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Research Article
A comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity of root canal sealers: an in vitro study
Gautam Pyarelal Badole, Manjusha Madhukar Warhadpande, Ganesh Kothiramji Meshram, Rakesh Namdeoraoji Bahadure, Shubha Gopal Tawani, Gopal Tawani, Shital Gautam Badole
Restor Dent Endod 2013;38(4):204-209.   Published online November 12, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.4.204
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Objectives

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of four different root canal sealers i.e. Apexit Plus (Ivoclar Vivadent), Endomethasone N (Septodont), AH-26 (Dentsply) and Pulpdent Root Canal Sealer (Pulpdent), on a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929).

Materials and Methods

Thirty two discs for each sealer (5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height) were fabricated in Teflon mould. The sealer extraction was made in cell culture medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, DMEM) using the ratio 1.25 cm2/mL between the surface of the sealer samples and the volume of medium in a shaker incubator. Extraction of each sealer was obtained at 24 hr, 7th day, 14th day, and one month of interval. These extracts were incubated with L929 cell line and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was done. Two-way ANOVA for interaction effects between sealer and time and Post-hoc multiple comparison using Tukey's test across all the 16 different groups were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Apexit Plus root canal sealer was significantly less toxic than other sealers (p < 0.05) and showed higher cellular growth than control. Endomethasone N showed mild cytotoxicity. AH-26 showed severe toxicity which became mild after one month while Pulpdent Root Canal Sealer showed severe to moderate toxicity.

Conclusions

Apexit Plus was relatively biocompatible sealer as compared to other three sealers which were cytotoxic at their initial stages, however, they became biocompatible with time.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Evolution of In Vitro Toxicity Assessment Methods for Oral Cavity Tissues—From 2D Cell Cultures to Organ-on-a-Chip
    Alexandra Jităreanu, Luminița Agoroaei, Ioana-Cezara Caba, Florina-Daniela Cojocaru, Liliana Vereștiuc, Mădălina Vieriu, Ioana Mârțu
    Toxics.2025; 13(3): 195.     CrossRef
  • Comparative analysis of the inflammatory response of human gingival fibroblasts to NeoSEALER Flo and CeraSeal bioceramic sealers: an in vitro study
    Sarah Salah Gaafar, Abdel Rahman O. El Mekkawi, Rehab Ali Farag, Mohamed H. A. Gadelmawla, Ahmad Mostafa Hussein Mohamad Hussein, Mohamed Sayed, Mohammad Rayyan, Doaa Gamal AbdelMouez Basta
    BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability of Two Bioactive Root Canal Sealers, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, and BioRoot Root Canal Sealer: An In Vitro Study
    Emmanuel Samson, Lata B Gangurde, Jaiprakash R Rathod, Pradnya S Jadhav, Sangeeta Ambhore, Pranav S Jadhav
    CODS - Journal of Dentistry.2023; 14(2): 57.     CrossRef
  • Human Gingival Fibroblasts Response to Different Endodontic Sealers: An In Vitro Study
    Rita Noites, Inês Tavares, Miguel Cardoso, Isabel M. Carreira, Maria Bartolomeu, Ana S. Duarte, Ilda P. Ribeiro
    Applied Sciences.2023; 13(19): 10976.     CrossRef
  • Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity of Root Canal Sealer with the Addition of Chitosan Nanoparticle at Various Concentrations
    Diatri Nari Ratih, Ema Mulyawati, Rika Kurnia Santi, Yulita Kristanti
    European Journal of Dentistry.2023; 17(02): 398.     CrossRef
  • Transforaminal and systemic diffusion of an active agent from a zinc oxide eugenol-based endodontic sealer containing hydrocortisone—in an in vivo model
    Davy Aubeux, Anne Valot-Salengro, Gaelle Gautier, Arnaud Malet, Fabienne Pérez
    Clinical Oral Investigations.2020; 24(12): 4395.     CrossRef
  • PEGylated curcumin-loaded nanofibrous mats with controlled burst release through bead knot-on-spring design
    Mahdi Saeed, Hamid Mirzadeh, Mojgan Zandi, Jalal Barzin
    Progress in Biomaterials.2020; 9(4): 175.     CrossRef
  • A New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Dressing: Physical and Chemical Properties, Cytotoxicity and Dentinal Tubule Penetration
    Natália Villa, Vanessa Valgas Dos Santos, Ubirajara Maciel da Costa, Aline Teixeira Mendes, Pedro Henrique Marks Duarte, Ricardo Abreu da Rosa, Jefferson Ricardo Pereira, Marcus Vinícius Reis Só
    Brazilian Dental Journal.2020; 31(6): 598.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study
    Abhay M Tripathi, Minarani T Devi, Sonali K Kalra, Ujjala Ghoshal
    International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2019; 12(5): 398.     CrossRef
  • Endodontic-related inferior alveolar nerve injuries: A review and a therapeutic flow chart
    R. Castro, M. Guivarc'h, J.M. Foletti, J.H. Catherine, C. Chossegros, L. Guyot
    Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2018; 119(5): 412.     CrossRef
  • Comparison between direct contact and extract exposure methods for PFO cytotoxicity evaluation
    Girish K. Srivastava, Maria L. Alonso-Alonso, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno, Maria T. Garcia-Gutierrez, Fernando Rull, Jesús Medina, Rosa M. Coco, J. Carlos Pastor
    Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Novel endodontic sealers induce cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a dose-dependent behavior and favorable response in mice subcutaneous tissue
    L. A. B. Silva, L. U. Azevedo, A. Consolaro, F. Barnett, Y. Xu, R. A. Battaglino, P. S. Cañadas, Katharina Morant Holanda de Oliveira, R. A. B. Silva
    Clinical Oral Investigations.2017; 21(9): 2851.     CrossRef
  • Designing and fabrication of curcumin loaded PCL/PVA multi-layer nanofibrous electrospun structures as active wound dressing
    Seyed Mahdi Saeed, Hamid Mirzadeh, Mojgan Zandi, Jalal Barzin
    Progress in Biomaterials.2017; 6(1-2): 39.     CrossRef
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Original Articles
Evaluation of the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of resinous root canal sealers
Chang-Kyu Kim, Hyun-Wook Ryu, Hoon-Sang Chang, Byung-Do Lee, Kyung-San Min, Chan-Ui Hong
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2007;32(5):419-425.   Published online September 30, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.5.419
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based (AH 26, EZ fill and AD Seal), a zinc oxide-eugenol-based (ZOB Seal), and a calcium hydroxide-based (Sealapex) root canal sealers. Specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness, were radiographed simultaneously with an aluminum step wedge using occlusal films, according to ISO 6876/2001 standards. Radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of sealers was compared to the different thicknesses of the aluminum step wedge, using the Scion image software. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of each material was determined in immortalized human periodontal ligament (IPDL) cells.

The results demonstrated that EZ fill was the most radiopaque sealer, while Sealapex was the least radiopaque (p < 0.05). AH 26, AD Seal and ZOB Seal presented intermediate radiopacity values. All the materials evaluated, except for Sealapex, presented the minimum radiopacity required by ISO standards. The cell viabilities of resin-based root canal sealers were statistically higher than that of other type of root canal sealers through the all experimental time. Further, EZ fill showed statistically lower cell viability in 24 and 48 hours compared to AD Seal and in 72 hours compared to all other resin-based root canal sealers. However, there was no correlation between the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canals sealers (p > 0.05).

These results indicate that resin-based root canal sealer is more biocompatible and has advantage in terms of radiopacity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A Comparative Evaluation of Two Commonly Used GP Solvents on Different Epoxy Resin-based Sealers: An In Vitro Study
    Sakshi Tyagi, Ekta Choudhary, Rajat Chauhan, Ashish Choudhary
    International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2020; 13(1): 35.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of softening ability of Xylene & Endosolv-R on three different epoxy resin based sealers within 1 to 2 minutes - anin vitrostudy
    Pratima Ramakrishna Shenoi, Gautam Pyarelal Badole, Rajiv Tarachand Khode
    Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(1): 17.     CrossRef
  • A comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity of root canal sealers: anin vitrostudy
    Gautam Pyarelal Badole, Manjusha Madhukar Warhadpande, Ganesh Kothiramji Meshram, Rakesh Namdeoraoji Bahadure, Shubha Gopal Tawani, Gopal Tawani, Shital Gautam Badole
    Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2013; 38(4): 204.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of radiopacity and discriminability of various fiber reinforced composite posts
    Eun-Hye Lee, Hang-Moon Choi, Se-Hee Park, Jin-Woo Kim, Kyung-Mo Cho
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(3): 188.     CrossRef
  • A comparative study on radiopacity of root canal sealers
    Tae-Min Kim, Seo-Kyoung Kim, In-Nam Hwang, Yun-Chan Hwang, Byung-Cheol Kang, Suk-Ja Yoon, Jae-Seo Lee, Won-Mann Oh
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(1): 61.     CrossRef
  • A comparative study on radiopacity of canal filling and retrograde root-end filling materials
    Yong-Sang Kim, Seo-Kyong Kim, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2008; 33(2): 107.     CrossRef
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Evaluation of periodontal ligament cell viability in rat teeth after frozen preservation using in-vivo MTT assay
Jae-Wook Kim, Eui-Sung Kim, Jin Kim, Seung-Jong Lee
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2006;31(3):192-202.   Published online May 31, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2006.31.3.192
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The purpose of this study was to examine the viability of PDL cells in rat molars by using in vivo MTT assay, which was used to compare fast cryopreservation group by liquid nitrogen (-196℃) with 4℃ cold preservation group.

A total of 74 Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4 week-old with a body weight of 100 grams were used. The maxillary left and right, first and second molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under ketamine anesthesia.

Ten teeth of each group were divided as six experimental groups depending upon the preservation. Cryopreservation groups were Group 1 (5% DMSO 6% HES in F medium), Group 2 (10% DMSO in F medium), Group 3 (5% DMSO 6% HES in Viaspan®), Group 4 (10% DMSO in Viaspan®) which were cryopreserved for 1 week and cold preservation groups were Group 5 (F medium), Group 6 (Viaspan®) at 4℃ for 1 week. Immediate extraction group was used as a control. After preservation and thawing, the in vivo MTT assay was processed. Two way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was performed at the 95% level of confidence. Another 2 teeth of each group were treated as the same manner and frozen sections 10 µm thick for microscopic observation.

The value of optical density obtained after in vivo MTT analysis was divided by the value of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization. Group 1, 2 had significantly higher optical density than Group 3 and 4 which had the lowest OD value. Group 6 had higher OD value than in Group 5 (P < 0.05). Histological findings of periodontal ligament cell, after being stained with MTT solution were consistent with the in vivo MTT assay results.

In this study, the groups which were frozen with DMSO as a cryoprotectant and the groups with F medium showed the best results.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Evaluation of the Viability of Rat Periodontal Ligament Cells after Storing at 0℃/2 MPa Condition up to One Week: In Vivo MTT Method
    Sun Mi Jang, Sin-Yeon Cho, Eui-Seong Kim, Il-Young Jung, Seung Jong Lee
    Journal of Korean Dental Science.2016; 9(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Comparative study on survival rate of human gingival fibroblasts stored in different storage media
    Hee Su Lee, You Sun Lim
    Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2012; 12(4): 733.     CrossRef
  • The evaluation of periodontal ligament cells of rat teeth after low-temperature preservation under high pressure
    Jin-Ho Chung, Jin Kim, Seong-Ho Choi, Eui-Seong Kim, Jiyong Park, Seung-Jong Lee
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(4): 285.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of viability of oral epithelial cells stored by different freezing methods
    Do-Young Baek, Seung-Jong Lee, Han-Sung Jung, EuiSeong Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(6): 491.     CrossRef
  • The efficacy of programmed cryo-preservation under pressure in rat periodontal ligament cells
    Young-Eun Lee, Eui-Seong Kim, Jin Kim, Seung-Hoon Han, Seung-Jong Lee
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(4): 356.     CrossRef
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The verification of the MTT assay on the viability of periodontal ligamental cells in rat molars through the histologic examination
Hyun-Ki Kim, Eui-Seoung Kim, In-Bok Choi, Jin Kim, Seung-Jong Lee
J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2003;28(5):385-391.   Published online September 30, 2003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.5.385
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

The purpose of this study is to examine the viability of PDL cells in rat molars by using MTT assay and to verify the MTT assay through the histologic observation. Thirty of Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4-weeks old with a body weight of about 100 grams were used. Groupings are as follows:

Immediate Group : Positive control group(n=10)-after extraction immediately.

Dried Group : Negative control group(n=10)-after drying for an hour under warm dry.

ViaSpan® Group : 1hour ViaSpan® group(n=10)-after storing in ViaSpan® at 4℃ for 1hour.

Ten teeth of each group were treated as same as above and replanted to the original socket of experimental animals. After two weeks of replantation, all the experimental animals were sacrificed. And after fixation, extracted maxillary jaw was dimineralized. After it was embedded in paraffin, serial section by 5µm was carried out and for construction of specimen, hematoxylin-eosin dye was used.

The mean MTT measurement of immediate group(positive control) is 2.81 and the mean measurement of dried group(negative control) is 0.98 which is significant differnt(P<0.05). The mean measurement of ViaSpan® group is 2.65 and there is significant difference between dried group and ViaSpan® group(P<0.05). However, there is no difference between immediate group and ViaSpan® group. The average resorption points of immediate group is 3.03 points. In the dried group, average 6.44 points resorption and 2.68 points showed resorption in the ViaSpan® group. Unlike with MTT assay, there was no significant difference between the immediate group and ViaSpan® group.

The usage of MTT assay as a viable cell marker may give us a better indication of the maintenance of periodontal ligament cell vitality.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Effects of Trichosanthis Radix Extract on Collagen Production
    Mi-Young Yun, Hye-Won Kim
    Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology.2024; 30(2): 408.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of periodontal ligament cell viability in rat teeth according to various extra-oral dry storage times using MTT assay
    In-Soo Jeon, Eui-Seong Kim, Jin Kim, Seung-Jong Lee
    Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2006; 31(5): 398.     CrossRef
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  • 2 Crossref
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