New quantitative measuring technique for microleakage of the restored tooth through 3D reconstruction

Sang-Yoon Ha; Dong-Hoon Shin

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.5.413

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Original Article New quantitative measuring technique for microleakage of the restored tooth through 3D reconstruction: Sang-Yoon Ha, Dong-Hoon Shin; 2004;29(5):-422.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.5.413
Published online: September 30, 2004

Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Korea.

Corresponding author: Dong-Hoon Shin. Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, San 7-1, Shinbu-dong, CheanAn, ChungNam, Korea, 330-716. Tel: 82-41-550-1965, Fax: 82-41-550-1963, donyshin@dku.edu

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Established microleakage tests have their own disadvantages. In this study, 3D reconstruction method was tried to overcome these disadvantages.

Four types of microleakage tests were used and relationships among them were estimated: penetrated dye volume; marginal adaptability; degree of dye penetration and relative penetrated length to cavity wall.

Twenty-four Class V cavities were bulk filled with composite (Esthet X) following surface treatments: N group (no treatment); E group (etching only); T group (etching + Prime & Bond NT). 50% silver nitrate was used as a dye solution after thermocycling (5℃ & 55℃, 1,000 times). Teeth were serially ground with a thickness of 0.2 mm. Volume of dye penetration was estimated from a three-dimensionally reconstructed image with a software (3D-DOCTOR). Percentage of margin without gap was estimated from SEM and degree of dye penetration and the relative length of dye penetration to overall cavity wall were also estimated.

ANOVA and Scheffe test for dye volume, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test for marginal quality, Spearman's rho test for checking of relationships among methods were used.

The results were as follows:

1. Dye penetration could be seen from several directions, furthermore, its volumetric estimation was possible.

2. Reverse relationship was found between dye volume and marginal quality (r = -0.881 / p = 0.004).

3. Very low relationship was seen between dye volume and two-dimensional tests (degree of dye penetration and relative length). However, 2D evaluation methods showed high relationship (p = 0.002-0.054) each other.

4. Three times vertical section could be recommended as a 2D test.
Keywords: Microleakage; 3D reconstruction; Marginal adaptability; Silver nitrate; Thermocycling; SEM

Figure 1

Marginal adaptation from SEM evaluation: Percentage of gap-free margin (A; red) to cavity perimeter (B; blue) (SEM image; × 35)

Figure 2

Montage view showing serial cross-sectioned images

Figure 3

Three-dimensionally reconstructed restored tooth

Figure 4

Evaluation criteria about percentage of dye penetration: Percentage of length of dye penetration (B; red) to overall cavity wall length (A; blue)

Figure 5

Evaluation criteria about degree of dye penetration: 0 - No dye penetration (A); 1 - Dye penetration less than half the length of the gingival or occlusal wall (B); 2 - Dye penetration up to the full length of the gingival or occlusal wall (C); 3 - Dye penetration along the axial wall (D)

Figure 6

Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group N): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Figure 7

Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group E): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Figure 8

Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group T): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Table 1

Surface treatments

Table 2

Percentage of perfect margin

^*: p < 0.05 ^**: p < 0.01

Table 3

Volumetric microleakage (cubic voxels)

^*: p < 0.05

Table 4

Mean degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 5

Mean relative length of dye penetration to an overall cavity wall according to number of vertical section (%)

Table 6

Correlation between evaluation methods

^**: p < 0.01

Table 7

Degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 8

Relative length of dye penetration according to number of vertical section (%)

REFERENCES

1. Saboia Vde P, Pimenta LA, Ambrosano GM. Effect of collagen removal on microleakage of resin composite restorations. Oper Dent. 2002;27(1):38-43.PubMed
2. Adamo HL, Buruiana R, Schertzer L, Boylan RJ. A comparison of MTA, Super-EBA, composite and amalgam as root end filling materials using a bacterial microleakage model. Int Endod J. 1999;32: 197-203.Article PubMed PDF
3. Hembree JH Jr, Andrew JT. Microleakage of several class V anterior restorative materials: a laboratory study. J Am Dent Assoc. 1978;97(2):179-183.Article PubMed
4. Manhart J, Chen HY, Mehl A, Weber K, Hickel R. Marginal quality and microleakage of adhesive class V restorations. J Dent. 2001;29(2):123-130.Article PubMed
5. Youngson CC, Jones JC, Fox K, Smith IS, Wood DJ, Gale M. A fluid filtration and clearing technique to assess microleakage associated with three dentine bonding systems. J Dent. 1999;27(3):223-233.Article PubMed
6. Von Fraunhofer JA, Adachi EI, Barnes DM, Romberg E. The effect of tooth preparation on microleakage behavior. Oper Dent. 2000;25(6):526-533.PubMed
7. Iwami Y, Yamamoto H, Ebisu S. A new electrical method for detecting marginal leakage of in vitro resin restorations. J Dent. 2000;28(4):241-247.Article PubMed
8. Uno S, Finger WJ, Fritz UB. Effect of cavity design on microleakage of resin-modified glass ionomer restorations. Am J Dent. 1997;10(1):32-35.PubMed
9. Estafan D, Pines MS, Erakin C, Fuerst PF. Microleakage of Class V restorations using two different compomer systems: an in vitro study. J Clin Dent. 1999;10(4):124-126.PubMed
10. Pilo R, Ben-Amar A. Comparison of microleakage for three one-bottle and three multiple-step dentin bonding agents. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;82(2):209-213.PubMed
11. Ziskind D, Avivi-Arber L, Haramati O, Hirschfeld Z. Amalgam alternatives-microleakage evaluation of clinical procedures. Part I: direct composite/composite inlay/ceramic inlay. J Oral Rehabil. 1998;25(6):443-447.Article PubMed PDF
12. Baldissara P, Comin G, Martone F, Scotti R. Comparative study of the marginal microleakage of six cements in fixed provisional crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;80(4):417-422.Article PubMed
13. Hatibovic-Kofman S, Wright GZ, Braverman I. Microleakage of sealants after conventional, bur, and air-abrasion preparation of pits and fissures. Pediatr Dent. 1998;20(3):173-176.PubMed
14. Kazemi RB, Spangberg LS. Effect of reduced air pressure on dye penetration in standardized voids. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;80(6):720-725.PubMed
15. Grande RH, Ballester R, Singer Jda M, Santos JF. Microleakage of a universal adhesive used as a fissure sealant. Am J Dent. 1998;11(3):109-113.PubMed
16. Wibowo G, Stockton L. Microleakage of class II composite restorations. Am J Dent. 2001;14(3):177-185.PubMed
17. Arnold WH, Gaengler P, Kalkutschke L. Three-dimensional reconstruction of approximal subsurface caries lesions in deciduous molars. Clin Oral Investig. 1998;2(4):174-179.Article PubMed PDF
18. Mikrogeorgis G, Lyroudia KL, Nikopoulos N, Pitas I, Molyvdas I, Lambrianidis TH. 3D computer-aided reconstruction of six teeth with morphological abnormalities. Int Endod J. 1999;32(2):88-93.PubMed
19. Jacobs R, Adriansens A, Verstreken K, Suetens P, van Steenberghe D. Predictability of a three-dimensional planning system for oral implant surgery. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1999;28(2):105-111.Article PubMed
20. Jung EH, Shin DH. Morphological analysis of C-shaped root using 3D reconstruction. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002;27(4):421-431.Article
21. Veis A, Lambrianides T, Nicolaou A. Area-metric analysis of dye leakage for evaluation of sealing ability of root canal obturation techniques. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12(5):222-226.Article PubMed
22. Gale MS, Darvell BW, Cheung GS. Three-dimensional reconstruction of microleakage pattern using a sequential grinding technique. J Dent. 1994;22(6):370-375.PubMed
23. Pashley DH, Depew DD. Effects of the smear layer, Copalite and oxalate on microleakage. Oper Dent. 1986;11: 95-102.PubMed
24. Bullard RH, Leinfelder KF, Russell CM. Effect of coefficient of thermal expansion on microleakage. J Am Dent Assoc. 1988;116: 871-874.Article PubMed
25. Heys RJ, Fitzgerald M. Microleakage of three cement bases. J Dent Res. 1991;70: 55-58.Article PubMed PDF
26. Pachuta SM, Meiers JC. Dentin surface treatment and glass ionomer microleakage. Am J Dent. 1995;8: 187-190.PubMed
27. Doerr CL, Hilton TJ, Hermesch CB. Effect of thermocycling on the microleakage of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer. Am J Dent. 1996;9: 19-21.PubMed
28. Tate WH, Friedl KH, Power JM. Bond strength of composites to hybrid ionomers. Oper Dent. 1996;21: 147-152.PubMed
29. Youngson CC, Jones JC, Manogue M, Smith IS. In vitro dentinal penetration by tracers used in microleakage studies. Int Endod J. 1998;31(2):90-99.Article PubMed
30. Hakimeh S, Vaidyanathan J, Houpt ML, Vaidyanathan TK, Von Hagen S. Microleakage of compomer class V restorations: effect of load cycling, thermal cycling, and cavity shape differences. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83(2):194-203.PubMed
31. Gladys S, van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. Microleakage of adhesive restorative materials. Am J Dent. 2001;14(3):170-176.PubMed
32. Van Meerbeek B, Perdigão J, Gladys S, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. In: Schwartz R, Summitt JB, Robbins JW, editors. Enamel and dentin adhesion. Fundamentals of operative dentistry. A contemporary approach. 1996;Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc; 141-186.
33. Crim GA. Marginal leakage of visible light-cured glass ionomer restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;69: 561-563.Article PubMed
34. Hilton TJ, Ferracane JL. Cavity preparation factors and microleakage of Class II composite restorations filled at intraoral temperatures. Am J Dent. 1999;12: 123-130.PubMed
35. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Setting stress in composite resin in relation to the configuration of the restoration. J Dent Res. 1987;66: 1636-1639.Article PubMed PDF
36. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Curing contraction of composites and glass-ionomer cements. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;59: 297-300.Article PubMed
37. Carvalho RM, Pereira JC, Yoshiyama M, Pashley DH. The influence of stress development versus stress relief. Oper Dent. 1996;21: 17-24.PubMed
38. Asmussen E, Munksgaard EC. Status of dentin adhesives and impact on cavity design and filling techniques. Int Dent J. 1988;38: 97-104.PubMed
39. Santini A, Mitchell S. Microleakage of composite restorations bonded with three new dentin bonding agents. J Esthet Dent. 1998;10(6):296-304.Article PubMed
40. Mixson J, Eick JD, Chappell RP, Tira DE, Moore DL. Comparison of two-surface and multi-surface scoring methodologies for in vitro microleakage studies. Dent Mater. 1991;7(3):191-196.PubMed

Tables & Figures

Figure 1

Marginal adaptation from SEM evaluation: Percentage of gap-free margin (A; red) to cavity perimeter (B; blue) (SEM image; × 35)

Figure 2

Montage view showing serial cross-sectioned images

Figure 3

Three-dimensionally reconstructed restored tooth

Figure 4

Evaluation criteria about percentage of dye penetration: Percentage of length of dye penetration (B; red) to overall cavity wall length (A; blue)

Figure 5

Figure 6

Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group N): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Figure 7

Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group E): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Figure 8

Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group T): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Table 1

Surface treatments

Table 2

Percentage of perfect margin

^*: p < 0.05 ^**: p < 0.01

Table 3

Volumetric microleakage (cubic voxels)

^*: p < 0.05

Table 4

Mean degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 5

Mean relative length of dye penetration to an overall cavity wall according to number of vertical section (%)

Table 6

Correlation between evaluation methods

^**: p < 0.01

Table 7

Degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 8

Relative length of dye penetration according to number of vertical section (%)

REFERENCES

1. Saboia Vde P, Pimenta LA, Ambrosano GM. Effect of collagen removal on microleakage of resin composite restorations. Oper Dent. 2002;27(1):38-43.PubMed
2. Adamo HL, Buruiana R, Schertzer L, Boylan RJ. A comparison of MTA, Super-EBA, composite and amalgam as root end filling materials using a bacterial microleakage model. Int Endod J. 1999;32: 197-203.Article PubMed PDF
3. Hembree JH Jr, Andrew JT. Microleakage of several class V anterior restorative materials: a laboratory study. J Am Dent Assoc. 1978;97(2):179-183.Article PubMed
4. Manhart J, Chen HY, Mehl A, Weber K, Hickel R. Marginal quality and microleakage of adhesive class V restorations. J Dent. 2001;29(2):123-130.Article PubMed
5. Youngson CC, Jones JC, Fox K, Smith IS, Wood DJ, Gale M. A fluid filtration and clearing technique to assess microleakage associated with three dentine bonding systems. J Dent. 1999;27(3):223-233.Article PubMed
6. Von Fraunhofer JA, Adachi EI, Barnes DM, Romberg E. The effect of tooth preparation on microleakage behavior. Oper Dent. 2000;25(6):526-533.PubMed
7. Iwami Y, Yamamoto H, Ebisu S. A new electrical method for detecting marginal leakage of in vitro resin restorations. J Dent. 2000;28(4):241-247.Article PubMed
8. Uno S, Finger WJ, Fritz UB. Effect of cavity design on microleakage of resin-modified glass ionomer restorations. Am J Dent. 1997;10(1):32-35.PubMed
9. Estafan D, Pines MS, Erakin C, Fuerst PF. Microleakage of Class V restorations using two different compomer systems: an in vitro study. J Clin Dent. 1999;10(4):124-126.PubMed
10. Pilo R, Ben-Amar A. Comparison of microleakage for three one-bottle and three multiple-step dentin bonding agents. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;82(2):209-213.PubMed
11. Ziskind D, Avivi-Arber L, Haramati O, Hirschfeld Z. Amalgam alternatives-microleakage evaluation of clinical procedures. Part I: direct composite/composite inlay/ceramic inlay. J Oral Rehabil. 1998;25(6):443-447.Article PubMed PDF
12. Baldissara P, Comin G, Martone F, Scotti R. Comparative study of the marginal microleakage of six cements in fixed provisional crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;80(4):417-422.Article PubMed
13. Hatibovic-Kofman S, Wright GZ, Braverman I. Microleakage of sealants after conventional, bur, and air-abrasion preparation of pits and fissures. Pediatr Dent. 1998;20(3):173-176.PubMed
14. Kazemi RB, Spangberg LS. Effect of reduced air pressure on dye penetration in standardized voids. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;80(6):720-725.PubMed
15. Grande RH, Ballester R, Singer Jda M, Santos JF. Microleakage of a universal adhesive used as a fissure sealant. Am J Dent. 1998;11(3):109-113.PubMed
16. Wibowo G, Stockton L. Microleakage of class II composite restorations. Am J Dent. 2001;14(3):177-185.PubMed
17. Arnold WH, Gaengler P, Kalkutschke L. Three-dimensional reconstruction of approximal subsurface caries lesions in deciduous molars. Clin Oral Investig. 1998;2(4):174-179.Article PubMed PDF
18. Mikrogeorgis G, Lyroudia KL, Nikopoulos N, Pitas I, Molyvdas I, Lambrianidis TH. 3D computer-aided reconstruction of six teeth with morphological abnormalities. Int Endod J. 1999;32(2):88-93.PubMed
19. Jacobs R, Adriansens A, Verstreken K, Suetens P, van Steenberghe D. Predictability of a three-dimensional planning system for oral implant surgery. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1999;28(2):105-111.Article PubMed
20. Jung EH, Shin DH. Morphological analysis of C-shaped root using 3D reconstruction. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002;27(4):421-431.Article
21. Veis A, Lambrianides T, Nicolaou A. Area-metric analysis of dye leakage for evaluation of sealing ability of root canal obturation techniques. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12(5):222-226.Article PubMed
22. Gale MS, Darvell BW, Cheung GS. Three-dimensional reconstruction of microleakage pattern using a sequential grinding technique. J Dent. 1994;22(6):370-375.PubMed
23. Pashley DH, Depew DD. Effects of the smear layer, Copalite and oxalate on microleakage. Oper Dent. 1986;11: 95-102.PubMed
24. Bullard RH, Leinfelder KF, Russell CM. Effect of coefficient of thermal expansion on microleakage. J Am Dent Assoc. 1988;116: 871-874.Article PubMed
25. Heys RJ, Fitzgerald M. Microleakage of three cement bases. J Dent Res. 1991;70: 55-58.Article PubMed PDF
26. Pachuta SM, Meiers JC. Dentin surface treatment and glass ionomer microleakage. Am J Dent. 1995;8: 187-190.PubMed
27. Doerr CL, Hilton TJ, Hermesch CB. Effect of thermocycling on the microleakage of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer. Am J Dent. 1996;9: 19-21.PubMed
28. Tate WH, Friedl KH, Power JM. Bond strength of composites to hybrid ionomers. Oper Dent. 1996;21: 147-152.PubMed
29. Youngson CC, Jones JC, Manogue M, Smith IS. In vitro dentinal penetration by tracers used in microleakage studies. Int Endod J. 1998;31(2):90-99.Article PubMed
30. Hakimeh S, Vaidyanathan J, Houpt ML, Vaidyanathan TK, Von Hagen S. Microleakage of compomer class V restorations: effect of load cycling, thermal cycling, and cavity shape differences. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83(2):194-203.PubMed
31. Gladys S, van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. Microleakage of adhesive restorative materials. Am J Dent. 2001;14(3):170-176.PubMed
32. Van Meerbeek B, Perdigão J, Gladys S, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. In: Schwartz R, Summitt JB, Robbins JW, editors. Enamel and dentin adhesion. Fundamentals of operative dentistry. A contemporary approach. 1996;Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc; 141-186.
33. Crim GA. Marginal leakage of visible light-cured glass ionomer restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;69: 561-563.Article PubMed
34. Hilton TJ, Ferracane JL. Cavity preparation factors and microleakage of Class II composite restorations filled at intraoral temperatures. Am J Dent. 1999;12: 123-130.PubMed
35. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Setting stress in composite resin in relation to the configuration of the restoration. J Dent Res. 1987;66: 1636-1639.Article PubMed PDF
36. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Curing contraction of composites and glass-ionomer cements. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;59: 297-300.Article PubMed
37. Carvalho RM, Pereira JC, Yoshiyama M, Pashley DH. The influence of stress development versus stress relief. Oper Dent. 1996;21: 17-24.PubMed
38. Asmussen E, Munksgaard EC. Status of dentin adhesives and impact on cavity design and filling techniques. Int Dent J. 1988;38: 97-104.PubMed
39. Santini A, Mitchell S. Microleakage of composite restorations bonded with three new dentin bonding agents. J Esthet Dent. 1998;10(6):296-304.Article PubMed
40. Mixson J, Eick JD, Chappell RP, Tira DE, Moore DL. Comparison of two-surface and multi-surface scoring methodologies for in vitro microleakage studies. Dent Mater. 1991;7(3):191-196.PubMed

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Estimation of relation between techniques of dye penetration for microleakage and SEM evaluation for marginal adaptation of the restoration
Soon-Joo Hwang, Dong-Hoon Shin
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2006; 31(5): 337. CrossRef
Microleakage of the class V cavity according to restoration site and cavity size using SEM and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques
In-Seo Yang, Dong-Hoon Shin
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2005; 30(2): 112. CrossRef

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New quantitative measuring technique for microleakage of the restored tooth through 3D reconstruction

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2004;29(5):413-422. Published online September 30, 2004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.5.413

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Figure

New quantitative measuring technique for microleakage of the restored tooth through 3D reconstruction

Figure 1 Marginal adaptation from SEM evaluation: Percentage of gap-free margin (A; red) to cavity perimeter (B; blue) (SEM image; × 35)

Figure 2 Montage view showing serial cross-sectioned images

Figure 3 Three-dimensionally reconstructed restored tooth

Figure 4 Evaluation criteria about percentage of dye penetration: Percentage of length of dye penetration (B; red) to overall cavity wall length (A; blue)

Figure 5 Evaluation criteria about degree of dye penetration: 0 - No dye penetration (A); 1 - Dye penetration less than half the length of the gingival or occlusal wall (B); 2 - Dye penetration up to the full length of the gingival or occlusal wall (C); 3 - Dye penetration along the axial wall (D)

Figure 6 Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group N): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Figure 7 Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group E): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Figure 8 Three-dimensionally reconstructed tooth (group T): A; buccal view, B; mesial view, C; lingual view, D; distal view

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

New quantitative measuring technique for microleakage of the restored tooth through 3D reconstruction

Table 1

Surface treatments

Table 2

Percentage of perfect margin

^*: p < 0.05 ^**: p < 0.01

Table 3

Volumetric microleakage (cubic voxels)

^*: p < 0.05

Table 4

Mean degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 5

Mean relative length of dye penetration to an overall cavity wall according to number of vertical section (%)

Table 6

Correlation between evaluation methods

^**: p < 0.01

Table 7

Degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 8

Relative length of dye penetration according to number of vertical section (%)

Table 1 Surface treatments

Table 2 Percentage of perfect margin

^*: p < 0.05 ^**: p < 0.01

Table 3 Volumetric microleakage (cubic voxels)

^*: p < 0.05

Table 4 Mean degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 5 Mean relative length of dye penetration to an overall cavity wall according to number of vertical section (%)

Table 6 Correlation between evaluation methods

^**: p < 0.01

Table 7 Degree of dye penetration according to number of vertical section

Table 8 Relative length of dye penetration according to number of vertical section (%)