Distribution of oral pathogens in infections of endodontic origin

Seung-Yoon Kim; Ho-Young Choi; Sang-Hyuk Park; Gi-Woon Choi

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.4.303

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Original Article Distribution of oral pathogens in infections of endodontic origin: Seung-Yoon Kim, Ho-Young Choi, Sang-Hyuk Park, Gi-Woon Choi; 2003;28(4):-313.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.4.303
Published online: July 31, 2003

Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Dentistry, Graduate School Kyung-Hee University, Korea.

Corresponding author (gwchoi@khu.ac.kr)

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

It has been documented that periodontopathic bacteria are also implicated in endodontic infections. 16S rDNA gene-directed PCR was to examine the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Porphyromonas endodontalis (Pe), and Treponema denticola (Td) in the root canals of 36 endodontically infected teeth having apical lesions with or without clinical symptoms like pain, swelling, and fistula.
1. In 36 infected root canals, most frequently detected bacterial species was Pg (61.1%), followed by Td (52.8%) and Pe (38.9%).
2. Of 36 infected root canals, Aa was detected in 6 canals (16.7%) of the teeth, all of which showed clinical symptoms.
3. Of 36 infected root canals, Pi and Pn were found in 4 (13.9%) and 5 (33.3%), respectively. Notably, prevalence of Pn in the symptomatic teeth was 50.0%.
4. One of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria (BPB) including Pi, Pn, Pe, and Pg was detected in all of the teeth that showed pain or especially swelling but not fistula. It was, however, found that prevalence of BPB in the asymptomatic teeth or the teeth with fistula was only 40%.
5. Pe and Pg were detected in the teeth regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms.
6. Td was detected in the teeth regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms.
High prevalence of BPB in the symptomatic teeth but low in the asymptomatic teeth suggests that BPB may play an important role in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions.
Keywords: PCR; BPB; infection; clinical symptom; periapical lesion; root canal

Fig. 1

Electrophoresis results of PCR amplification of the control reference DNA of standard bacterial strains. Lanes: M, 100 bp molecular marker; 1, ubiquitous (602 bp); 2, A. actinomycetemcomitans (557 bp); 3, Pr. intermedia (575 bp); 4, Pr. nigrescens (804 bp); P. endodontalis (672 bp); P. gingivalis (404 bp); T. denticola (316 bp).

Table 1

PCR primer pairs used in this study for detection of putative endodontopathogens

Table 2

Distribution of bacteria in infection with apical lesions.

Abbreviations: P, Pain; S, Swelling; AA, alveolar abscess; F, fistula; Aa, A. actinomycetemcomitans; Pi, Pr. intermedia; Pn, Pr. nigrescens; Pe, P. endodontalis ; Pg, P. gingivalis ; Td, T. denticola ; ^a:-denotes no symptom

Table 3

Distribution of bacteria in fistula^*; Samples were obtained through the opening of the fistula, whereas the others from the infected the root canals.

Table 4

Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal sample of apical lesions, having symptoms of pain and/or swelling

Table 5

Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal samples of apical lesions without clinical symptoms

REFERENCES

1. Miller WD. Microorganisms of the human mouth. 1890;Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Co..
2. Dahlen G, Moller AJR. In: Slots J, Taubman MA, editors. Microbiology of endodontic infections. Contemporary oral microbiology and immunology. 1992;St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 444-475.
3. Kettering JD, Torabinejad M. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, editors. Microbiology and immunology. Pathways of the pulp. 1994;St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 363-376.
4. Sjogren U, et al. Influence of infection at the time of root filling on the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 297-306.PubMed
5. Haapasalo M. Black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes in endodontic infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1993;6: 213-218.Article PubMed
6. Sundqvist G. Bacteriological studies of necrotic dental pulps. Thesis. 1976;Umea University; Odontology, Dissertation No. 7.
7. Kobayashi T, Hayash A, Yoshikawa R, Okuda K, Hara K. The microbial flora from root canals and periodontal pockets of non-vital teeth associated with advanced periodontitis. Int Endod J. 1990;23: 100-106.Article PubMed
8. Van Winkelhoff AJ, Carlee AW, de Graaff J. Bacteroides endodontalis and other black-pigmented Bacteroides species in odontogenic abscesses. Infect Immun. 1985;49: 494-497.Article PubMed PMC PDF
9. Haapasalo M. Bacteroides spp. in dental root canal infections. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1989;5: 1-10.Article PubMed
10. Sundqvist G, Johansson E, Sjogren U. Prevalence of black-pigmented Bacteroides species in root canal infections. J Endod. 1989;15: 13-19.Article PubMed
11. Tanner A, Stillman N. Oral and dental infections with anaerobic bacteria: clinical features, predominant pathogens, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16: Suppl 4. S304-S309.Article PubMed
12. Baumgartner JC, Falkler WA Jr. Reactivity of IgG from explant cultures of periapical lesions with implicated microorganisms. J Endod. 1991;17: 207-212.Article PubMed
13. Tanner A, Stillman N. Oral and dental infections with anaerobic bacteria: clinical features, predominant pathogens and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16: Suppl 4. S304-S309.Article PubMed
14. Haapasalo M, Ranta H, Ranta K, Shah H. Black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. in human apical periodontitis. Infect Immun. 1986;53: 149-153.Article PubMed PMC PDF
15. Chen H. The correlation of black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. to symptoms associated with apical periodontitis. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1991;26: 70-72.PubMed
16. Griffee MB, Patterson SS, Miller CH, Kafrawy AH, Newton CW. The relationship of Bacteroides melaninogenicus to symptoms associated with pulpal necrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;50: 457-461.Article PubMed
17. Yoshida M, Fukushima H, Yamamoto K, Ogawa K, Toda T, Sagawa H. Correlation between clinical symptoms and microorganisms isolated from root canals with periapical lesions. J Endod. 1987;13: 24-28.PubMed
18. Hahn CL, Falkler WA Jr, Minah GE. Correlation between thermal sensitivity and microorganisms isolated from deep carious dentin. J Endod. 1993;19: 26-30.Article PubMed
19. Hashioka K, Suzuki K, Yoshida T, Nakane A, Horiba N, Nakamura H. Relationship between clinical symptoms and enzyme-producing bacteria isolated from infected root canals. J Endod. 1994;20: 75-77.Article PubMed
20. Gomes BP, Drucker DB, Lilley JD. Associations of specific bacteria with some endodontic signs and symptoms. Int Endod J. 1994;27: 291-298.PubMed
21. Gomes BP, Lilley JD, Drucker DB. Clinical significance of dental root canal microflora. J Dent. 1996;24: 47-55.Article PubMed
22. Olsen GJ. Microbial ecology. Variation among the masses. Nature. 1990;345: 20.Article PubMed PDF
23. Ward DM, Weller R, Bateson MM. 16S rRNA sequences reveal numerous uncultured microorganisms in a natural community. Nature. 1990;345: 63-65.Article PubMed PDF
24. Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleife KH. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev. 1995;59: 143-169.Article PubMed PMC PDF
25. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Souto R, de Uzeda M, Colombo AP. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis of endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89: 744-748.Article PubMed
26. Martin FE, Nadkarni MA, Jacques NA, Hunter N. Quantitative microbiological study of human carious dentine by culture and real-time PCR: association of anaerobes with histopathological changes in chronic pulpitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40: 1698-1704.Article PubMed PMC PDF
27. Jung IY, Choi B, Kum KY, Yoo YJ, Yoon TC, Lee SJ, Lee CY. Identification of oral spirochetes at the species level and their association with other bacteria in endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92: 329-334.Article PubMed
28. Baumgartner JC, Watts CM, Xia T. Occurrence of Candida albicans in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod. 2000;26: 695-698.Article PubMed
29. Ashimoto A, Chen C, Bakker I, Slots J. Polymerase chain reaction detection of 8 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of gingivitis and advanced periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1996;11: 266-273.PubMed
30. Bogen G, Slots J. Black-pigmented anaerobic rods in closed periapical lesions. Int Endod J. 1999;32: 204-210.Article PubMed PDF
31. Conrads G, Gharbia SE, Gulabivala K, Lampert F, Shah HN. The use of a 16S rDNA directed PCR for the detection of endodontopathogenic bacteria. J Endod. 1997;23: 433-438.Article PubMed
32. Goncalves RB, Mouton C. Molecular detection of Bacteroides forsythus in infected root canals. J Endod. 1999;25: 336-340.Article PubMed
33. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Favieri A, Santos KR. Detection of Treponema denticola in endodontic infections by 16S rRNA gene-directed polymerase chain reaction. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2000;15: 335-337.Article PubMed PDF
34. Siqueira JF Jr, Rjcas IN, Oliveira JC, Santos KR. Detection of putative oral pathogens in acute periradicular abscesses by 16S rDNA-directed polymerase chain reaction. J Endod. 2001;27: 164-167.Article PubMed
35. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Favieri A, Oliveira JC, Santos KR. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Treponema denticola in endodontic infections within root canals. Int Endod J. 2001;34: 280-284.Article PubMed PDF
36. Rupf S, Kannengiesser S, Merte K, Pfister W, Sigusch B, Eschrich K. Comparison of profiles of key periodontal pathogens in periodontium and endodontium. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000;16: 269-275.Article PubMed
37. Socransky SS, Jaffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25: 134-144.Article PubMed
38. Rocas IN, Siqueira JF Jr, Santos KR, Coelho AM. "Red complex" (Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) in endodontic infections: a molecular approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91: 468-471.Article PubMed
39. Sunde PT, Tronstad L, Eribe ER, Lind PO, Olsen I. Assessment of periradicular microbiota by DNA-DNA hybridization. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000;16: 191-196.Article PubMed
40. Jansson L, Ehnevid H, Blomlof L, Weintraub A, Lindskog S. Endodontic pathogens in periodontal disease augmentation. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22: 598-602.Article PubMed
41. Jansson L, Ehnevid H, Lindskog S, Blomlof L. The influence of endodontic infection on progression of marginal bone loss in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22: 729-734.Article PubMed
42. Baumgartner JC, Watkins BJ, Bae KS, Xia T. Association of black-pigmented bacteria with endodontic infections. J Endod. 1999;25: 413-415.Article PubMed
43. Fouad AF, Barry J, Caimano M, Clawson M, Zhu Q, Carver R, Hazlett K, Radolf JD. PCR-based identification of bacteria associated with endodontic infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40: 3223-3231.Article PubMed PMC PDF
44. Siqueira JF Jr, Rjcas IN, Oliveira JC, Santos KR. Molecular detection of black-pigmented bacteria in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod. 2001;27: 563-566.Article PubMed
45. Machado de Oliveira JC, Siqueira JF Jr, Alves GB, Hirata R Jr, Andrade AF. Detection of Porphyromonas endodontalis in infected root canals by 16S rRNA gene-directed polymerase chain reaction. J Endod. 2000;26: 729-732.Article PubMed
46. Slots J. Selective medium for isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15: 606-609.Article PubMed PMC PDF
47. Grenier D. Demonstration of a bimodal coaggregation reaction between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1992;7: 280-284.Article PubMed
48. Grenier D. Nutritional interactions between two suspected periodontopathogens, Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun. 1992;60: 5298-5301.Article PubMed PMC PDF
49. Simonson LG, McMahon KT, Childers DW, Morton HE. Bacterial synergy of Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis in a multinational population. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1992;7: 111-112.Article PubMed
50. Loesche WJ, Bretz WA, Kerschensteiner D, Stoll J, Socransky SS, Hujoel P, Lopatin DE. Development of a diagnostic test for anaerobic periodontal infections based on plaque hydrolysis of benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28: 1551-1559.Article PubMed PMC PDF
51. Kesavalu L, Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Virulence of a polymicrobic complex, Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis, in a murine model. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1998;13: 373-373.Article PubMed
52. Loesche WJ, Grossman NS. Periodontal disease as a specific, albeit chronic, infection: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14: 727-752.Article PubMed PMC PDF

Tables & Figures

Fig. 1

Table 1

PCR primer pairs used in this study for detection of putative endodontopathogens

Table 2

Distribution of bacteria in infection with apical lesions.

Table 3

Distribution of bacteria in fistula^*; Samples were obtained through the opening of the fistula, whereas the others from the infected the root canals.

Table 4

Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal sample of apical lesions, having symptoms of pain and/or swelling

Table 5

Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal samples of apical lesions without clinical symptoms

REFERENCES

1. Miller WD. Microorganisms of the human mouth. 1890;Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Co..
2. Dahlen G, Moller AJR. In: Slots J, Taubman MA, editors. Microbiology of endodontic infections. Contemporary oral microbiology and immunology. 1992;St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 444-475.
3. Kettering JD, Torabinejad M. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, editors. Microbiology and immunology. Pathways of the pulp. 1994;St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 363-376.
4. Sjogren U, et al. Influence of infection at the time of root filling on the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 297-306.PubMed
5. Haapasalo M. Black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes in endodontic infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1993;6: 213-218.Article PubMed
6. Sundqvist G. Bacteriological studies of necrotic dental pulps. Thesis. 1976;Umea University; Odontology, Dissertation No. 7.
7. Kobayashi T, Hayash A, Yoshikawa R, Okuda K, Hara K. The microbial flora from root canals and periodontal pockets of non-vital teeth associated with advanced periodontitis. Int Endod J. 1990;23: 100-106.Article PubMed
8. Van Winkelhoff AJ, Carlee AW, de Graaff J. Bacteroides endodontalis and other black-pigmented Bacteroides species in odontogenic abscesses. Infect Immun. 1985;49: 494-497.Article PubMed PMC PDF
9. Haapasalo M. Bacteroides spp. in dental root canal infections. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1989;5: 1-10.Article PubMed
10. Sundqvist G, Johansson E, Sjogren U. Prevalence of black-pigmented Bacteroides species in root canal infections. J Endod. 1989;15: 13-19.Article PubMed
11. Tanner A, Stillman N. Oral and dental infections with anaerobic bacteria: clinical features, predominant pathogens, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16: Suppl 4. S304-S309.Article PubMed
12. Baumgartner JC, Falkler WA Jr. Reactivity of IgG from explant cultures of periapical lesions with implicated microorganisms. J Endod. 1991;17: 207-212.Article PubMed
13. Tanner A, Stillman N. Oral and dental infections with anaerobic bacteria: clinical features, predominant pathogens and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16: Suppl 4. S304-S309.Article PubMed
14. Haapasalo M, Ranta H, Ranta K, Shah H. Black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. in human apical periodontitis. Infect Immun. 1986;53: 149-153.Article PubMed PMC PDF
15. Chen H. The correlation of black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. to symptoms associated with apical periodontitis. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1991;26: 70-72.PubMed
16. Griffee MB, Patterson SS, Miller CH, Kafrawy AH, Newton CW. The relationship of Bacteroides melaninogenicus to symptoms associated with pulpal necrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;50: 457-461.Article PubMed
17. Yoshida M, Fukushima H, Yamamoto K, Ogawa K, Toda T, Sagawa H. Correlation between clinical symptoms and microorganisms isolated from root canals with periapical lesions. J Endod. 1987;13: 24-28.PubMed
18. Hahn CL, Falkler WA Jr, Minah GE. Correlation between thermal sensitivity and microorganisms isolated from deep carious dentin. J Endod. 1993;19: 26-30.Article PubMed
19. Hashioka K, Suzuki K, Yoshida T, Nakane A, Horiba N, Nakamura H. Relationship between clinical symptoms and enzyme-producing bacteria isolated from infected root canals. J Endod. 1994;20: 75-77.Article PubMed
20. Gomes BP, Drucker DB, Lilley JD. Associations of specific bacteria with some endodontic signs and symptoms. Int Endod J. 1994;27: 291-298.PubMed
21. Gomes BP, Lilley JD, Drucker DB. Clinical significance of dental root canal microflora. J Dent. 1996;24: 47-55.Article PubMed
22. Olsen GJ. Microbial ecology. Variation among the masses. Nature. 1990;345: 20.Article PubMed PDF
23. Ward DM, Weller R, Bateson MM. 16S rRNA sequences reveal numerous uncultured microorganisms in a natural community. Nature. 1990;345: 63-65.Article PubMed PDF
24. Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleife KH. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev. 1995;59: 143-169.Article PubMed PMC PDF
25. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Souto R, de Uzeda M, Colombo AP. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis of endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89: 744-748.Article PubMed
26. Martin FE, Nadkarni MA, Jacques NA, Hunter N. Quantitative microbiological study of human carious dentine by culture and real-time PCR: association of anaerobes with histopathological changes in chronic pulpitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40: 1698-1704.Article PubMed PMC PDF
27. Jung IY, Choi B, Kum KY, Yoo YJ, Yoon TC, Lee SJ, Lee CY. Identification of oral spirochetes at the species level and their association with other bacteria in endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92: 329-334.Article PubMed
28. Baumgartner JC, Watts CM, Xia T. Occurrence of Candida albicans in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod. 2000;26: 695-698.Article PubMed
29. Ashimoto A, Chen C, Bakker I, Slots J. Polymerase chain reaction detection of 8 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of gingivitis and advanced periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1996;11: 266-273.PubMed
30. Bogen G, Slots J. Black-pigmented anaerobic rods in closed periapical lesions. Int Endod J. 1999;32: 204-210.Article PubMed PDF
31. Conrads G, Gharbia SE, Gulabivala K, Lampert F, Shah HN. The use of a 16S rDNA directed PCR for the detection of endodontopathogenic bacteria. J Endod. 1997;23: 433-438.Article PubMed
32. Goncalves RB, Mouton C. Molecular detection of Bacteroides forsythus in infected root canals. J Endod. 1999;25: 336-340.Article PubMed
33. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Favieri A, Santos KR. Detection of Treponema denticola in endodontic infections by 16S rRNA gene-directed polymerase chain reaction. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2000;15: 335-337.Article PubMed PDF
34. Siqueira JF Jr, Rjcas IN, Oliveira JC, Santos KR. Detection of putative oral pathogens in acute periradicular abscesses by 16S rDNA-directed polymerase chain reaction. J Endod. 2001;27: 164-167.Article PubMed
35. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Favieri A, Oliveira JC, Santos KR. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Treponema denticola in endodontic infections within root canals. Int Endod J. 2001;34: 280-284.Article PubMed PDF
36. Rupf S, Kannengiesser S, Merte K, Pfister W, Sigusch B, Eschrich K. Comparison of profiles of key periodontal pathogens in periodontium and endodontium. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000;16: 269-275.Article PubMed
37. Socransky SS, Jaffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25: 134-144.Article PubMed
38. Rocas IN, Siqueira JF Jr, Santos KR, Coelho AM. "Red complex" (Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) in endodontic infections: a molecular approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91: 468-471.Article PubMed
39. Sunde PT, Tronstad L, Eribe ER, Lind PO, Olsen I. Assessment of periradicular microbiota by DNA-DNA hybridization. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000;16: 191-196.Article PubMed
40. Jansson L, Ehnevid H, Blomlof L, Weintraub A, Lindskog S. Endodontic pathogens in periodontal disease augmentation. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22: 598-602.Article PubMed
41. Jansson L, Ehnevid H, Lindskog S, Blomlof L. The influence of endodontic infection on progression of marginal bone loss in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22: 729-734.Article PubMed
42. Baumgartner JC, Watkins BJ, Bae KS, Xia T. Association of black-pigmented bacteria with endodontic infections. J Endod. 1999;25: 413-415.Article PubMed
43. Fouad AF, Barry J, Caimano M, Clawson M, Zhu Q, Carver R, Hazlett K, Radolf JD. PCR-based identification of bacteria associated with endodontic infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40: 3223-3231.Article PubMed PMC PDF
44. Siqueira JF Jr, Rjcas IN, Oliveira JC, Santos KR. Molecular detection of black-pigmented bacteria in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod. 2001;27: 563-566.Article PubMed
45. Machado de Oliveira JC, Siqueira JF Jr, Alves GB, Hirata R Jr, Andrade AF. Detection of Porphyromonas endodontalis in infected root canals by 16S rRNA gene-directed polymerase chain reaction. J Endod. 2000;26: 729-732.Article PubMed
46. Slots J. Selective medium for isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15: 606-609.Article PubMed PMC PDF
47. Grenier D. Demonstration of a bimodal coaggregation reaction between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1992;7: 280-284.Article PubMed
48. Grenier D. Nutritional interactions between two suspected periodontopathogens, Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun. 1992;60: 5298-5301.Article PubMed PMC PDF
49. Simonson LG, McMahon KT, Childers DW, Morton HE. Bacterial synergy of Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis in a multinational population. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1992;7: 111-112.Article PubMed
50. Loesche WJ, Bretz WA, Kerschensteiner D, Stoll J, Socransky SS, Hujoel P, Lopatin DE. Development of a diagnostic test for anaerobic periodontal infections based on plaque hydrolysis of benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28: 1551-1559.Article PubMed PMC PDF
51. Kesavalu L, Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Virulence of a polymicrobic complex, Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis, in a murine model. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1998;13: 373-373.Article PubMed
52. Loesche WJ, Grossman NS. Periodontal disease as a specific, albeit chronic, infection: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14: 727-752.Article PubMed PMC PDF

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Distribution of oral pathogens in infections of endodontic origin

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28(4):303-313. Published online July 31, 2003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.4.303

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Figure

Distribution of oral pathogens in infections of endodontic origin

Fig. 1 Electrophoresis results of PCR amplification of the control reference DNA of standard bacterial strains. Lanes: M, 100 bp molecular marker; 1, ubiquitous (602 bp); 2, A. actinomycetemcomitans (557 bp); 3, Pr. intermedia (575 bp); 4, Pr. nigrescens (804 bp); P. endodontalis (672 bp); P. gingivalis (404 bp); T. denticola (316 bp).

Fig. 1

Distribution of oral pathogens in infections of endodontic origin

Table 1

PCR primer pairs used in this study for detection of putative endodontopathogens

Table 2

Distribution of bacteria in infection with apical lesions.

Table 3

Distribution of bacteria in fistula^*; Samples were obtained through the opening of the fistula, whereas the others from the infected the root canals.

Table 4

Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal sample of apical lesions, having symptoms of pain and/or swelling

Table 5

Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal samples of apical lesions without clinical symptoms

Table 1 PCR primer pairs used in this study for detection of putative endodontopathogens

Table 2 Distribution of bacteria in infection with apical lesions.

Table 3 Distribution of bacteria in fistula*; Samples were obtained through the opening of the fistula, whereas the others from the infected the root canals.

Table 4 Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal sample of apical lesions, having symptoms of pain and/or swelling

Table 5 Distribution of bacteria in necrotic root canal samples of apical lesions without clinical symptoms