KACD
Articles
- Page Path
- HOME > Restor Dent Endod > Volume 41(3); 2016 > Article
- Review Article Criteria for clinical translucency evaluation of direct esthetic restorative materials
- Yong-Keun Lee
-
2016;41(3):-166.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.159
Published online: June 28, 2016
Institute for Clinical Performance of Biomaterials (ICPB) and ETN Dental Clinic, Seoul, Korea. JFIF d d Ducky d qhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ |er˭|I|-fGK.rΛp8XV1%K6mvG+tc+qE &ǸC_Nm:l=_/m5^[dߌڇ.c<%:)tQ$Ow~-aY;UJ >=F)2[nk؆?훐 M=l6[4(O.]2#-H^n#->&mp5~Fӛ+|| S,xag% qkEUzUgæBhߕP(7]kFnq?֖Cpru Z6*rEڊtS|*tI*E}7R<,nUU֫^I7Q*mSly%rdȓd8hE<9oHhMfNSRj[i7D[Rj݊+kდq{"$$H?p \̅S?㭻;t~ R߁ )^/>Qj`yt[w ԛ;² ~+ ߔ_ YW~|o] ?x^ᯛ `ʼn;g)T@vWn]>&4l p+$D̢1l|ȨF%-} .9[}w~
ԠLM9hСablfe&QoW !s ?wjLK?s7yO>(=C~_nyǜu? v 3vyo oI@qV-jeES^[9WoSܝh"l2C1a͔CiJ@3:Pճw= /7ovuk+\V;lDgն <[A+r X~d;m!_s8ݖ;;.0llUC+?i#_crʙ1~C.\q u l8Hܶ2m`ܻM3Tov|Bs rɵ"oLS-
DКw=Tv@f '6|YlD͓Y%-#Ѯo%:&!3o%\J<02;K87>^vgƓ# ;ݝmz^Y6=PS39U%~
&f#
}o!muH; ʲŇ˷yvP+&.7e[3'vR4Yj̗IZ`e˽3o[WU{
m[sUbۋZǾۆl6~9'V*.\S2<Sd*zY[aŶ`]C$n.v^Ʌ
dng>ەZ,Mmϑ :n6nϦezW qUJ4! ۇ4R! =>>F n|Q[{pRO 17ƕ~._I ''00k=b՛o}Osðc2'o\3}ݭQ^ 2 . R1yKȣtAݿ-u ܾw!`?1Whn|gzU o[ECWwjUIן)^h#1ɭ!/Z
np;o;ΗŻkXs."6E`Z1
עӐ9Kl8qd q} 2Stt;#j>;խabONŗ=fwP1j)l6J̶|gV 2`y/0E˛6+ԫ1?
6}KW c\KoKͨ2ۅFws*TԞLיuDx .kCzWXhy۶gLu|%TnupǺl-S* P RaLnT+c+*xl.v!.U=|; !_L̎뱚U=4hm:ٯ"y)$:>%(n}X'p[ȴ
^˒4kƓmzDx
\
'Nq amP7nyN݅=
- Correspondence to Yong-Keun Lee, DDS, PhD. Director, Institute for Clinical Performance of Biomaterials (ICPB) and ETN Dental Clinic, 106-B101, 27 Heukseokhangang-ro, Dongjakgu, Seoul, Korea 06981. TEL, +82-2-816-1616; FAX, + 82-2-816-0606; ykleedm@gmail.com
• Received: February 23, 2016 • Accepted: May 15, 2016
©Copyrights 2016. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- 1,667 Views
- 16 Download
- 49 Crossref
Abstract
- The purpose of this review was to suggest practical criteria for the clinical translucency evaluation of direct esthetic restorative materials, and to review the translucency with these criteria. For the evaluation of reported translucency values, measuring instrument and method, specimen thickness, background color, and illumination should be scrutinized. Translucency parameter (TP) of 15 to 19 could be regarded as the translucency of 1 mm thick human enamel. Visual perceptibility threshold for translucency difference in contrast ratio (ΔCR) of 0.07 could be transformed into ΔTP value of 2. Translucency differences between direct and indirect resin composites were perceivable (ΔTP > 2). Universal and corresponding flowable resin composites did not show perceivable translucency differences in most products. Translucency differed significantly by the product within each shade group, and by the shade group within each product. Translucency of human enamel and perceptibility threshold for translucency difference may be used as criteria for the clinical evaluation of translucency of esthetic restorative materials.
Introduction
Translucency in esthetic restorative materials induces the depth of color in restorations, and also influences the color harmonization with surrounding or adjacent teeth/restorations.1,2,3 Optical performance of restorations may be compromised by poor shade blending of opaque restorative materials at the tooth interface.4 For the measurements of optical properties, the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates and the CIE standard illuminants are generally used.5 For the determination of translucency, two indices such as translucency parameter (TP) and contrast ratio (CR) have been widely used.6,7 TP is obtained by calculating the color difference of a specimen over two backgrounds: TP = [(LW* - LB*)2 + (aW* - aB*)2+ (bW* - bB*)2]1/2, where subscript W refers to the color coordinates over an ideal white background and subscript B refers to those over an ideal black background.6 CR is calculated from the spectral reflectance (Y) of the specimens over black (Yb) and white (Yw) backgrounds to give Yb/Yw.7 Mean CR is calculated as the averaged CR values at each wavelength (10 nm intervals) in the range of 400 to 700 nm.8,9 Since it has been confirmed that TP and CR values are highly correlated,8,9 they might be used interchangeably.
Care must be taken when comparing the translucency values based on different studies because technical details for measurements must be matched, or adjustments must be made.10 Therefore, for the evaluation of translucency based on reported values, the followings should be checked thoroughly: (1) Measuring instrument and method should be specified because both of them influence the values.9 Reflection spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere could be regarded as a reference instrument; (2) Thickness of specimen influences the translucency values.9,11 Regression equations that can reflect the influence of the thickness on the translucency values might be established.9 However, these equations would be influenced by the measurement methods; (3) Optical properties of backgrounds used for translucency measurement should be specified.12 As reference values for ideal backgrounds, the CIE color coordinates of background were reported as CIE L* = 94.3, a* = -0.4, and b* = 1.4 for the white background, CIE L* = 0.2, a* = 0.4, and b* = -0.6 for the black background and CIE L* = 0.0, a* = 0.0, and b* = 0.0 for a zero calibration box in a previous study.12 The translucency values may also be modified which would reflect the color difference of the two backgrounds such as TPcomparative = color difference of a specimen over white and black backgrounds/color difference of white and black backgrounds themselves; (4) Illuminating conditions influence the translucency values.13,14 Generally used illuminant such as the CIE illuminant D65 could be regarded as a reference illuminant.
In a previous review on the translucency of dental substances,3 the following subjects such as translucency of teeth, clinical relevance of translucency, measuring methods, and the control of translucency in esthetic materials were reviewed. The purpose of the present review was to suggest criteria for the clinical translucency evaluation, and to review the translucency of direct esthetic restorative materials based on translucency of human enamel and the visual perceptibility threshold for the translucency difference. For this, PubMed search up to 2015 was carried out for papers on the translucency of direct esthetic restorative materials published in English. Additional articles were searched by hand-searching based on the references of the included papers. Search results from other major databases were overlapping to those from PubMed and hand-searching. As to the statistical significance of the results in the present article, it was regarded as significant if the p value was lower than 0.05.
Review
The criteria for the clinical evaluation of translucency were established from two aspects: (1) whether the values are similar to those of human enamel, or (2) whether the differences between the compared materials are perceivable by the naked eyes.
1. Translucency of human teeth
Translucency of human teeth should be the reference in the translucency assessment of esthetic restorative materials.3 As to the translucency of intact teeth, translucency differences in human maxillary central incisors by anatomic locations were analyzed, and was reported that the transmission ranged from 0.13 to 0.65%, which decreased from incisal to cervical area.15 Translucency of human central incisors was measured using a spectroradiometer,16 and the color difference over white and black cloths behind the intraoral teeth was reported as TP. As results, translucency decreased from the incisal to cervical, where TP of incisal site was approximately 15, which decreased to around 5 at cervical site. However, these values were based on whole teeth, whereas restorations are usually built up by layering technique.
As to the translucency of separated enamel and dentin, it was reported that the light transmission of human enamel increased as the incident light wavelength increased.17 Translucency of human and bovine enamel/dentin was determined by use of TP and CR.9 In this study, two spectrophotometers with different aperture sizes of 3 mm round (TP3) and 3 × 8 mm rectangular aperture (TP38) were used. As results, mean TP3 values of 1 mm thick bovine enamel, bovine dentin, human enamel and human dentin were 14.7, 15.2, 18.7, and 16.4, respectively. It was also confirmed that the translucency of enamel and dentin increased in proportion to wavelength in the visible range (correlation coefficient: r = 0.87 - 0.91).9
In addition to the translucency value itself, optical anisotropy of teeth should be another consideration. Translucency of an object is estimated in a consistent way across different shapes and lighting conditions to some extent (translucency constancy). However, humans also show significant failures of translucency constancy across changes in lighting direction.18 Transmitted light intensities in the direction perpendicular or parallel to the approximal surface of tooth were compared to account for a directional dependence of light fluxes.19 The results indicated that the mean ratio of the transmitted intensities in perpendicular and parallel direction was 0.86 for enamel and 2.88 for dentin.
TP of 1516 to 199 might be regarded as the value of 1 mm thick human enamel, which could be suggested as the first criterion for translucency evaluation.
2. Visual perceptibility threshold of translucency
Relationship between a translucency index (CR) and the subjective visual assessment of differences in the translucency of dental porcelains with different opacities was determined.20 Translucency range of group A (CR = 0.20 to 0.40) was equivalent to that of enamel porcelain, whereas group B (CR = 0.60 to 0.80) represented dentin porcelain translucency based on 1 mm thick specimens. Each observer's ability to distinguish between specimens of different translucencies was determined by calculating the mean perceivable minimal difference in CR (ΔCR), which was named as 'translucency perception threshold (TPT)'. As results, when pooling the data for two light conditions (transmitted and reflected lights) and two porcelain types, mean ΔCR of three observer groups was 0.09 for students, 0.08 for residents, and 0.04 for faculty. The overall mean TPT of all observers was 0.07. In high translucent group (CR = 0.20 to 0.40), mean TPT was lower than that of low translucent group (CR = 0.60 to 0.80) under both lights. Therefore, translucency difference in CR (ΔCR) of 0.07 was regarded as the perceivable limit, which could be suggested as the second criterion of the present review. Since this value was determined based on CR,20 the need for an establishment of correlation between the translucency indices was raised for the application of this value to another index (TP).
3. Correlation between translucency indices
Since translucency values varied by the measurement protocols, correlations among them should be confirmed. Correlations among the translucency values based on different measurement methods were reviewed in this section.
TP and light transmittance (%T) were positively correlated (r = 0.63) based on 1 mm thick resin composites.21 CR increased in inverse proportion to TP (r = -0.93) based on resin composites and an all-ceramic material with the thickness of 0.8, 1.3, and 1.8 mm.22 Based on varied shades and brands of resin composites, the correlation between TP and CR was determined based on 1 mm thick specimens.8 As results, a regression equation 'TP = -28.2 × (mean CR value) + 32.8' was obtained (r = -0.84). Applying this equation, threshold ΔCR value for TPT of 0.0720 could be transformed into ΔTP value of 2 when TP values were around those of human enamel (TP = 15 to 19).
TP and CR of human and bovine enamel/dentin were determined.9 Mean CR values of human and bovine enamel/dentin were negatively correlated with TP (r = -0.93 to -0.78) based on a spectrophotometric readings with 3 mm round aperture (TP3). Regression equations between TP3 and mean CR of human enamel and dentin were TP3 = -36.3 × (mean CR) + 38.9 (coefficient of determination: r2 = 0.83) and TP3 = -22.9 × (mean CR) + 29.2 (r2 = 0.62), respectively.
Based on TP values of human and bovine enamel/dentin,9 correlations in these values by the measurement methods were also reported. Two spectrophotometers with different aperture sizes of 3 mm round aperture (TP3) or 3 × 8 mm rectangular aperture (TP38) were used. The results showed significant correlations between TP values measured with two apertures. Mean TP3/TP38 values of 1 mm thick bovine enamel, bovine dentin, and human dentin were 14.7/18.3, 15.2/21.1, and16.4/21.7, respectively (r = 0.87 - 0.98). Regression equation between TP values of human dentin were TP38 = 1.0 × TP3 + 5.1 (r2 = 0.77). As to the influence of thickness, ranges of thickness in bovine enamel, bovine dentin, human enamel, and human dentin specimens were 0.9 - 1.3, 1.0 - 2.0, 0.9 - 1.6, and 0.7 - 1.6 mm, respectively. TP values increased in inverse proportion to the thickness (r = 0.80 - 0.90). Regression equations between TP of human enamel/dentin and the thickness (mm) of specimens were TP3 = -12.7 × thickness + 31.4 (r2 = 0.64) and TP3 = -9.3 × thickness + 25.7 (r2 = 0.71), respectively.
1. Translucency variations by type or shade of resin composites
There have been studies that compared the translucency of resin composites. Comparisons were made by (1) the type of resin composites, (2) shade groups such as dentin, enamel, translucent, incisal and opaque shades, and/or (3) brand of composites. Translucency of resin composites was also compared with other kinds of direct esthetic materials.
1) Difference by type of resin composites
Translucency differences between direct/indirect, universal/flowable, or other types of resin composites were determined. As to the translucency differences between direct and indirect resin composites, translucency of indirect (BelleGlass NG, BG, Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) and direct (Estelite Sigma, ES, Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan) resin composites, each composed of three shade groups, was compared based on 1 mm thick specimens.23 As results, mean TP after curing were in the range of 10.0 (BG-opaceous dentin shade) to 21.5 (BG-enamel shade) (Figure 1). BG material showed a wider range of TP values than ES. Therefore, translucency variations should be considered when an indirect resin composite restoration is repaired with direct composites. Since the differences in TP by the material and shade group combination were higher than 2, the differences were perceivable.
Translucency of flowable resin composites was compared with the corresponding shade universal composites of the same brand based on 2 mm thick specimens.24 As results, flowable composites revealed higher TP values in three of four brands (Table 1), and color difference between flowable and the corresponding universal resin composites was influenced by their translucency difference. Therefore, translucency differences between two types of composites should be reconsidered when two composites are used at the same. However, the differences in TP were not perceivable in three brands (ΔTP < 2).
TP values of flowable bulk-filling resin composites at various thicknesses (1 to 6 mm) were evaluated.11,25 This type of composites can be filled in bulk up to 4 mm, which is used basically for primary teeth. Bulk-filling composites and conventional flowable/universal composites were investigated. As results, TP values were significantly correlated with the thickness of specimens. In bulk-filling composites, translucency was observed for thicknesses up to 5 to 6 mm, whereas it was observed up to 2 to 3 mm in flowable/universal composites. Therefore, bulk-filling composites showed less masking ability than the conventional composites. Translucency of composite framework materials was also determined.26 As results, glass-fiber-reinforced framework materials were nearly as translucent as the veneering dentin composite. However, these materials affected the color of the prosthesis if the thickness of the framework material was increased beyond a certain point (0.5 mm).
2) Difference by shade group
As to the translucency difference by the shade group and/or brand, translucency of seven brands of resin composites with three shade groups (dentin, enamel, and translucent) were compared based on TP and light transmittance (%T).21 As results, TP differed significantly by the brand within each shade group, and by the shade group within each brand. The results also showed strong correlation in translucency within each brand of resin composites except one brand (r = 0.76 - 0.99), and moderate correlation within each shade group (r = 0.40 - 0.53).
TP of resin composites at various thicknesses (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm) was evaluated by the shade group of enamel, opaque, and body shades.27 In this study, black (CIE L* = 29.4, a* = -0.9, and b* = 0.1) and white (L* = 93.6, a* = -2.0, and b* = 3.5) backgrounds were used. The results indicated that the opaque shades were less translucent than the other shades, and that translucency increased exponentially as thickness was reduced regardless of the shade group. TP values of 1 mm thick specimens were 6.1 to 12.3 in one brand, and 7.4 to 13.1 in the other brand. TP values of 1 mm thick specimens were lower than those of human enamel (TP = 15 to 19) probably because the backgrounds used were not ideal black or white color.
TP and masking efficiency of opaque shade resin composites were determined.28 As results, opaque shade composites were less translucent than usual shade composites. Therefore, opaque shade composites might effectively mask the dark background color. Translucency of opaque shade (OA2) and conventional shade (A2) resin composites were evaluated based on 2 mm thick specimens.29 As results, TP values of OA2 were smaller than those of A2 for all the products investigated. TP values were 3.6 to 5.1 in A2 shade and 1.7 to 4.9 in OA2 shade, and the difference by the brand was significant. Adequate thickness range of opaque shade resin composites for masking the black oral cavity and discolored tooth structure was determined within the thickness range of 0.5 to 4 mm by 0.5 mm interval.30 Six opaque shade resin composites were investigated, and four backgrounds such as white tile, black tile, Vita C4 shade porcelain and opaque resin itself were used to determine TP, and to mimic a black oral cavity and a discolored tooth structure. As results, TP decreased in similar pattern as thickness increased. C4 background was masked with opaque resin thicknesses of 0.5 to 1 mm, while the black background required thicknesses of 1 to 2 mm.
2. Sorting of translucency in resin composites
A wide range of translucency values indicates the need for establishment of reference points in sorting these values.31 TP of eight brands of resin composites (total 41 shades) were sorted based on 1 mm thick specimens (Figure 2 and Table 2).8 Since TP varied from 8.5 to 20.6, they were arbitrary divided into three groups at the TP values of 13 and 18 (Figure 2). Since the difference in TP between two reference values was 5, translucency difference between resin composites belonging to different groups was perceivable (ΔTP > 2). In this previous study published in 2008,8 no definitive clinical implication could be stated since there were no established criteria on the proper or acceptable translucency for esthetic restorative materials at that time. Instead, tentative sorting was made by dividing the TP values into three groups. According to TP value distribution of the study and because most of the investigated composites showed TP values within 13.0 to 18.0, translucency values were sorted into low, medium, and high groups. However, it should be remembered that the sorting was arbitrary for convenience.
Dividing translucency of resin composites into three equal segments was another solution.31 Therefore, TP of microhybrid (MH) and microfill (MF) resin composites were divided into three equal parts representing low, medium, and high translucency based on 2 mm thick specimens. As results, 15 shades of MH and 6 shades of MF were found to be of low translucency (TP = 0.9 - 2.0), 5 shades of MH and 1 shade of MF were of medium translucency (TP = 2.1 - 3.1), and 6 shades of MH and no MF shades were highly translucent (TP = 3.2 - 4.3). Since the color of black (CIE L* = 24.5, a* = -0.01, and b* = -0.4) and white (L* = 66.3, a* = -1.3, and b* = -4.0) backgrounds used in this study was far from ideal, TP values were relatively low.
Modifying these two papers,8,31 translucency of resin composites might be sorted into several groups considering the perceivable threshold and the translucency of human enamel. Further studies including direct and indirect esthetic restorative materials should be performed.
3. Glass ionomer based materials
As to the translucency of glass ionomer based materials, opacity of glass ionomers were compared with that of resin composites.32 In 1983, newer glass ionomers were found to be more translucent than the first generation of glass ionomers. However, the opacity still needed to be reduced to reach the level of resin composite. With resin modified glass ionomers,33 translucency values varied according to whether the material had been subjected to light curing or cured through the acid-base reaction alone. As results, light cured specimens were found to be only marginally more translucent than those allowed to set without irradiation. Changes in the translucency of experimental 10 to 50% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-added glass ionomers after 5,000 cycles of thermocycling were determined.34 As results, changes in TP were in the range of -3.5 to 0.2, and were influenced by the HEMA content and powder shade.
Conclusions
The criteria for the clinical evaluation of translucency were established from two aspects: (1) whether the values are similar to those of human enamel, and (2) whether the differences between the compared pairs are perceivable by the naked eyes. TP from 15 to 19 could be regarded as the value of 1 mm thick human enamel. Translucency difference in contrast ratio (ΔCR) of 0.07 was regarded as the perceivable limit, which could be transformed into ΔTP value of 2.
Comparisons of translucency were made by the type of resin composites such as direct/indirect or universal/flowable composites, and by the shade groups such as dentin, enamel, translucent, incisal and opaque shades. As to the difference between direct and indirect composites, the differences in TP values by the material and shade group were higher than 2. As to the difference between universal and flowable composites of the same brand and shade, the differences in TP values were lower than 2 in most brands. As to the difference by the shade group, TP value differed significantly by the brand within each shade group, and by the shade group within each brand. A wide range of TP values indicated the need for establishment of reference values for the interpretation of the values. Therefore, translucency of resin composites was categorized at the TP value of 13 and 18 as low, medium, and high translucency (1 mm thick), or divided into three equal segments.
The criteria proposed in the present article and the results of translucency evaluations could be used as guidelines for the clinical evaluation of translucency in direct esthetic restorative materials.
- 1. Lee YK, Yu B, Lee SH, Cho MS, Lee CY, Lim HN. Shade compatibility of esthetic restorative materials-a review. Dent Mater 2010;26:1119-1126.ArticlePubMed
- 2. Lee YK, Yu B, Zhao GF, Lim JI. Color assimilation of resin composites with adjacent color according to the distance. J Esthet Restor Dent 2015;27(Supplement 1):S24-S32.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 3. Lee YK. Translucency of human teeth and dental restorative materials and its clinical relevance. J Biomed Opt 2015;20:045002.ArticlePubMed
- 4. Mourouzis P, Koulaouzidou EA, Palaghias G, Helvatjoglu-Antoniades M. Color match of resin composites to intact tooth structure. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015;13:e259-e265.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 5. CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage). Colorimetry - technical report, CIE Pub. No. 15. 3rd ed. Vienna: Bureau Central de la CIE; 2004.
- 6. Johnston WM, Ma T, Kienle BH. Translucency parameter of colorants for maxillofacial prostheses. Int J Prosthodont 1995;8:79-86.PubMed
- 7. Miyagawa Y, Powers JM, O'Brien WJ. Optical properties of direct restorative materials. J Dent Res 1981;60:890-894.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 8. Yu B, Lee YK. Translucency of varied brand and shade of resin composites. Am J Dent 2008;21:229-232.PubMed
- 9. Yu B, Ahn JS, Lee YK. Measurement of translucency of tooth enamel and dentin. Acta Odontol Scand 2009;67:57-64.ArticlePubMed
- 10. Johnston WM. Review of translucency determinations and applications to dental materials. J Esthet Restor Dent 2014;26:217-223.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 11. Lassila LV, Nagas E, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Translucency of flowable bulk-filling composites of various thicknesses. Chin J Dent Res 2012;15:31-35.PubMed
- 12. Lee YK, Lu H, Powers JM. Optical properties of four esthetic restorative materials after accelerated aging. Am J Dent 2006;19:155-158.PubMed
- 13. Lee YK. Changes in the translucency of porcelain and repairing resin composite by the illumination. Dent Mater 2007;23:492-497.ArticlePubMed
- 14. Ahn JS, Lee YK. Difference in the translucency of all-ceramics by the illuminant. Dent Mater 2008;24:1539-1544.ArticlePubMed
- 15. Xiong F, Chao Y, Zhu Z. Translucency of newly extracted maxillary central incisors at nine locations. J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:11-17.ArticlePubMed
- 16. Hasegawa A, Ikeda I, Kawaguchi S. Color and translucency of in vivo natural central incisors. J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:418-423.ArticlePubMed
- 17. Brodbelt RH, O'Brien WJ, Fan PL, Frazer-Dib JG, Yu R. Translucency of human dental enamel. J Dent Res 1981;60:1749-1753.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 18. Xiao B, Walter B, Gkioulekas I, Zickler T, Adelson E, Bala K. Looking against the light: how perception of translucency depends on lighting direction. J Vis 2014;14:17.Article
- 19. Vaarkamp J, ten Bosch JJ, Verdonschot EH. Propagation of light through human dental enamel and dentine. Caries Res 1995;29:8-13.ArticlePubMed
- 20. Liu MC, Aquilino SA, Lund PS, Vargas MA, Diaz-Arnold AM, Gratton DG, Qian F. Human perception of dental porcelain translucency correlated to spectrophotometric measurements. J Prosthodont 2010;19:187-193.ArticlePubMed
- 21. Kim DH, Park SH. Evaluation of resin composite translucency by two different methods. Oper Dent 2013;38:E1-E15.ArticlePDF
- 22. Lee SH, Lee YK, Lim BS. Influence of thermocycling on the optical properties of laboratory resin composites and an all-ceramic material. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004;15:1221-1226.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 23. Woo ST, Yu B, Ahn JS, Lee YK. Comparison of translucency between indirect and direct resin composites. J Dent 2008;36:637-642.ArticlePubMed
- 24. Yu B, Lee YK. Differences in color, translucency and fluorescence between flowable and universal resin composites. J Dent 2008;36:840-846.ArticlePubMed
- 25. Kim EH, Jung KH, Son SA, Hur B, Kwon YH, Park JK. Effect of resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Restor Dent Endod 2015;40:128-135.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 26. Nakamura T, Tanaka H, Kawamura Y, Wakabayashi K. Translucency of glass-fibre-reinforced composite materials. J Oral Rehabil 2004;31:817-821.ArticlePubMed
- 27. Kamishima N, Ikeda T, Sano H. Color and translucency of resin composites for layering techniques. Dent Mater J 2005;24:428-432.ArticlePubMed
- 28. Ikeda T, Murata Y, Sano H. Translucency of opaque-shade resin composites. Am J Dent 2004;17:127-130.PubMed
- 29. Ikeda T, Sidhu SK, Omata Y, Fujita M, Sano H. Colour and translucency of opaque-shades and body-shades of resin composites. Eur J Oral Sci 2005;113:170-173.ArticlePubMed
- 30. Kim SJ, Son HH, Cho BH, Lee IB, Um CM. Translucency and masking ability of various opaque-shade composite resins. J Dent 2009;37:102-107.ArticlePubMed
- 31. Paravina RD, Ontiveros JC, Powers JM. Accelerated aging effects on color and translucency of bleaching-shade composites. J Esthet Restor Dent 2004;16:117-126.ArticlePubMed
- 32. Asmussen E. Opacity of glass-ionomer cements. Acta Odontol Scand 1983;41:155-157.ArticlePubMed
- 33. Mount GJ, Patel C, Makinson OF. Resin modified glass-ionomers: strength, cure depth and translucency. Aust Dent J 2002;47:339-343.ArticlePubMed
- 34. Lee YK, Yu B, Zhao GF, Lim JI. Effects of aging and HEMA content on the translucency, fluorescence, and opalescence properties of experimental HEMA-added glass ionomers. Dent Mater J 2010;29:9-14.ArticlePubMed
REFERENCES
Figure 1
Mean TP values of each shade group of indirect (BG) and direct resin composites (ES). This figure was cited from the reference 23.
TP, translucency parameter; BG, BelleGlass NG, (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA); ES, Estelite Sigma (Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan); EN, enamel; OD, opacious dentin; TL, translucent layer; BS, basic; AS, additional; OP, opaque; BEC, before curing; CIC, curing in the curing chamber; CWL, curing with curing light.
Figure 2
Categorization of TP values of resin composites. This figure was cited from the reference 8.
TP, translucency parameter; GLC, Glacier (SDI Limited, Victoria, Autsria); FZ3, Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); FSP, Filtek Supreme (3M ESPE); CRX, Ceram X mono (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany).
Table 1
TP values of flowable and universal resin composites
| Brand | Flowable | Universal |
|---|---|---|
| ES | 12.7 ± 0.5 | 11.2 ± 0.7 |
| FZ | 11.0 ± 0.3 | 11.2 ± 0.5 |
| GC | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.4 |
| TE | 15.7 ± 1.1 | 12.3 ± 0.7 |
This table was cited from the reference 24.
ES, Estelite Flow Quick, Estelite Sigma (Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan); FZ, Filtek Z350 flowable, Filtek Z350 Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); GC, Unifil Flow, Gradia Direct (GC, Tokyo, Japan); TE, Tetric Flow, Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent AG., Schaan, Liechtenstein).
Table 2
TP values of resin composites
This table was cited from the reference 8.
GRD, Gradia Direct (GC, Tokyo, Japan); GRO, Gradio (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany); PO4, Point 4 (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA); PRM, Premise (Kerr).
aHigh translucent material.
Tables & Figures
REFERENCES
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Comprehensive characterization of tobacco-induced changes in enamel surface topography
Tamanna Kaur, Ramya Ramadoss, Nitya Krishnasamy, Sandhya Sundar, Suganya Panneer Selvam, Hema Shree K
Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research.2025; 15(1): 97. CrossRef - Impact of Artificial Aging on the Optical Properties of High-translucent Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate: An In Vitro Analysis
Ahmed N Abdelaziz, Shereen A Amin, Mahmoud A Aboulhawa
International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry.2025; 15(1): 3. CrossRef - Color and Translucency Compatibility Among Various Resin-Based Composites and Layering Strategies
Elena Bianca Varvara, Cristina Gasparik, Javier Ruiz-López, Alexandra Iulia Aghiorghiesei, Bogdan Culic, Diana Dudea
Dentistry Journal.2025; 13(4): 173. CrossRef - Influence of Acidic Storage and Simulated Toothbrushing on the Translucency and Color Stability of 3D-Printed Resins for Prosthodontic Applications
Sarah M. Alnafaiy, Nawaf Labban, Alhanoof Saleh Aldegheishem, Saleh Alhijji, Refal Saad Albaijan, Saad Saleh AlResayes, Rafa Abdulrahman Alsultan, Abeer Mohammed Alrossais, Rahaf Farhan Alanazi
Materials.2025; 18(17): 3942. CrossRef - Color Stability Assessment of Single- and Multi-Shade Composites Following Immersion in Staining Food Substances
Vittorio Checchi, Eleonora Forabosco, Giulia Della Casa, Shaniko Kaleci, Luca Giannetti, Luigi Generali, Pierantonio Bellini
Dentistry Journal.2024; 12(9): 285. CrossRef - Effects of multiple firings on the translucency, crystalline phase, and mechanical strength of highly translucent zirconia
Haruko KATADA, Masanao INOKOSHI, Singo KAMIJO, Hengyi LIU, Kaiqi XU, Masakazu KAWASHITA, Taishi YOKOI, Masaya SHIMABUKURO, Shunsuke MINAKUCHI
Dental Materials Journal.2024; 43(2): 294. CrossRef - Effect of Repolishing on Color Stability, Translucency, and Surface Roughness of Aged Monochromatic Dental Composites
Mohamed M. Abdul-Monem, Mohamed A. Hussein, Mona G. Abdelrehim
European Journal of General Dentistry.2024; 13(03): 240. CrossRef - The optical property measuring methods for resin composite using multiple spectrophotometers
Ji-Hun YOUM, Il Jun JEONG, Jae-Sung KWON, Bum-Soon LIM, Myung-Hwan OH, Kwang-Mahn KIM
Dental Materials Journal.2024; 43(4): 525. CrossRef - Translucency and Polymerization Ability of Contemporary Resin Composites
Bianca Alves Barata Mills, Cristian Sbardelotto, Mario Couto Neto, Vladi Oliveira Guimaraes Junior, Larissa Maria Cavalcante, Luis Felipe Jochims Schneider
Biomaterials Connect.2024; 1(1): 1. CrossRef - The Dependence on Hue, Value and Opacity of Real-Time- and Post-Curing Light Transmission in a Nano-Hybrid Ormocer
Nicoleta Ilie
Materials.2024; 17(2): 496. CrossRef - Flexural strength and translucency of barium‐silicate‐filled resin nanoceramics for additive manufacturing
Geun‐Taek Park, Kyung‐Ho Ko, Yoon‐Hyuk Huh, Chan‐Jin Park, Lee‐Ra Cho
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2024; 36(3): 445. CrossRef - Color and translucency of enamel in vital maxillary central incisors
Alvin G. Wee, Damian A. Winkelmann, David J. Gozalo, Masayasu Ito, William M. Johnston
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2023; 130(6): 878. CrossRef - Performance of two-flux and four-flux models for predicting the spectral reflectance and transmittance factors of flowable dental resin composites
Vincent Duveiller, Raphaël Clerc, Julien Eymard, Jean-Pierre Salomon, Mathieu Hébert
Dental Materials.2023; 39(8): 743. CrossRef - Effect of thickness on the translucency of resin-based composites and glass-ceramics
Sumi KANG, Seung-Yeon RYU, Kwang-Mahn KIM, Sung-Ho PARK
Dental Materials Journal.2023; 42(1): 30. CrossRef - Evaluation of fracture strength and translucency of 3D printing resin crown for carious primary anterior tooth
Young-Jun Ham, Joon-Haeng Lee, Jong-Su Kim, Jong-Bin Kim, Mi-Ran Han, Ji-Sun Shin
Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2023; 47(1): 40. CrossRef - Digital Light Processing of Zirconia Suspensions Containing Photocurable Monomer/Camphor Vehicle for Dental Applications
Seo-Young Yang, Young-Hag Koh, Hyoun-Ee Kim
Materials.2023; 16(1): 402. CrossRef - Translucency of CAD/CAM and 3D Printable Composite Materials for Permanent Dental Restorations
Alessandro Vichi, Dario Balestra, Nicola Scotti, Chris Louca, Gaetano Paolone
Polymers.2023; 15(6): 1443. CrossRef - Translucency and Radiopacity of Dental Resin Composites – Is There a Direct Relation?
LPL Rosado, EA Münchow, ELS de Oliveira, R Lacerda-Santos, DQ Freitas, HL Carlo, FS Verner
Operative Dentistry.2023; 48(3): E61. CrossRef - Light Transmission Characteristics and Cytotoxicity within A Dental Composite Color Palette
Nicoleta Ilie, Andrei Cristian Ionescu, Karin Christine Huth, Marioara Moldovan
Materials.2023; 16(10): 3773. CrossRef - Layer characteristics in strength-gradient multilayered yttria-stabilized zirconia
Masanao Inokoshi, Hengyi Liu, Kumiko Yoshihara, Mao Yamamoto, Watcharapong Tonprasong, Yasuhiko Benino, Shunsuke Minakuchi, Jef Vleugels, Bart Van Meerbeek, Fei Zhang
Dental Materials.2023; 39(4): 430. CrossRef - Manufacturing and Characterization of Dental Crowns Made of 5-mol% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia by Digital Light Processing
Jae-Min Jung, Gyu-Nam Kim, Young-Hag Koh, Hyoun-Ee Kim
Materials.2023; 16(4): 1447. CrossRef - Effect of artificial aging on the translucency of monolithic zirconia materials sintered at different temperatures
Burcu Kanpalta, Defne Burduroğlu, Özlem Kara
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2022; 128(1): 91.e1. CrossRef - The Influence of Two Curing Protocols on the Colour Stability and Translucency of Resin Luting Agents
Riccardo Monterubbianesi, Flavia Vitiello, Vincenzo Tosco, Rim Bourgi, Angelo Putignano, Giovanna Orsini
Applied Sciences.2022; 12(21): 11120. CrossRef - Optical characteristics of experimental dental composite resin materials
Diana Leyva del Rio, William Michael Johnston
Journal of Dentistry.2022; 118: 103949. CrossRef - In Vivo Evaluation of the Effects of Sintering Temperature on the Optical Properties of Dental Glass-Ceramics
Kuo-Cheng Fan, Yu-Ling Lin, Hao-Wei Tsao, Hsuan Chen, Sheng-Yang Lee, Yu-Chen Cheng, Hsiao-Ping Huang, Wei-Chun Lin
Nanomaterials.2022; 12(13): 2187. CrossRef - Translucency and masking ability of translucent zirconia; comparison with conventional zirconia and lithium disilicate
Joon Hee Park, Hyun Ji Bang, Nak-Hyun Choi, Eun-Jin Park
The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics.2022; 14(5): 324. CrossRef - Color and optical properties of 3D printing restorative polymer‐based materials: A scoping review
Cristina Espinar, Alvaro Della Bona, María M. Pérez, Rosa Pulgar
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2022; 34(6): 853. CrossRef - Effects of Aging on the Color and Translucency of Monolithic Translucent Y‐TZP Ceramics: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of In Vitro Studies
Chang-yuan Zhang, Check Agingu, James Kit Hon Tsoi, Hao Yu, Fernanda Faot
BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Effect of Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes Smoking on the Color Stability and Translucency of Tooth Colored Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Analysis
Hamad A. Alnasser, Ahmed A. Elhejazi, Abdalrahman A. Al-Abdulaziz, Saad S. Alajlan, Syed Rashid Habib
Coatings.2021; 11(12): 1568. CrossRef - Color interaction between resin composite layers: An overview
Eman Hani Ismail
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2021; 33(8): 1105. CrossRef - Translucency parameter of conventional restorative glass‐ionomer cements
Joana Yumi Teruya Uchimura, Francielle Sato, Rosangela Getirana Santana, Rafael Menezes‐Silva, Ligia S. Bueno, Ana Flávia Sanches Borges, Maria Fidela de Lima Navarro, John W. Nicholson, Sharanbir K. Sidhu, Renata Corrêa Pascotto
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2021; 33(6): 935. CrossRef - Comparison between translucencies of anterior resin composites and natural dental tissues
Melin Balci, Zeynep Ergucu, Esra Uzer Çelik, Lezize Sebnem Turkun
Color Research & Application.2021; 46(3): 635. CrossRef - In Vitro Evaluation of Translucency and Color Stability of CAD/CAM Polymer‐Infiltrated Ceramic Materials after Accelerated Aging
Mohammad D. Al Amri, Nawaf Labban, Saleh Alhijji, Hassan Alamri, Mounir Iskandar, Jeffrey A. Platt
Journal of Prosthodontics.2021; 30(4): 318. CrossRef - The Thickness and Opacity of Aesthetic Materials Influence the Restoration of Discolored Teeth
I Durães, A Cavalcanti, P Mathias
Operative Dentistry.2021; 46(5): 559. CrossRef - Bulk-Fill Direct Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Assessment of Their Physio-Mechanical Properties
Hui Woon Yeo, May Yeh Loo, Mariam Alkhabaz, Kai Chun Li, Joanne Jung Eun Choi, Abdullah Barazanchi
Oral.2021; 1(2): 75. CrossRef - Color and Translucency Stability of Three-Dimensional Printable Dental Materials for Crown and Bridge Restorations
Jong-Eun Kim, Won-Huy Choi, Dasun Lee, Yooseok Shin, Sung-Ho Park, Byoung-Duck Roh, Dohyun Kim
Materials.2021; 14(3): 650. CrossRef - Effect of Veneering and Hydrothermal Aging on the Translucency of Newly Introduced Extra Translucent and High Translucent Zirconia with Different Thicknesses
Sevki Cinar, Bike Altan, Victor Feitosa
BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - In vitro optical characterization of dental resin composite aged in darkness
Sarah S. Mikhail, William M. Johnston
Color Research & Application.2020; 45(2): 345. CrossRef - Color Stability of Dental Reinforced CAD/CAM Hybrid Composite Blocks Compared to Regular Blocks
Yeong-Ah Kang, Han-Ah Lee, Joseph Chang, Wonjoon Moon, Shin Hye Chung, Bum-Soon Lim
Materials.2020; 13(21): 4722. CrossRef - Highly translucent dental resin composites through refractive index adaption using zirconium dioxide nanoparticles and organic functionalization
Carina Kolb, Katrin Gumpert, Herbert Wolter, Gerhard Sextl
Dental Materials.2020; 36(10): 1332. CrossRef - Spatial Distribution of the Micro-Mechanical Properties in High-Translucent CAD/CAM Resin-Composite Blocks
Nicoleta Ilie
Materials.2020; 13(15): 3352. CrossRef - A Comparative Study of Light Transmission by Various Dental Restorative Materials and the Tooth Structure
N Ilie, G Furtos
Operative Dentistry.2020; 45(4): 442. CrossRef - The Effect of Surface Treatments on the Mechanical and Optical Behaviors of CAD/CAM Restorative Materials
Sevcan Kurtulmus‐Yilmaz, Esra Cengiz, Salim Ongun, Izgen Karakaya
Journal of Prosthodontics.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Effects of accelerated artificial aging on the translucency and color stability of monolithic ceramics with different surface treatments
Meral Kurt, Bilge Turhan Bal
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2019; 121(4): 712.e1. CrossRef - Translucency thresholds for dental materials
Marianne Salas, Cristina Lucena, Luis Javier Herrera, Ana Yebra, Alvaro Della Bona, María M. Pérez
Dental Materials.2018; 34(8): 1168. CrossRef - Color and Translucency of Resin-based Composites: Comparison of A-shade Specimens Within Various Product Lines
D Kim, S-H Park
Operative Dentistry.2018; 43(6): 642. CrossRef - Effect of 2 Bleaching Agents with a Content of High Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide on Stained 2 CAD/CAM Blocks and a Nanohybrid Composite Resin: An AFM Evaluation
İzgen Karakaya, Esra Cengiz
BioMed Research International.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef - Effects of glass chemistry on the optical properties of highly translucent alumina-glass biocomposites for dental restorations
Afonso Chimanski, Paulo Francisco Cesar, Humberto Naoyuki Yoshimura
Ceramics International.2017; 43(16): 13970. CrossRef - Relative Translucency of a Multilayered Ultratranslucent Zirconia Material
Loubna Shamseddine, Zeina Majzoub
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2017; 18(12): 1099. CrossRef
ePub Link
Cite
XML DownloadCriteria for clinical translucency evaluation of direct esthetic restorative materials
Figure 1 Mean TP values of each shade group of indirect (BG) and direct resin composites (ES). This figure was cited from the reference 23.TP, translucency parameter; BG, BelleGlass NG, (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA); ES, Estelite Sigma (Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan); EN, enamel; OD, opacious dentin; TL, translucent layer; BS, basic; AS, additional; OP, opaque; BEC, before curing; CIC, curing in the curing chamber; CWL, curing with curing light.
Figure 2 Categorization of TP values of resin composites. This figure was cited from the reference 8.TP, translucency parameter; GLC, Glacier (SDI Limited, Victoria, Autsria); FZ3, Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); FSP, Filtek Supreme (3M ESPE); CRX, Ceram X mono (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany).
Figure 1
Figure 2
Criteria for clinical translucency evaluation of direct esthetic restorative materials
TP values of flowable and universal resin composites
| Brand | Flowable | Universal |
|---|---|---|
| ES | 12.7 ± 0.5 | 11.2 ± 0.7 |
| FZ | 11.0 ± 0.3 | 11.2 ± 0.5 |
| GC | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.4 |
| TE | 15.7 ± 1.1 | 12.3 ± 0.7 |
This table was cited from the reference
ES, Estelite Flow Quick, Estelite Sigma (Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan); FZ, Filtek Z350 flowable, Filtek Z350 Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); GC, Unifil Flow, Gradia Direct (GC, Tokyo, Japan); TE, Tetric Flow, Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent AG., Schaan, Liechtenstein).
TP values of resin composites
| Material | Shade | TP |
|---|---|---|
| GRD | A2 | 15.0 ± 0.5 |
| A3 | 16.6 ± 0.4 | |
| A3.5 | 16.3 ± 0.6 | |
| CV | 13.3 ± 0.7 | |
| PA2 | 14.3 ± 0.3 | |
| PA3 | 14.7 ± 0.9 | |
| PA3.5 | 15.1 ± 0.5 | |
| GRO | A1 | 16.4 ± 0.4 |
| A2 | 17.1 ± 0.7 | |
| A3 | 17.9 ± 0.8 | |
| A3.5 | 16.5 ± 0.2 | |
| B2 | 17.9 ± 0.7 | |
| PO4 | A1 | 18.9 ± 0.3a |
| A3 | 14.0 ± 0.4 | |
| A3.5 | 17.4 ± 1.6 | |
| PRM | A2 | 14.7 ± 1.0 |
| A3 | 14.1 ± 0.4 | |
| A3.5 | 14.5 ± 1.4 | |
| B2 | 13.7 ± 0.6 | |
| clear | 20.6 ± 1.0a |
This table was cited from the reference
GRD, Gradia Direct (GC, Tokyo, Japan); GRO, Gradio (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany); PO4, Point 4 (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA); PRM, Premise (Kerr).
aHigh translucent material.
Table 1 TP values of flowable and universal resin composites
This table was cited from the reference ES, Estelite Flow Quick, Estelite Sigma (Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan); FZ, Filtek Z350 flowable, Filtek Z350 Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); GC, Unifil Flow, Gradia Direct (GC, Tokyo, Japan); TE, Tetric Flow, Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent AG., Schaan, Liechtenstein).
Table 2 TP values of resin composites
This table was cited from the reference GRD, Gradia Direct (GC, Tokyo, Japan); GRO, Gradio (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany); PO4, Point 4 (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA); PRM, Premise (Kerr). aHigh translucent material.
