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Original Article THE EFFECT OF SMEAR LAYER TREATMENT ON THE MICROLEAKAGE
Jung-Min Lee, Sang-Hyuk Park, Gi-Woon Choi,*
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2006;31(5):-389.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2006.31.5.378
Published online: January 14, 2006

Dept. of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Dentistry, Graduate school of KyungHee University

*Corresponding Author: Gi-Woon Choi, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Dentistry, Graduate school of KyungHee University, 1, Hoegi Dong, Dongdaemoon Gu, Seoul, 130-702, Korea, Tel: 82-2-958-9336, E-mail: gwchoi@khu.ac.kr
• Received: April 4, 2006   • Revised: September 4, 2006   • Accepted: September 7, 2006

Copyright © 2006 The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of root canal obturation with or without the treatment of smear layer. Eighty extracted human teeth with one canal were selected. Instrumentation was performed with crown-down technique. After instrumentation, root canals of the NaOCl group and NaOCl-6 group were irrigated with 3% NaOCl. EDTA group and EDTA-6 group were irrigated with 17% EDTA. Then all teeth were obturated using continuous wave obturation technique.
    NaOCl group and EDTA group were immersed in methylene blue solution for 84hours. NaOCl-6 group and EDTA-6 group were immersed in methylene blue solution for 6months. The teeth were sectioned at 1.5 mm (Level 1), 3.0 mm (Level 2) and 4.5 mm (Level 3) from the root apex. The length of dye-penetrated interface and the circumferential length of canal at each level were measured using Sigma-Scan Pro 5.0.

    1. The mean leakage ratio was decreased cervically.

    2. NaOCl group showed higher mean leakage ratio than EDTA group at each level. But there was significant difference at level 1 only (p < 0.05).

    3. NaOCl-6 group showed higher mean leakage ratio than EDTA-6 group at each level. But there was significant difference at level 1 only (p < 0.05).

    4. NaOCl-6 group showed higher mean leakage ratio than NaOCl group at each level. But there was significant difference at level 1 only (p < 0.05).

    5. EDTA-6 group showed higher mean leakage ratio than EDTA group at each level. But there was no significant difference.

    6. In NaOCl group and NaOCl-6 group, scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections generally covered with smear layer. In EDTA group and EDTA-6 group, tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. The results suggest that removal of smear layer was effective to reduce the apical microleakage of the root canal.

  • Keywords: NaOCl; EDTA; Smear layer; Mean leakage; Dentinal tubule
Figure 1.
Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl group and EDTA group.
jkacd-31-378f1.jpg
Figure 2.
Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl-6 group and EDTA-6 group.
jkacd-31-378f2.jpg
Figure 3.
Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl group and NaOCl-6 group.
jkacd-31-378f3.jpg
Figure 4.
Mean leakage ratio in EDTA group and EDTA-6 group.
jkacd-31-378f4.jpg
Figure 5.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f5.jpg
Figure 6.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f6.jpg
Figure 7.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f7.jpg
Figure 8.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f8.jpg
Figure 9.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f9.jpg
Figure 10.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f10.jpg
Figure 11.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f11.jpg
Figure 12.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f12.jpg
Figure 13.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f13.jpg
Figure 14.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f14.jpg
Figure 15.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f15.jpg
Figure 16.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f16.jpg
Figure 17.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gaps between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer. Gaps were occuring between the smear layer and the gutta-percha.
jkacd-31-378f17.jpg
Figure 18.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
jkacd-31-378f18.jpg
Figure 19.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. Gap-free region was showing between the sealer and the dentinal tubules. Numerous sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin. But, voids were occuring between the sealer and the gutta-percha.
jkacd-31-378f19.jpg
Figure 20.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. Gap-free region was showing between the sealer and the dentinal tubules. Numerous sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
jkacd-31-378f20.jpg
Figure 21.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
jkacd-31-378f21.jpg
Figure 22.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
jkacd-31-378f22.jpg
Figure 23.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. A few sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
jkacd-31-378f23.jpg
Figure 24.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. A few sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
jkacd-31-378f24.jpg
Table 1.
Irrigation solution to treat the smear layer in this study
Products Manufacturer Function & Characteristics
NaOCl
 KMC Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
 37℃, 3%
MD-Cleanser 17% EDTA
META BIOMED Co., Okcheon, 30% ammonia solution
Chungbuk, Korea 1 – 2% acetyl pyridine chloride
Distilled water
Table 2.
Materials and instruments used in this study
Products Manufacturer Function & Characteristics
Endo-EZE® Ultradent Product Inc., 27 gauge,
South Jordan, USA Flexible irrigator tip
K3™ SybronEndo, CA, USA Rotary Ni-Ti file
K-file Maillefer, Ballaigues, Swiss Hand file
Pro-engine power unit Sae-Yang Machinery co., Daegu, Korea Micromotor & handpiece
Heating Mantle Misung Scientific co., Yangju, Korea Warmer
Temperature Controller Misung Scientific co., Yangju, Korea Keeping temperature at a fixed level
AH-26 Dentsply DeTrey, Germany Sealer
Gutta-Percha cone Diadent, Korea Canal obturation material
System B Analytic technology, USA Canal obturation unit
Buchanan Plugger Analytic technology, USA Plugger
Obtura-Ⅱ Texceed Co, USA Gutta-percha backfilling
Table 3.
Classification of experimental groups
Group n Irrigating solution Final flush
NaOCl 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 37℃ 3% NaOCl (5㎖) 2 min
EDTA 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 17% EDTA (5㎖) 2 min
NaOCl-6 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 37℃ 3% NaOCl (5㎖) 2 min
EDTA-6 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 17% EDTA (5㎖) 2 min
Table 4.
Mean leakage ratio at each level (Mean ± SD)
Group Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
NaOCl 0.46 ± 0.24 0.18 ± 0.28 0.07 ± 0.19
EDTA 0.20 ± 0.26 0.12 ± 0.25 0.07 ± 0.18
NaOCl-6 0.69 ± 0.32 0.38 ± 0.41 0.29 ± 0.37
EDTA-6 0.37 ± 0.39 0.19 ± 0.29 0.09 ± 0.14
  • 1. Yamada RS, Armas A, Goldman M, Lin PS. A scanning electron microscopic comparison of a high volume flush with several irrigating solutions. Part 3. J Endod 9(4):137-142. 1983.PubMed
  • 2. Gutmann JL, Witherspoon DE. Pathways of the pulp. 7th ed.. Mosby Inc.; St. Louis, Mo: p. p272. 1998.
  • 3. Ingle JI, Backland LK. Endodontics. 5th ed. BC Decker Inc; Loma Linda, California: p. p503-505. 2002.
  • 4. Russell AD, Hugo WB, Ayliffe GAJ. Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation, and Sterilization. 3rd ed. Blackwell Science; Malden, MA: p. p99-100. 1999.PubMed
  • 5. Calt S, Serper A. Time-dependent effects of EDTA on dentin structures. J Endod 28(1):17-19. 2002.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Lee JK, Choi GW. Time-dependent effects of EDTA on removal of smear layer in the root canal system. J Kor Acad Cons Dent 2006:(In Press).
  • 7. Cergneux M, Ciucchi B, Dietschi JM, Holz J. The influence of the smear layer on the sealing ability of canal obturatiion. Int Endod J 20(5):228-232. 1987.PubMed
  • 8. White RR, Goldman M, Lin P. The influence of the smeared layer upon dentinal tubule penetration by plastic filling materials. J Endod 10(12):558-562. 1984.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Drake D R, Wiemann A H, Rivera E M and, Walton R E. Bacterial retention in canal walls in vitro effect of smear layer. J Endod 20(2):78-82. 1994.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Goldman LB, Goldman M, Kronman JH, Lin PS. The efficacy of several irrigating solutions for endodontics: A scanning electron microscopic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 52(2):197-204. 1981.PubMed
  • 11. Walters MJ, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. Efficacy of Irrigation with Rotary Instrumentation. J Endod 28(12):837-839. 2002.ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Cunningham WT, Balekjian AY. Effect of temperature on collagen- dissolving ability of sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigant. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49(2):175-177. 1980.ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Berutti E, Marini R. A Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of the Debridement Capability of Sodium Hypochlorite at Different Temperatures. J Endod 22(9):467-470. 1996.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Baumgartner JC, Mader CL. A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of four oot canal irrigation regimens. J Endod 13(4):147-157. 1987.PubMed
  • 15. Czonstkowsky M, Michanowicz A, Vazquez JA. Evaluation of an injection of thermoplasticized low-temperature gutta-percha using radioactive isotopes. J Endod 11(2):71-74. 1985.ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Tucker JW, Mizrahi S, Seltzer S. Scanning electron microscopic study of the efficacy of various irrigating solutions: Urea, Tublicid Red, and Tubulicid Blue. J Endod 2(3):71-78. 1976.PubMed
  • 17. Williams S, Goldman M. Penetrability of the smeared layer by strain of proteus vulgaris. J Endod 11(9):385-388. 1985.PubMed
  • 18. Pashley DH. Smear layer: physiological considerations. Oper Dent Suppl 3:13-29. 1984.PubMed
  • 19. Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings or experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol 6(4):142-149. 1990.PubMed
  • 20. Love RM, Chandler NP, Jenkinson HF. Penetration of smeared or non smeared dentine by Streptococcus gor-donii. Int Endod J 29(1):2-12. 1996.ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Ruddle CJ. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed.. Mosby Inc.; St. Louis, Mo: p. p258. 2002.
  • 22. Hand RE, Smith ML, Harrison JW. Analysis of the effect of dilution on the necrotic tissue dissolution property of sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 4(2):60-64. 1978.ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Patterson SS. In vivo and in vitro studies of the effect of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate on human dentine and its endodontic implications. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 16:83-103. 1963.ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Goldman M, Goldman LB, Cavaleri R, Bogis J, Lin PS. The efficacy of several endodontic irrigating solutions: a scanning electron microscopic study: part 2. J Endod 8(11):487-492. 1982.ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Grawehr M, Sener B, Waltimo T, Zehnder M. Interactions of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid with sodium hypochlorite in aqueous solutions. Int Endod J 36(6):411-415. 2003.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 26. Tamse A, Katz A and, Kablan F. Comparison of apical leakage shown by four different dyes with two evaluating methods. Int Endod J 31(5):333-337. 1998.ArticlePubMed
  • 27. Madison S, Krell KV. Comparison of EDTA and sodium hypochlirite on the apical seal of endodontically treated teeth. J Endod 10(10):499-503. 1984.PubMed
  • 28. Saunders WP, Saunders EM. The effect of smear layer upon the coronal leakage of gutta-percha root fillings and a glass ionomer sealer. Int Endod J 25(5):145-149. 1992.Article
  • 29. Syngcuk Kim. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed.. Mosby Inc.; St. Louis, Mo: p. p707-708. 2002.

Tables & Figures

Figure 1.
Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl group and EDTA group.
jkacd-31-378f1.jpg
Figure 2.
Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl-6 group and EDTA-6 group.
jkacd-31-378f2.jpg
Figure 3.
Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl group and NaOCl-6 group.
jkacd-31-378f3.jpg
Figure 4.
Mean leakage ratio in EDTA group and EDTA-6 group.
jkacd-31-378f4.jpg
Figure 5.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f5.jpg
Figure 6.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f6.jpg
Figure 7.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f7.jpg
Figure 8.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f8.jpg
Figure 9.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f9.jpg
Figure 10.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f10.jpg
Figure 11.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f11.jpg
Figure 12.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f12.jpg
Figure 13.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f13.jpg
Figure 14.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 1 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f14.jpg
Figure 15.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 2 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f15.jpg
Figure 16.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 3 (× 120).
jkacd-31-378f16.jpg
Figure 17.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gaps between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer. Gaps were occuring between the smear layer and the gutta-percha.
jkacd-31-378f17.jpg
Figure 18.
Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
jkacd-31-378f18.jpg
Figure 19.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. Gap-free region was showing between the sealer and the dentinal tubules. Numerous sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin. But, voids were occuring between the sealer and the gutta-percha.
jkacd-31-378f19.jpg
Figure 20.
Photograph of the EDTA group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. Gap-free region was showing between the sealer and the dentinal tubules. Numerous sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
jkacd-31-378f20.jpg
Figure 21.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
jkacd-31-378f21.jpg
Figure 22.
Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
jkacd-31-378f22.jpg
Figure 23.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. A few sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
jkacd-31-378f23.jpg
Figure 24.
Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. A few sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
jkacd-31-378f24.jpg
Table 1.
Irrigation solution to treat the smear layer in this study
Products Manufacturer Function & Characteristics
NaOCl
 KMC Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
 37℃, 3%
MD-Cleanser 17% EDTA
META BIOMED Co., Okcheon, 30% ammonia solution
Chungbuk, Korea 1 – 2% acetyl pyridine chloride
Distilled water
Table 2.
Materials and instruments used in this study
Products Manufacturer Function & Characteristics
Endo-EZE® Ultradent Product Inc., 27 gauge,
South Jordan, USA Flexible irrigator tip
K3™ SybronEndo, CA, USA Rotary Ni-Ti file
K-file Maillefer, Ballaigues, Swiss Hand file
Pro-engine power unit Sae-Yang Machinery co., Daegu, Korea Micromotor & handpiece
Heating Mantle Misung Scientific co., Yangju, Korea Warmer
Temperature Controller Misung Scientific co., Yangju, Korea Keeping temperature at a fixed level
AH-26 Dentsply DeTrey, Germany Sealer
Gutta-Percha cone Diadent, Korea Canal obturation material
System B Analytic technology, USA Canal obturation unit
Buchanan Plugger Analytic technology, USA Plugger
Obtura-Ⅱ Texceed Co, USA Gutta-percha backfilling
Table 3.
Classification of experimental groups
Group n Irrigating solution Final flush
NaOCl 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 37℃ 3% NaOCl (5㎖) 2 min
EDTA 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 17% EDTA (5㎖) 2 min
NaOCl-6 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 37℃ 3% NaOCl (5㎖) 2 min
EDTA-6 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 17% EDTA (5㎖) 2 min
Table 4.
Mean leakage ratio at each level (Mean ± SD)
Group Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
NaOCl 0.46 ± 0.24 0.18 ± 0.28 0.07 ± 0.19
EDTA 0.20 ± 0.26 0.12 ± 0.25 0.07 ± 0.18
NaOCl-6 0.69 ± 0.32 0.38 ± 0.41 0.29 ± 0.37
EDTA-6 0.37 ± 0.39 0.19 ± 0.29 0.09 ± 0.14

REFERENCES

  • 1. Yamada RS, Armas A, Goldman M, Lin PS. A scanning electron microscopic comparison of a high volume flush with several irrigating solutions. Part 3. J Endod 9(4):137-142. 1983.PubMed
  • 2. Gutmann JL, Witherspoon DE. Pathways of the pulp. 7th ed.. Mosby Inc.; St. Louis, Mo: p. p272. 1998.
  • 3. Ingle JI, Backland LK. Endodontics. 5th ed. BC Decker Inc; Loma Linda, California: p. p503-505. 2002.
  • 4. Russell AD, Hugo WB, Ayliffe GAJ. Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation, and Sterilization. 3rd ed. Blackwell Science; Malden, MA: p. p99-100. 1999.PubMed
  • 5. Calt S, Serper A. Time-dependent effects of EDTA on dentin structures. J Endod 28(1):17-19. 2002.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Lee JK, Choi GW. Time-dependent effects of EDTA on removal of smear layer in the root canal system. J Kor Acad Cons Dent 2006:(In Press).
  • 7. Cergneux M, Ciucchi B, Dietschi JM, Holz J. The influence of the smear layer on the sealing ability of canal obturatiion. Int Endod J 20(5):228-232. 1987.PubMed
  • 8. White RR, Goldman M, Lin P. The influence of the smeared layer upon dentinal tubule penetration by plastic filling materials. J Endod 10(12):558-562. 1984.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Drake D R, Wiemann A H, Rivera E M and, Walton R E. Bacterial retention in canal walls in vitro effect of smear layer. J Endod 20(2):78-82. 1994.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Goldman LB, Goldman M, Kronman JH, Lin PS. The efficacy of several irrigating solutions for endodontics: A scanning electron microscopic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 52(2):197-204. 1981.PubMed
  • 11. Walters MJ, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. Efficacy of Irrigation with Rotary Instrumentation. J Endod 28(12):837-839. 2002.ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Cunningham WT, Balekjian AY. Effect of temperature on collagen- dissolving ability of sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigant. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49(2):175-177. 1980.ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Berutti E, Marini R. A Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of the Debridement Capability of Sodium Hypochlorite at Different Temperatures. J Endod 22(9):467-470. 1996.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Baumgartner JC, Mader CL. A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of four oot canal irrigation regimens. J Endod 13(4):147-157. 1987.PubMed
  • 15. Czonstkowsky M, Michanowicz A, Vazquez JA. Evaluation of an injection of thermoplasticized low-temperature gutta-percha using radioactive isotopes. J Endod 11(2):71-74. 1985.ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Tucker JW, Mizrahi S, Seltzer S. Scanning electron microscopic study of the efficacy of various irrigating solutions: Urea, Tublicid Red, and Tubulicid Blue. J Endod 2(3):71-78. 1976.PubMed
  • 17. Williams S, Goldman M. Penetrability of the smeared layer by strain of proteus vulgaris. J Endod 11(9):385-388. 1985.PubMed
  • 18. Pashley DH. Smear layer: physiological considerations. Oper Dent Suppl 3:13-29. 1984.PubMed
  • 19. Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings or experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol 6(4):142-149. 1990.PubMed
  • 20. Love RM, Chandler NP, Jenkinson HF. Penetration of smeared or non smeared dentine by Streptococcus gor-donii. Int Endod J 29(1):2-12. 1996.ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Ruddle CJ. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed.. Mosby Inc.; St. Louis, Mo: p. p258. 2002.
  • 22. Hand RE, Smith ML, Harrison JW. Analysis of the effect of dilution on the necrotic tissue dissolution property of sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 4(2):60-64. 1978.ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Patterson SS. In vivo and in vitro studies of the effect of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate on human dentine and its endodontic implications. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 16:83-103. 1963.ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Goldman M, Goldman LB, Cavaleri R, Bogis J, Lin PS. The efficacy of several endodontic irrigating solutions: a scanning electron microscopic study: part 2. J Endod 8(11):487-492. 1982.ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Grawehr M, Sener B, Waltimo T, Zehnder M. Interactions of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid with sodium hypochlorite in aqueous solutions. Int Endod J 36(6):411-415. 2003.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 26. Tamse A, Katz A and, Kablan F. Comparison of apical leakage shown by four different dyes with two evaluating methods. Int Endod J 31(5):333-337. 1998.ArticlePubMed
  • 27. Madison S, Krell KV. Comparison of EDTA and sodium hypochlirite on the apical seal of endodontically treated teeth. J Endod 10(10):499-503. 1984.PubMed
  • 28. Saunders WP, Saunders EM. The effect of smear layer upon the coronal leakage of gutta-percha root fillings and a glass ionomer sealer. Int Endod J 25(5):145-149. 1992.Article
  • 29. Syngcuk Kim. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed.. Mosby Inc.; St. Louis, Mo: p. p707-708. 2002.

Citations

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    THE EFFECT OF SMEAR LAYER TREATMENT ON THE MICROLEAKAGE
    J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2006;31(5):378-389.   Published online January 14, 2006
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2006.31.5.378
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THE EFFECT OF SMEAR LAYER TREATMENT ON THE MICROLEAKAGE
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Figure 1. Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl group and EDTA group.
Figure 2. Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl-6 group and EDTA-6 group.
Figure 3. Mean leakage ratio in NaOCl group and NaOCl-6 group.
Figure 4. Mean leakage ratio in EDTA group and EDTA-6 group.
Figure 5. Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 1 (× 120).
Figure 6. Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 2 (× 120).
Figure 7. Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 3 (× 120).
Figure 8. Photograph of the EDTA group Level 1 (× 120).
Figure 9. Photograph of the EDTA group Level 2 (× 120).
Figure 10. Photograph of the EDTA group Level 3 (× 120).
Figure 11. Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 1 (× 120).
Figure 12. Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 2 (× 120).
Figure 13. Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 3 (× 120).
Figure 14. Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 1 (× 120).
Figure 15. Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 2 (× 120).
Figure 16. Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 3 (× 120).
Figure 17. Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gaps between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer. Gaps were occuring between the smear layer and the gutta-percha.
Figure 18. Photograph of the NaOCl group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
Figure 19. Photograph of the EDTA group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. Gap-free region was showing between the sealer and the dentinal tubules. Numerous sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin. But, voids were occuring between the sealer and the gutta-percha.
Figure 20. Photograph of the EDTA group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. Gap-free region was showing between the sealer and the dentinal tubules. Numerous sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
Figure 21. Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
Figure 22. Photograph of the NaOCl-6 group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the gap-free region between gutta-percha and the surface of root canals. Surface generally covered with smear layer.
Figure 23. Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 1 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. A few sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.
Figure 24. Photograph of the EDTA-6 group Level 2 (× 1000); Scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. A few sealer tags could be seen within the intertubular dentin.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

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Figure 8.

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Figure 10.

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Figure 12.

Figure 13.

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Figure 15.

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Figure 17.

Figure 18.

Figure 19.

Figure 20.

Figure 21.

Figure 22.

Figure 23.

Figure 24.

THE EFFECT OF SMEAR LAYER TREATMENT ON THE MICROLEAKAGE
Products Manufacturer Function & Characteristics
NaOCl
 KMC Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
 37℃, 3%
MD-Cleanser 17% EDTA
META BIOMED Co., Okcheon, 30% ammonia solution
Chungbuk, Korea 1 – 2% acetyl pyridine chloride
Distilled water
Products Manufacturer Function & Characteristics
Endo-EZE® Ultradent Product Inc., 27 gauge,
South Jordan, USA Flexible irrigator tip
K3™ SybronEndo, CA, USA Rotary Ni-Ti file
K-file Maillefer, Ballaigues, Swiss Hand file
Pro-engine power unit Sae-Yang Machinery co., Daegu, Korea Micromotor & handpiece
Heating Mantle Misung Scientific co., Yangju, Korea Warmer
Temperature Controller Misung Scientific co., Yangju, Korea Keeping temperature at a fixed level
AH-26 Dentsply DeTrey, Germany Sealer
Gutta-Percha cone Diadent, Korea Canal obturation material
System B Analytic technology, USA Canal obturation unit
Buchanan Plugger Analytic technology, USA Plugger
Obtura-Ⅱ Texceed Co, USA Gutta-percha backfilling
Group n Irrigating solution Final flush
NaOCl 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 37℃ 3% NaOCl (5㎖) 2 min
EDTA 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 17% EDTA (5㎖) 2 min
NaOCl-6 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 37℃ 3% NaOCl (5㎖) 2 min
EDTA-6 20 37℃ 3% NaOCl 17% EDTA (5㎖) 2 min
Group Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
NaOCl 0.46 ± 0.24 0.18 ± 0.28 0.07 ± 0.19
EDTA 0.20 ± 0.26 0.12 ± 0.25 0.07 ± 0.18
NaOCl-6 0.69 ± 0.32 0.38 ± 0.41 0.29 ± 0.37
EDTA-6 0.37 ± 0.39 0.19 ± 0.29 0.09 ± 0.14
Table 1. Irrigation solution to treat the smear layer in this study

Table 2. Materials and instruments used in this study

Table 3. Classification of experimental groups

Table 4. Mean leakage ratio at each level (Mean ± SD)

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Restor Dent Endod : Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics
© The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.
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