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- Basic Research The effect of solvent evaporation of dentin adhesive on bonding efficacy
- Min-Woo Cho, DDS, PhD, Ji-Yeon Kim, DDS, PhD, Duck-Su Kim, DDS, PhD, Kyoung-Kyu Choi, DDS, PhD
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2010;35(5):-334.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2010.35.5.321
Published online: September 30, 2010
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- Correspondence to Kyoung-Kyu Choi, DDS, PhD. Professor, Division of Dentistry, Graduate school of Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea 130-702. Tel, +82-2-958-9337; Fax, +82-2-960-5108; choikkyu@khu.ac.kr
• Received: April 28, 2010 • Revised: June 19, 2010 • Accepted: June 29, 2010
Copyright © 2010 Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry
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Abstract
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Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate bonding efficacy by means of measuring the effect of remained solvent on Degree of conversion(DC) and µTBS and FE-SEM examination.
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Materials and Methods Two 2-step total etching adhesives and two single-step self etching adhesives were used in this study. First, volume weight loss of 4 dentin adhesives were measured using weighting machine in process of time in normal conditions and calculate degree of evaporation (DE). Reaction/reference intensity ratio were measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy and calculate DC according to DE. Then 2 experimental groups were prepared according to air-drying methods (under, over) and control group was prepared to manufacturer's instruction. Total 12 groups were evaluated by means of micro tensile bond strength and FE-SEM examination.
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Results Degree of evaporation (DE) was increased as time elapsed but different features were observed according to the kind of solvents. Acetone based adhesive showed higher DE than ethanol and butanol based adhesive. Degree of conversion (DC) was increased according to DE except for S3 bond. In µTBS evaluation, bond strength was increased by additional air-drying. Large gaps and droplets were observed in acetone based adhesives by FE-SEM pictures.
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Conclusions Additional air-drying is recommended for single-step self etching adhesive but careful consideration is required for 2-step total etching adhesive because of oxygen inhibition layer. Evaporation method is carefully chose and applied according to the solvent type.
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REFERENCES
Figure 8
µTBS of experimental group (2-step total etching adhesive).
*The same letters within graph are statistically not significant, *Error bar means SD.
Figure 9
µTBS of experimental group (single-step self etching adhesive).
*The same letters within graph are statistically not significant, *Error bar means SD.
Figure 11
One-Step under (×5,000).
Incomplete hybrid layer was observed (between vertical arrow). Resin tags were poorly formed (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 12
One-Step control (×5,000).
Complete hybrid layer and uniform resin tags could be noticed (R, composite resin; D, dentin; HL, hybrid layer).
Figure 13
One-Step over (×5,000).
Resin tags were well formed but adhesive resin was not certain. Notice continuous gap between composite resin and dentin (oblique arrows)(R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 14
XP bond under (×5,000).
Resin tags were well formed. The thickness of adhesive resin was 2-3 µm and clearly distinct (between vertical arrow)(R, composite resin; D, dentin; A, adhesive resin).
Figure 15
XP bond control (×5,000).
Complete hybrid layer and uniform resin tags could be noticed (R, composite resin; D, dentin; HL, hybrid layer).
Figure 16
XP bond over (×5,000).
Complete hybrid layer and uniform resin tags could be noticed. adhesive resin was thinner than under group (R, composite resin; D, dentin; HL, hybrid layer).
Figure 17
S3 bond under (×5,000).
Hybrid layer was not certain but tight connection could be noticed. The small number of slender resin tags were observed (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 18
S3 bond control (×5,000).
The number of resin tags were slightly higher than under group but there was no clear difference between control and under group (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 19
S3 bond over (×5,000).
There was no clear difference between control and over group (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 20
G bond under (×5,000).
Large and continuous gap was formed (vertical arrows), droplets were formed in adhesive resin (oblique arrows) (R, composite resin; D, dentin; A, adhesive resin).
Figure 21
G bond control (×5,000).
Hybrid layer was not certain but tight connection could be noticed. The small number of resin tags were observed (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 22
G bond over (×5,000).
There was no clear difference between control and over group (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Tables & Figures
REFERENCES
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Figure 1
Flowchart of experiment.
Figure 2
Comparison of DE for each adhesive.
Figure 3
Comparison of DC for each adhesive according to DE.
Figure 4
Rea/Ref ratio of One-Step.
Figure 5
Rea/Ref ratio of XP bond.
Figure 6
Rea/Ref ratio of S3 bond.
Figure 7
Rea/Ref ratio of G bond.
Figure 8
µTBS of experimental group (2-step total etching adhesive).
*The same letters within graph are statistically not significant, *Error bar means SD.
Figure 9
µTBS of experimental group (single-step self etching adhesive).
*The same letters within graph are statistically not significant, *Error bar means SD.
Figure 10
Comparison of µTBS for each experimental group.
Figure 11
One-Step under (×5,000).
Incomplete hybrid layer was observed (between vertical arrow). Resin tags were poorly formed (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 12
One-Step control (×5,000).
Complete hybrid layer and uniform resin tags could be noticed (R, composite resin; D, dentin; HL, hybrid layer).
Figure 13
One-Step over (×5,000).
Resin tags were well formed but adhesive resin was not certain. Notice continuous gap between composite resin and dentin (oblique arrows)(R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 14
XP bond under (×5,000).
Resin tags were well formed. The thickness of adhesive resin was 2-3 µm and clearly distinct (between vertical arrow)(R, composite resin; D, dentin; A, adhesive resin).
Figure 15
XP bond control (×5,000).
Complete hybrid layer and uniform resin tags could be noticed (R, composite resin; D, dentin; HL, hybrid layer).
Figure 16
XP bond over (×5,000).
Complete hybrid layer and uniform resin tags could be noticed. adhesive resin was thinner than under group (R, composite resin; D, dentin; HL, hybrid layer).
Figure 17
S3 bond under (×5,000).
Hybrid layer was not certain but tight connection could be noticed. The small number of slender resin tags were observed (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 18
S3 bond control (×5,000).
The number of resin tags were slightly higher than under group but there was no clear difference between control and under group (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 19
S3 bond over (×5,000).
There was no clear difference between control and over group (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 20
G bond under (×5,000).
Large and continuous gap was formed (vertical arrows), droplets were formed in adhesive resin (oblique arrows) (R, composite resin; D, dentin; A, adhesive resin).
Figure 21
G bond control (×5,000).
Hybrid layer was not certain but tight connection could be noticed. The small number of resin tags were observed (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 22
G bond over (×5,000).
There was no clear difference between control and over group (R, composite resin; D, dentin).
Figure 1
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Figure 22
The effect of solvent evaporation of dentin adhesive on bonding efficacy
Adhesives used in this study
Experimental groups of 2-step total etching adhesive
Experimental groups of single-step self etching adhesive
Degree of evaporation (DE) of each adhesive (Mean ± SD, %)
Degree of conversion (DC) of each adhesive (Mean ± SD, %)
*The same superscript letters in each adhesive type are statistically not significant.
µTBS for each experimental group (Mean ± SD, MPa)
*The same superscript letters in each adhesive type are statistically not significant
Table 1
Adhesives used in this study
Table 2
Experimental groups of 2-step total etching adhesive
Table 3
Experimental groups of single-step self etching adhesive
Table 4
Degree of evaporation (DE) of each adhesive (Mean ± SD, %)
Table 5
Degree of conversion (DC) of each adhesive (Mean ± SD, %)
*The same superscript letters in each adhesive type are statistically not significant.
Table 6
µTBS for each experimental group (Mean ± SD, MPa)
*The same superscript letters in each adhesive type are statistically not significant
