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• Local Immune Response to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Narrative Review
  Shankargouda Patil, Shilpa Bhandi, Oladapo T Okareh
  World Journal of Dentistry.2023; 14(4): 382.     CrossRef

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) would influence healing of periapical tissues by modulating the production of growth factors and cytokines from PDL fibroblasts, however, the studies are insufficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to monitor the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from PDL fibroblasts in the presence of MTA. The human PDL fibroblasts were seeded onto the set MTA or IRM at a level of 1 × 10⁵ cells per unit well, and further incubated for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. The levels of TGF-β1, FGF-2, and IL-6 from the supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The level of TGF-β1 was down-regulated when the cells were grown in the presence of MTA except at 6 hours. The levels of FGF-2 release were significantly suppressed when PDL fibroblasts were grown in the presence of MTA or IRM at all time intervals (p < 0.05). The expressions of IL-6 from MTA treated cells were comparable to those of untreated control cells throughout the observation periods. We presume that this material inhibits the stimulatory function of growth factors on granulation tissue formation and in turn, it promotes the healing process modulated by other bone-remodeling cells.

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• Osteo/odontogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Platelet-rich Plasma and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
  Shanthi Vanka, Amit Vanka, Sandeep Kumar Vishwakarma, Manohar K Bhat, Othman Wali, Aleem A Khan
  The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2019; 20(10): 1171.     CrossRef
• The effect of several root-end filling materials on MG63 osteoblast-like cells
  Jeong-Ho Lee, Won-Jun Shon, WooCheol Lee, Seung-Ho Baek
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(3): 222.     CrossRef
• Biocompatibility of experimental mixture of mineral trioxide aggregate and glass ionomer cement
  Min-Jae Oh, Yu-Na Jeong, In-Ho Bae, So-Young Yang, Bum-Jun Park, Jeong-Tae Koh, Yun-Chan Hwang, In-Nam Hwang, Won-Mann Oh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(5): 359.     CrossRef
• Biocompatibility of bioaggregate cement on human pulp and periodontal ligament (PDL) derived cells
  Choo-Ryung Chung, Euiseong Kim, Su-Jung Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2010; 35(6): 473.     CrossRef
• Effects of condensation techniques and canal sizes on the microleakage of orthograde MTA apical plug in simulated canals
  Deuk-Lim Nam, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2009; 34(3): 208.     CrossRef

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a major role in stimulating the synthesis and release of the principal osteoclast-activating cytokines, namely, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-α from immune cells. Although monocytes/macrophages are the main producers of these cytokines, recent evidence has indicated that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) have the ability to release IL-1 and TNF-α. Calcium hydroxide has been shown to be an effective medicament in root canal infections, reducing the microbial titre within the canal. It has been proposed that the therapeutic effect of Ca(OH)₂ may also be the result of direct inactivation of LPS. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether treatment of Porphyromonas endodontalis LPS with calcium hydroxide alters its biological action as measured by human PMN secretion of IL-1 and TNF-α, and it was compared with Escherichia coli LPS.

P. endodontalis ATCC 35406 was cultured in anaerobic condition, and LPS was extracted using the hot-phenol water extraction method and purified. Purchased E. coli LPS was also purified. 100 µg/ml of each LPS in pyrogen free water were incubated with 25mg/ml Ca(OH)₂ at 37℃ for 7 days. The supernatants were subjected to ultrafiltration, and the isolates were lyophilized and weighed. PMNs were obtained from peripheral blood by centrifugation layered over Lymphoprep. The cells were resuspended (4×10⁶ cells/ml) in RPMI 1640 followed by treatment with various concentrations of LPS (0, 0.1, 1, 10µg/ml) for 24 hours at 37℃ in 5% CO₂ incubator. The supernatants of cells were collected and the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The results were as follows;

1. The levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α from PMN treated with each LPS were significantly higher than those released from unstimulated PMN of the control group (p<0.05).

2. The levels of all three cytokines released from PMN stimulated with each calcium hydroxide treated LPS were significantly lower than those released from PMN stimulated with each untreated LPS (p<0.05), while they were not significantly different from those released from unstimulated PMN of the control group (p>0.05).

3. The levels of secretion for all three cytokines were affected in a dose-dependent manner in PMN stimulated with each LPS (p<0.05), but not in PMN stimulated with each calcium hydroxide treated LPS (p>0.05).

4. The levels of all three cytokines released from PMN stimulated with P. endodontalis LPS were significantly lower than those released from PMN stimulated with E. coli LPS (p<0.05).

Citations

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• Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis, but Not from Porphyromonas endodontalis, Induces Macrophage M1 Profile
  Pablo Veloso, Alejandra Fernández, Jessica Astorga, David González-Quintanilla, Alfredo Castro, Alejandro Escobar, Anilei Hoare, Marcela Hernández
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(17): 10011.     CrossRef