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Original Article In vitro evaluation of the consistency of two electronic apex locators
Gyu-Young Hwang, Byoung-Duck Roh, Eui-Sung Kim, Seung-Jong Lee
2008;33(1):-27.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.1.020
Published online: January 31, 2008

Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea.

Corresponding Author: Seung-Jong Lee. Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University, School of Dentistry, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Sudaemun-Ku, Seoul, 120-752, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2228-8700, Fax: 82-2-313-7575, sjlee@yuhs.ac
• Received: October 26, 2007   • Revised: December 1, 2007   • Accepted: December 26, 2007

Copyright © 2008 The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry

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  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consistency of two electronic apex locators in vitro model.
    Materials consisted of fifty two extracted premolars and two electronic apex locators; Root ZX (J. Morita, Osaka, Japan) and E-Magic Finder Deluxe (S-Denti, Cheonan, Korea). After access preparation, the teeth were embedded in a saline-mixed alginate model. Canal lengths of each tooth were measured at "0.5" and "Apex" mark of the apex locators, respectively so that each tooth had two measurements from 0.5 and Apex points. The file was fixed at final measurement using a glass ionomer cement. The apical 4 mm from the apex was exposed to measure the distance from the file tip to the major apical foramen of each tooth. Average distances and standard deviations were used to evaluate the consistency.
    Results showed that all measurements of both Root ZX and E-Magic Finder located the major foramen the range of ± 0.5 mm level. Both apex locators showed better consistency at Apex mark than at 0.5 mark. The average distance of file tip-major foramen was - 0.18 mm at 0.5 mark and - 0.07 mm at Apex mark in Root ZX, - 0.25 mm at 0.5 mark and - 0.02 mm at Apex mark in E-Magic Finder. Standard deviation was 0.21 at 0.5 mark and 0.12 at Apex mark in Root ZX, 0.12 at 0.5 mark and 0.09 at Apex mark in E-Magic Finder.
  • Keywords: Alginate model; apical constriction; consistency; electronic apex locator; major foramen
Figure 1
Root ZX.
jkacd-33-20-g001.jpg
Figure 2
E-Magic Finder.
jkacd-33-20-g002.jpg
Figure 3
Length measurements with digital caliper.
jkacd-33-20-g003.jpg
Figure 4
Distance from file tip to major foramen with EasyDent Viewer.
jkacd-33-20-g004.jpg
Figure 5
Box plots: Quartile of file tip-major foramen distance at 0.5 mark and Apex mark.
jkacd-33-20-g005.jpg
Table 1
Distance of file tip-major foramen at 0.5 mark and Apex mark (mm)
jkacd-33-20-i001.jpg
Table 2
Difference of the length at 0.5 mark and Apex mark
jkacd-33-20-i002.jpg
Table 3
Range of Apex band
jkacd-33-20-i003.jpg
  • 1. Seltzer S, Soltanoff W, Sinai I, Goldenberg A, Bender IB. Biologic aspects of endodontics. Part III. Periapical tissue reactions to root canal instrumentation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968;26: 534-546. 694-705.ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Kuttler Y. Microscopic investigation of root apexes. J Am Dent Assoc. 1955;50: 544-552.ArticlePubMed
  • 3. Lee SJ, Nam KC, Kim YJ, Kim DW. Clinical accuracy of a new apex locator with an automatic compensation circuit. J Endod. 2002;28: 706-709.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Sunada I. New method for the measuring the length of the root canal. J Dent Res. 1962;41: 375-387.ArticlePDF
  • 5. Inoue N. An audiometric method for determining the length of root canals. J Can Dent Assoc (Tor). 1973;39: 630-636.PubMed
  • 6. Frank AL, Torabinejad M. An in vivo evaluation of Endex electronic apex locator. J Endod. 1993;19: 177-179.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Kobayashi C, Okiji T, Kaqwashima N, Suda H, Sunada I. A basic study on the electronic root canal length measurement: Part 3. Newly designed electronic root canal length measuring device using division method. Jpn J Conservative Dent. 1991;34: 1442-1448.
  • 8. Kobayashi C, Suda H. New electronic canal measuring device based on the ratio method. J Endod. 1994;20: 111-114.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Kobayashi C. Electronic canal length measurement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;79: 226-231.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Kaufman AY, Keila S, Yoshpe M. Accuracy of a new apex locator: an in vitro study. Int Endod J. 2002;35: 186-192.ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Fouad AF, Rivera EM, Krell KV. Accuracy of the Endex with variations in canal irrigants and foramen size. J Endod. 1993;19: 63-67.PubMed
  • 12. Riccuci D, Langeland K. Apical limit of root canal instrumentation and obturation. Int Endod J. 1998;31: 394-409.PubMed
  • 13. Dummer PM, McGinn JH, Rees DG. Theposition and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. Int Endod J. 1984;17: 192-198.PubMed
  • 14. Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1960;13: 728-733.ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Dunlap CA, Remeikis NA, BeGole EA, Rauschenberger CR. An in vivo evaluation of an electronic apex locator that uses the ratio method. J Endod. 1998;24: 48-50.PubMed
  • 16. Pagavino G, Pace R, Baccetti T. A SEM study of in vivo accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator. J Endod. 1998;24: 438-441.ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Tselnik M, Baumgartner CJ, Marshall GJ. An evaluation of Root ZX and Elements Diagnostic Apex Locators. J Endod. 2005;31: 507-509.ArticlePubMed

Tables & Figures

Figure 1
Root ZX.
jkacd-33-20-g001.jpg
Figure 2
E-Magic Finder.
jkacd-33-20-g002.jpg
Figure 3
Length measurements with digital caliper.
jkacd-33-20-g003.jpg
Figure 4
Distance from file tip to major foramen with EasyDent Viewer.
jkacd-33-20-g004.jpg
Figure 5
Box plots: Quartile of file tip-major foramen distance at 0.5 mark and Apex mark.
jkacd-33-20-g005.jpg
Table 1
Distance of file tip-major foramen at 0.5 mark and Apex mark (mm)
jkacd-33-20-i001.jpg
Table 2
Difference of the length at 0.5 mark and Apex mark
jkacd-33-20-i002.jpg
Table 3
Range of Apex band
jkacd-33-20-i003.jpg

REFERENCES

  • 1. Seltzer S, Soltanoff W, Sinai I, Goldenberg A, Bender IB. Biologic aspects of endodontics. Part III. Periapical tissue reactions to root canal instrumentation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968;26: 534-546. 694-705.ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Kuttler Y. Microscopic investigation of root apexes. J Am Dent Assoc. 1955;50: 544-552.ArticlePubMed
  • 3. Lee SJ, Nam KC, Kim YJ, Kim DW. Clinical accuracy of a new apex locator with an automatic compensation circuit. J Endod. 2002;28: 706-709.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Sunada I. New method for the measuring the length of the root canal. J Dent Res. 1962;41: 375-387.ArticlePDF
  • 5. Inoue N. An audiometric method for determining the length of root canals. J Can Dent Assoc (Tor). 1973;39: 630-636.PubMed
  • 6. Frank AL, Torabinejad M. An in vivo evaluation of Endex electronic apex locator. J Endod. 1993;19: 177-179.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Kobayashi C, Okiji T, Kaqwashima N, Suda H, Sunada I. A basic study on the electronic root canal length measurement: Part 3. Newly designed electronic root canal length measuring device using division method. Jpn J Conservative Dent. 1991;34: 1442-1448.
  • 8. Kobayashi C, Suda H. New electronic canal measuring device based on the ratio method. J Endod. 1994;20: 111-114.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Kobayashi C. Electronic canal length measurement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;79: 226-231.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Kaufman AY, Keila S, Yoshpe M. Accuracy of a new apex locator: an in vitro study. Int Endod J. 2002;35: 186-192.ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Fouad AF, Rivera EM, Krell KV. Accuracy of the Endex with variations in canal irrigants and foramen size. J Endod. 1993;19: 63-67.PubMed
  • 12. Riccuci D, Langeland K. Apical limit of root canal instrumentation and obturation. Int Endod J. 1998;31: 394-409.PubMed
  • 13. Dummer PM, McGinn JH, Rees DG. Theposition and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen. Int Endod J. 1984;17: 192-198.PubMed
  • 14. Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1960;13: 728-733.ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Dunlap CA, Remeikis NA, BeGole EA, Rauschenberger CR. An in vivo evaluation of an electronic apex locator that uses the ratio method. J Endod. 1998;24: 48-50.PubMed
  • 16. Pagavino G, Pace R, Baccetti T. A SEM study of in vivo accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator. J Endod. 1998;24: 438-441.ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Tselnik M, Baumgartner CJ, Marshall GJ. An evaluation of Root ZX and Elements Diagnostic Apex Locators. J Endod. 2005;31: 507-509.ArticlePubMed

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Variations in the morphology of apical constriction affecting electronic readings: An in vitro investigation using 3D‐printed tooth models
    Juhee Nam, Lucila Piasecki, Doun Kwak, Jung Hwa Hong, Il‐Young Jung, Sung‐Ho Park, Sin‐Yeon Cho
    Australian Endodontic Journal.2023; 49(S1): 245.     CrossRef
  • In vivo evaluation of accuracy and consistency of two electronic apex locators
    Chien-Yun Pi, Euiseong Kim, Il-Young Jung, Seung-Jong Lee
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(6): 453.     CrossRef
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    In vitro evaluation of the consistency of two electronic apex locators
    J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2008;33(1):20-27.   Published online January 31, 2008
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.1.020
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In vitro evaluation of the consistency of two electronic apex locators
Image Image Image Image Image
Figure 1 Root ZX.
Figure 2 E-Magic Finder.
Figure 3 Length measurements with digital caliper.
Figure 4 Distance from file tip to major foramen with EasyDent Viewer.
Figure 5 Box plots: Quartile of file tip-major foramen distance at 0.5 mark and Apex mark.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

In vitro evaluation of the consistency of two electronic apex locators

Distance of file tip-major foramen at 0.5 mark and Apex mark (mm)

Difference of the length at 0.5 mark and Apex mark

Range of Apex band
Table 1 Distance of file tip-major foramen at 0.5 mark and Apex mark (mm)

Table 2 Difference of the length at 0.5 mark and Apex mark

Table 3 Range of Apex band

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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