36 | 8.49 | 20.16 |
| AA (alumina air-abrasion)-S | 10 | 15.78a | 2.39 | 11.23 | 19.02 |
| AA (alumina air-abrasion)-Z | 10 | 4.60b | 1.08 | 2.76 | 5.98 |
| CJ (CoJet-Sand air-abrasion)-S | 10 | 14.81a | 2.91 | 10.01 | 19.75 |
*Z-Prime Plus; †Monobond-S.
One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in mean shear bond strength among the groups (p < 0.001); the Tukey post hoc test showed that means with the same superscripted letter were not significantly different (p > 0.05).
SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum value; Max, maximum value.
Distribution of ARI scores for each group
| Group | n | ARI score‡ | Fisher's exact test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
| PO (polishing unglazed zirconia)-Z* | 10 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 | p < 0.001 |
| BR (bur roughening)-Z | 10 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | |
| PP (cleaning)-S† | 10 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 | |
| HF (hydrofluoric acid etching)-S | 10 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 | |
| AA (alumina air-abrasion)-S | 10 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 7 | |
| AA (alumina air-abrasion)-Z | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| CJ (CoJet-Sand air-abrasion)-S | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
*Z-Prime Plus; †Monobond-S.
‡ARI, adhesive remnant index, 0, No composite left on surface; 1, less than half of the composite left on surface; 2, more than half of the composite left on surface; 3, all composite left on surface, with a distinct impression of the bracket mesh. No ceramic fractures were observed in this study.
Table 1 Surface conditioning (pre-treatment + primer application) methods to glazed zirconia specimens
PO, polishing unglazed zirconia; BR, bur roughening; PP, cleaning with a prophy cup and pumice; HF, hydrofluoric acid etching; AA, air-particle abrasion with aluminum oxide; CJ, silicon dioxide (CoJet-Sand) particles; Z, Z-Prime Plus; S, Monobond-S. *1 - 2 coats were applied and dried with an air syringe for 3 - 5 sec. †Applied with a brush, allowed to react for 60 sec, then dispersed with a strong stream of air.
Table 2 Ra surface roughness (µm) after surface pre-treatment
Welch's variance-weighted one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in mean SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum value; Max, maximum value.
Table 3 Shear bond strength values (MPa) for each group
*Z-Prime Plus; †Monobond-S. One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in mean shear bond strength among the groups ( SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum value; Max, maximum value.
Table 4 Distribution of ARI scores for each group
*Z-Prime Plus; †Monobond-S. ‡ARI, adhesive remnant index, 0, No composite left on surface; 1, less than half of the composite left on surface; 2, more than half of the composite left on surface; 3, all composite left on surface, with a distinct impression of the bracket mesh. No ceramic fractures were observed in this study.
