Figure 1

Measurement assembly for measuring biaxial flexural strength. The assembly had a specimen support and a loading steel rod, which was used in a universal testing machine. For the support of the test specimen, three steel balls with a diameter of 3.0 mm, positioned 120° apart on a support circle with a diameter of 10 mm, was provided. The sample was placed concentrically on these supports and the load was applied with a flat punch with a diameter of 1.5 mm at the center of the specimen.

Figure 2

Changes in CIE L^* values of each shade of (a) Premisa and (b) Denfil. Both products showed a relatively great decrease in the value (lightness) of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased.

Figure 3

Changes in CIE a^* values of each shade of Premisa and Denfil. (a) The products of Denfil showed a relatively great decrease in the redness of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased. (b) The products of Premisa showed a gradual increase in the redness of each shade after curing.

Figure 4

Changes in CIE b^* values of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual decrease in the yellowness of each shade after curing.

Figure 5

Changes in degree of conversion (%) of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual increase in the degree of conversion of each shade from 2 hours after curing to 7 days.

Table 1

Compositions of resin matrix and fillers of the resin composites used in this study

^*Data described in this table were provided by the manufacturers.

Bis-GMA, Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate; TEGDMA, Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; Bis-EMA, Ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate; PPF, Prepolymerized filler.

Table 2

Degree of conversion (DC) of two commercial dental composite resins measured at 2 hours and on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (DC, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, %)

Table 3

Biaxial flexural strength of two commercial dental composite resins measured on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (FS, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, MPa)

Table 4

Pearson product moment correlation between degree of conversion and biaxial flexural strength and shade components of each product measured before and after light-curing

This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation (KRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST, No. 2009-0070771).

Figure 1

Measurement assembly for measuring biaxial flexural strength. The assembly had a specimen support and a loading steel rod, which was used in a universal testing machine. For the support of the test specimen, three steel balls with a diameter of 3.0 mm, positioned 120° apart on a support circle with a diameter of 10 mm, was provided. The sample was placed concentrically on these supports and the load was applied with a flat punch with a diameter of 1.5 mm at the center of the specimen.

Figure 2

Changes in CIE L^* values of each shade of (a) Premisa and (b) Denfil. Both products showed a relatively great decrease in the value (lightness) of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased.

Figure 3

Changes in CIE a^* values of each shade of Premisa and Denfil. (a) The products of Denfil showed a relatively great decrease in the redness of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased. (b) The products of Premisa showed a gradual increase in the redness of each shade after curing.

Figure 4

Changes in CIE b^* values of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual decrease in the yellowness of each shade after curing.

Figure 5

Changes in degree of conversion (%) of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual increase in the degree of conversion of each shade from 2 hours after curing to 7 days.

Table 1

Compositions of resin matrix and fillers of the resin composites used in this study

^*Data described in this table were provided by the manufacturers.

Bis-GMA, Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate; TEGDMA, Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; Bis-EMA, Ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate; PPF, Prepolymerized filler.

Table 2

Degree of conversion (DC) of two commercial dental composite resins measured at 2 hours and on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (DC, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, %)

Table 3

Biaxial flexural strength of two commercial dental composite resins measured on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (FS, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, MPa)

Table 4

Pearson product moment correlation between degree of conversion and biaxial flexural strength and shade components of each product measured before and after light-curing

REFERENCES

• 1. Shortall AC, Wilson HJ, Harrington E. Depth of cure of radiation-activated composite restoratives-influence of shade and opacity. J Oral Rehabil. 1995;22: 337-342.ArticlePubMed
• 2. Ruyter IE, Oysaed H. Composites for use in posterior composites: composition and conversion. J Biomed Mater Res. 1987;21: 11-23.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 3. Ferracane JL. Current trends in dental composites. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1995;6: 302-318.PubMed
• 4. de Gee AJ, ten Harkel-Hagenaar E, Davidson CL. Color dye for identification of incompletely cured composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;52: 626-631.ArticlePubMed
• 5. Sideridou I, Tserki V, Papanastasiou G. Study of water sorption, solubility and modulus of elasticity of light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Biomaterials. 2003;24: 655-665.ArticlePubMed
• 6. Carmichael AJ, Gibson JJ, Walls AW. Allergic contact dermatitis to bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) dental resin associated with sensitivity to epoxy resin. Br Dent J. 1997;183: 297-298.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 7. Hansel C, Leyhausen G, Mai UE, Geurtsen W. Effetcs of various resin composite (co) monomers and extracts on two caries-associated micro-organisms in vitro. J Dent Res. 1998;77: 60-67.PubMed
• 8. Lovell LG, Stansbury JW, Syrpes DC, Bowman CN. Effects of composition and reactivity on the reaction kinetics of dimethacrylate/dimethacrylate copolymerizations. Macromolecules. 1999;32: 3913-3921.Article
• 9. Ruyter IE, Oysaed H. Conversion in different depths of ultraviolet and visible light activated composite materials. Acta Odontol Scand. 1982;40: 179-192.ArticlePubMed
• 10. Swartz ML, Phillips RW, Rhodes B. Visible light activated resins - depth of cure. J Am Dent Assoc. 1983;106: 634-637.ArticlePubMed
• 11. Ferracane JL, Aday P, Matsumoto H, Marker VA. Relationship between shade and depth of cure for light activated dental composite resins. Dent Mater. 1986;2: 80-84.PubMed
• 12. Davidson-Kaban SS, Davidson CL, Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Erdilek N. The effect of curing light variationson bulk curing and wall-to-wall quality of two types and various shades of resin composites. Dent Mater. 1997;13: 344-352.ArticlePubMed
• 13. Yearn JA. Factors affecting cure of visible light activated composites. Int Dent J. 1985;35: 218-225.PubMed
• 14. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr. Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin composite. Oper Dent. 1994;19: 26-32.PubMed
• 15. Unterbrink GL, Muessner R. Influence of light intensity on two restorative systems. J Dent. 1995;23: 183-189.PubMed
• 16. Sakaguchi RL, Berge HX. Reduced light energy density decreases post-gel contraction while maintaining degree of conversion in composites. J Dent. 1998;26: 695-700.ArticlePubMed
• 17. Pires JA, Cvitko E, Denehy GE, Swift EJ Jr. Effects of curing tip distance on light intensity and composite resin microhardness. Quintessence Int. 1993;24: 517-521.PubMed
• 18. Hansen EK, Asmussen E. Visible-light curing units: correlation between depth of cure and distance between exit window and resin surface. Acta Odontol Scand. 1997;55: 162-166.ArticlePubMed
• 19. Leloup G, Holvoet PE, Bebelman S, Devaux J. Raman scattering determination of the depth of cure of light-activated composites: influence of different clinically relevant parameters. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29: 510-515.PubMed
• 20. Aravamudhan K, Floyd CJ, Rakowski D, Flaim G, Dickens SH, Eichmiller FC, Fan PL. Light-emitting diode curing light irradiance and polymerization of resin-based composite. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137: 213-223.ArticlePubMed
• 21. Omaima MS, Hamza A, Taheya A, Moussa . Influence of shade and time on the degree of conversion and fracture strength of light-cured composite resin. J Egyptian Dent Assoc. 1999;45: 4487.
• 22. Chen YC, Ferracane JL, Prahl SA. A pilot study of a simple photon migration model for predicting depth of cure in dental composite. Dent Mater. 2005;21: 1075-1086.ArticlePubMed
• 23. Stansbury JW, Dickens SH. Determination of double bond conversion in dental resins by near infrared spectroscopy. Dent Mater. 2001;17: 71-79.PubMed
• 24. Wei W, Sadeghipour K, Boberick K, Baran G. Predictive modeling of elastic properties of particulate-reinforced composites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2002;332: 362-370.Article
• 25. Braem M, Van Doren VE, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. Determination of Young's modulus of dental composites: a phenomenological model. J Mater Sci. 1987;22: 2037-2042.ArticlePDF
• 26. Chung SM, Yap AU, Koh WK, Tsai KT, Lim CT. Measurement of Poisson's ratio of dental composite restorative materials. Biomaterials. 2004;25: 2455-2460.ArticlePubMed
• 27. Cho YG, Kim MC. Color changes in composites according to various light curing sources. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002;27: 87-94.
• 28. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr, Davis HC. Factors affecting cure at depths within light-activated resin composites. Am J Dent. 1993;6: 91-95.PubMed
• 29. Park SJ, Noh EY, Cho HG, Hwang YC, Oh WM, Hwang IN. Color difference of the dental composites measured by different color measuring instruments. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2009;34: 199-207.Article
• 30. Makinson OF. Colour changes on curing light-activated anterior restorative resins. Aust Dent J. 1989;34: 154-159.ArticlePubMed
• 31. Taira M, Okazaki M, Takahashi J. Studies on optical properties of two commercial visible-light-cured composite resins by diffuse reflectance measurements. J Oral Rehabil. 1999;26: 329-337.PubMed
• 32. Yu B, Lee YK. Influence of color parameters of resin composites on their translucency. Dent Mater. 2008;24: 1236-1242.ArticlePubMed
• 33. Kim IJ, Lee YK. Changes in color and color parameters of dental resin composites after polymerization. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007;80: 541-546.ArticlePubMed
• 34. Kawaguchi M, Fukushima T, Miyazaki K. The relationship between cure depth and transmission coefficient of visible light-activated resin composites. J Dent Res. 1994;73: 516-521.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 35. Watts DC, Cash AJ. Analysis of optical transmission by 400-500 nm visible light into aesthetic dental biomaterials. J Dent. 1994;22: 112-117.PubMed
• 36. Seghi RR, Gritz MD, Kim J. Colorimetric changes in composites resulting from visible-light-initiated polymerization. Dent Mater. 1990;6: 133-137.ArticlePubMed
• 37. Uchida H, Vaidyanathan J, Viswanadhan T, Vaidyanathan TK. Color stability of dental composites as a function of shade. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;79: 372-377.ArticlePubMed
• 38. Cho YG, Seo JI, Kim SM, Jeong JH, Lee YG. Color changes in composite resins exposed to xenon lamp. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28: 195-202.Article
• 39. Bouschlicher MR, Rueggeberg FA, Wilson BM. Correlation of bottom-to-top surface microhardness and conversion ratios for a variety of resin composite compositions. Oper Dent. 2004;29: 698-704.PubMed
• 40. Rodrigues SA Jr, Scherrer SS, Ferracane JL, Della Bona A. Microstructural characterization and fracture behavior of a microhybrid and a nanofill composite. Dent Mater. 2008;24: 1281-1288.ArticlePubMed
• 41. Spanoudakis J, Young RJ. Crack propagation in a glass particle-filled epoxi resin. J Mater Sci. 1984;19: 473-486.ArticlePDF
• 42. Ferracane JL, Berge HX, Condon JR. In vitro aging of dental composites in water-Effect of degree of conversion, filler volume, and filler/matrix coupling. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;42: 465-472.ArticlePubMed
• 43. Kim KH, Ong JL, Okuno O. The effect of filler loading and morphology on the mechanical properties of contemporary composites. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87: 642-649.PubMed
• 44. Chung SM, Yap AU, Chandra SP, Lim CT. Flexural strength of dental composite restoratives: comparison of biaxial and three-point bending test. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2004;71: 278-283.ArticlePubMed
• 45. Cesar PF, Miranda WG Jr, Braga RR. Influence of shade and storage time on the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness of composites used for indirect restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86: 289-296.ArticlePubMed
• 46. Lin-Gibson S, Sung L, Forster AM, Hu H, Cheng Y, Lin NJ. Effects of filler type and content on mechanical properties of photopolymerizable composites measured across two-dimensional combinatorial arrays. Acta Biomater. 2009;5: 2084-2094.ArticlePubMed

Tables & Figures

Figure 1

Measurement assembly for measuring biaxial flexural strength. The assembly had a specimen support and a loading steel rod, which was used in a universal testing machine. For the support of the test specimen, three steel balls with a diameter of 3.0 mm, positioned 120° apart on a support circle with a diameter of 10 mm, was provided. The sample was placed concentrically on these supports and the load was applied with a flat punch with a diameter of 1.5 mm at the center of the specimen.

Figure 2

Changes in CIE L^* values of each shade of (a) Premisa and (b) Denfil. Both products showed a relatively great decrease in the value (lightness) of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased.

Figure 3

Changes in CIE a^* values of each shade of Premisa and Denfil. (a) The products of Denfil showed a relatively great decrease in the redness of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased. (b) The products of Premisa showed a gradual increase in the redness of each shade after curing.

Figure 4

Changes in CIE b^* values of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual decrease in the yellowness of each shade after curing.

Figure 5

Changes in degree of conversion (%) of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual increase in the degree of conversion of each shade from 2 hours after curing to 7 days.

Table 1

Compositions of resin matrix and fillers of the resin composites used in this study

^*Data described in this table were provided by the manufacturers.

Bis-GMA, Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate; TEGDMA, Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; Bis-EMA, Ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate; PPF, Prepolymerized filler.

Table 2

Degree of conversion (DC) of two commercial dental composite resins measured at 2 hours and on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (DC, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, %)

Table 3

Biaxial flexural strength of two commercial dental composite resins measured on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (FS, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, MPa)

Table 4

Pearson product moment correlation between degree of conversion and biaxial flexural strength and shade components of each product measured before and after light-curing

Figure 1

Measurement assembly for measuring biaxial flexural strength. The assembly had a specimen support and a loading steel rod, which was used in a universal testing machine. For the support of the test specimen, three steel balls with a diameter of 3.0 mm, positioned 120° apart on a support circle with a diameter of 10 mm, was provided. The sample was placed concentrically on these supports and the load was applied with a flat punch with a diameter of 1.5 mm at the center of the specimen.

Figure 2

Changes in CIE L^* values of each shade of (a) Premisa and (b) Denfil. Both products showed a relatively great decrease in the value (lightness) of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased.

Figure 3

Changes in CIE a^* values of each shade of Premisa and Denfil. (a) The products of Denfil showed a relatively great decrease in the redness of each shade after curing. However, until 7 days, the values were a little increased. (b) The products of Premisa showed a gradual increase in the redness of each shade after curing.

Figure 4

Changes in CIE b^* values of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual decrease in the yellowness of each shade after curing.

Figure 5

Changes in degree of conversion (%) of each shade of (a) Denfil and (b) Premisa. Both products showed a gradual increase in the degree of conversion of each shade from 2 hours after curing to 7 days.

Table 1

Compositions of resin matrix and fillers of the resin composites used in this study

^*Data described in this table were provided by the manufacturers.

Bis-GMA, Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate; TEGDMA, Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; Bis-EMA, Ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate; PPF, Prepolymerized filler.

Table 2

Degree of conversion (DC) of two commercial dental composite resins measured at 2 hours and on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (DC, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, %)

Table 3

Biaxial flexural strength of two commercial dental composite resins measured on 7 days after light-curing according to the shades (FS, mean ± SD; No., 10; unit, MPa)

Table 4

Pearson product moment correlation between degree of conversion and biaxial flexural strength and shade components of each product measured before and after light-curing

REFERENCES

• 1. Shortall AC, Wilson HJ, Harrington E. Depth of cure of radiation-activated composite restoratives-influence of shade and opacity. J Oral Rehabil. 1995;22: 337-342.ArticlePubMed
• 2. Ruyter IE, Oysaed H. Composites for use in posterior composites: composition and conversion. J Biomed Mater Res. 1987;21: 11-23.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 3. Ferracane JL. Current trends in dental composites. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1995;6: 302-318.PubMed
• 4. de Gee AJ, ten Harkel-Hagenaar E, Davidson CL. Color dye for identification of incompletely cured composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;52: 626-631.ArticlePubMed
• 5. Sideridou I, Tserki V, Papanastasiou G. Study of water sorption, solubility and modulus of elasticity of light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Biomaterials. 2003;24: 655-665.ArticlePubMed
• 6. Carmichael AJ, Gibson JJ, Walls AW. Allergic contact dermatitis to bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) dental resin associated with sensitivity to epoxy resin. Br Dent J. 1997;183: 297-298.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 7. Hansel C, Leyhausen G, Mai UE, Geurtsen W. Effetcs of various resin composite (co) monomers and extracts on two caries-associated micro-organisms in vitro. J Dent Res. 1998;77: 60-67.PubMed
• 8. Lovell LG, Stansbury JW, Syrpes DC, Bowman CN. Effects of composition and reactivity on the reaction kinetics of dimethacrylate/dimethacrylate copolymerizations. Macromolecules. 1999;32: 3913-3921.Article
• 9. Ruyter IE, Oysaed H. Conversion in different depths of ultraviolet and visible light activated composite materials. Acta Odontol Scand. 1982;40: 179-192.ArticlePubMed
• 10. Swartz ML, Phillips RW, Rhodes B. Visible light activated resins - depth of cure. J Am Dent Assoc. 1983;106: 634-637.ArticlePubMed
• 11. Ferracane JL, Aday P, Matsumoto H, Marker VA. Relationship between shade and depth of cure for light activated dental composite resins. Dent Mater. 1986;2: 80-84.PubMed
• 12. Davidson-Kaban SS, Davidson CL, Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Erdilek N. The effect of curing light variationson bulk curing and wall-to-wall quality of two types and various shades of resin composites. Dent Mater. 1997;13: 344-352.ArticlePubMed
• 13. Yearn JA. Factors affecting cure of visible light activated composites. Int Dent J. 1985;35: 218-225.PubMed
• 14. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr. Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin composite. Oper Dent. 1994;19: 26-32.PubMed
• 15. Unterbrink GL, Muessner R. Influence of light intensity on two restorative systems. J Dent. 1995;23: 183-189.PubMed
• 16. Sakaguchi RL, Berge HX. Reduced light energy density decreases post-gel contraction while maintaining degree of conversion in composites. J Dent. 1998;26: 695-700.ArticlePubMed
• 17. Pires JA, Cvitko E, Denehy GE, Swift EJ Jr. Effects of curing tip distance on light intensity and composite resin microhardness. Quintessence Int. 1993;24: 517-521.PubMed
• 18. Hansen EK, Asmussen E. Visible-light curing units: correlation between depth of cure and distance between exit window and resin surface. Acta Odontol Scand. 1997;55: 162-166.ArticlePubMed
• 19. Leloup G, Holvoet PE, Bebelman S, Devaux J. Raman scattering determination of the depth of cure of light-activated composites: influence of different clinically relevant parameters. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29: 510-515.PubMed
• 20. Aravamudhan K, Floyd CJ, Rakowski D, Flaim G, Dickens SH, Eichmiller FC, Fan PL. Light-emitting diode curing light irradiance and polymerization of resin-based composite. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137: 213-223.ArticlePubMed
• 21. Omaima MS, Hamza A, Taheya A, Moussa . Influence of shade and time on the degree of conversion and fracture strength of light-cured composite resin. J Egyptian Dent Assoc. 1999;45: 4487.
• 22. Chen YC, Ferracane JL, Prahl SA. A pilot study of a simple photon migration model for predicting depth of cure in dental composite. Dent Mater. 2005;21: 1075-1086.ArticlePubMed
• 23. Stansbury JW, Dickens SH. Determination of double bond conversion in dental resins by near infrared spectroscopy. Dent Mater. 2001;17: 71-79.PubMed
• 24. Wei W, Sadeghipour K, Boberick K, Baran G. Predictive modeling of elastic properties of particulate-reinforced composites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2002;332: 362-370.Article
• 25. Braem M, Van Doren VE, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. Determination of Young's modulus of dental composites: a phenomenological model. J Mater Sci. 1987;22: 2037-2042.ArticlePDF
• 26. Chung SM, Yap AU, Koh WK, Tsai KT, Lim CT. Measurement of Poisson's ratio of dental composite restorative materials. Biomaterials. 2004;25: 2455-2460.ArticlePubMed
• 27. Cho YG, Kim MC. Color changes in composites according to various light curing sources. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002;27: 87-94.
• 28. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr, Davis HC. Factors affecting cure at depths within light-activated resin composites. Am J Dent. 1993;6: 91-95.PubMed
• 29. Park SJ, Noh EY, Cho HG, Hwang YC, Oh WM, Hwang IN. Color difference of the dental composites measured by different color measuring instruments. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2009;34: 199-207.Article
• 30. Makinson OF. Colour changes on curing light-activated anterior restorative resins. Aust Dent J. 1989;34: 154-159.ArticlePubMed
• 31. Taira M, Okazaki M, Takahashi J. Studies on optical properties of two commercial visible-light-cured composite resins by diffuse reflectance measurements. J Oral Rehabil. 1999;26: 329-337.PubMed
• 32. Yu B, Lee YK. Influence of color parameters of resin composites on their translucency. Dent Mater. 2008;24: 1236-1242.ArticlePubMed
• 33. Kim IJ, Lee YK. Changes in color and color parameters of dental resin composites after polymerization. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007;80: 541-546.ArticlePubMed
• 34. Kawaguchi M, Fukushima T, Miyazaki K. The relationship between cure depth and transmission coefficient of visible light-activated resin composites. J Dent Res. 1994;73: 516-521.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 35. Watts DC, Cash AJ. Analysis of optical transmission by 400-500 nm visible light into aesthetic dental biomaterials. J Dent. 1994;22: 112-117.PubMed
• 36. Seghi RR, Gritz MD, Kim J. Colorimetric changes in composites resulting from visible-light-initiated polymerization. Dent Mater. 1990;6: 133-137.ArticlePubMed
• 37. Uchida H, Vaidyanathan J, Viswanadhan T, Vaidyanathan TK. Color stability of dental composites as a function of shade. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;79: 372-377.ArticlePubMed
• 38. Cho YG, Seo JI, Kim SM, Jeong JH, Lee YG. Color changes in composite resins exposed to xenon lamp. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28: 195-202.Article
• 39. Bouschlicher MR, Rueggeberg FA, Wilson BM. Correlation of bottom-to-top surface microhardness and conversion ratios for a variety of resin composite compositions. Oper Dent. 2004;29: 698-704.PubMed
• 40. Rodrigues SA Jr, Scherrer SS, Ferracane JL, Della Bona A. Microstructural characterization and fracture behavior of a microhybrid and a nanofill composite. Dent Mater. 2008;24: 1281-1288.ArticlePubMed
• 41. Spanoudakis J, Young RJ. Crack propagation in a glass particle-filled epoxi resin. J Mater Sci. 1984;19: 473-486.ArticlePDF
• 42. Ferracane JL, Berge HX, Condon JR. In vitro aging of dental composites in water-Effect of degree of conversion, filler volume, and filler/matrix coupling. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;42: 465-472.ArticlePubMed
• 43. Kim KH, Ong JL, Okuno O. The effect of filler loading and morphology on the mechanical properties of contemporary composites. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87: 642-649.PubMed
• 44. Chung SM, Yap AU, Chandra SP, Lim CT. Flexural strength of dental composite restoratives: comparison of biaxial and three-point bending test. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2004;71: 278-283.ArticlePubMed
• 45. Cesar PF, Miranda WG Jr, Braga RR. Influence of shade and storage time on the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness of composites used for indirect restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86: 289-296.ArticlePubMed
• 46. Lin-Gibson S, Sung L, Forster AM, Hu H, Cheng Y, Lin NJ. Effects of filler type and content on mechanical properties of photopolymerizable composites measured across two-dimensional combinatorial arrays. Acta Biomater. 2009;5: 2084-2094.ArticlePubMed

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