Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Research Articles

Influence of occlusal reduction on postoperative pain following single-visit root canal treatment in mandibular molars: a randomized controlled trial: Sathvika Kanesalingavelan, Geeth Deepika KG, Anand Sherwood I, Pavithra Chandrasekaran, Azhagu Abirami A; Restor Dent Endod 2026;51(3):e37. Published online August 12, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2026.51.e37

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Postoperative pain is a frequent complication following root canal treatment, and occlusal reduction (OR) has been suggested as a means to minimize such discomfort. However, existing evidence regarding its effectiveness remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of OR on postoperative pain following single-visit root canal treatment in mandibular molars. It also examined whether preoperative pain intensity affects the postoperative response to OR. Methods: A total of 280 eligible patients with irreversible pulpitis in their first or second mandibular molars were enrolled and stratified into four groups based on their preoperative pain intensity using the visual analogue scale (VAS): 0, no pain; 1–3, mild; 4–7, moderate; and 8–10, severe. Each group was further allocated into OR or no occlusal reduction (NOR) subgroups using block randomization. Standardized endodontic procedures were performed under rubber dam isolation. Postoperative pain was recorded at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 1 week using the same VAS scale. Data were analyzed using the chi-square tests (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Overall, a statistically significant difference between OR and NOR was found at the 48-hour interval, favoring OR. Stratified analysis showed significant pain reduction at 24 hours in the moderate pain category and near-significant differences in the severe pain group at both 24 hours and 48 hours. Conclusions: OR reduced early postoperative pain most noticeably in patients presenting with moderate to severe preoperative pain, whereas its effect was minimal in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases.

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Evaluation of mineral induction ability and cytotoxicity of carbonated hydroxyapatite for pulp tissue regeneration: an in vitro study: S. Swathi Priyadharshini, Chinnasamy Ragavendran, Anand Sherwood, J. Ramana Ramya, Jogikalmat Krithikadatta; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(4):e40. Published online October 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e40

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA)’s ability for mineral induction and its in vitro cytotoxicity with human dental pulp cells.

Materials and Methods

Precursors for the study include di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, with sodium hydrogen carbonate added to achieve different levels of carbonate substitution. The synthesized CHA samples are characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe morphology. For 14 days at 37°C, samples were submerged in simulated body fluid to assess their mineral induction capabilities. SEM was used to confirm apatite formation on sample surfaces. The cytotoxicity assay was used to assess the vitality of the cells following their exposure to various concentrations of CHA.

Results

The Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards data for HA aligned well with the results from X-ray diffraction analysis of CHA across 3 different concentrations, indicating strong agreement. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated the presence of phosphate, hydroxyl, and carbonate groups within the samples. SEM and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis show agglomerated and flaky nanoparticles. All the samples are bioactive, but the formation of apatite differs from one another. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that over 70% of cells maintain viability.

Conclusions

The results of this study may provide insight into the potential use of carbonated HA as a dental pulp-capping material for vital pulp therapy.

Citations

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Smart Nanomaterials: Current State and Future Prospects in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
E. Elizabeth Rani, D. Sakthi Sanjana, E. Karthikeyan, J. Nandhini
Biomedical Materials & Devices.2026; 4(2): 1455. CrossRef
Thermoresponsive Nanomaterials: Revolutionizing Cancer Theranostics
Bellarmin Michael, Mohanakrishnan Srinivasan, Karthikeyan Elumalai, Lokeshwar Ravikumar, Sivaprakash Kathiresan, Nandhini Jayaprakash
Biomedical Materials & Devices.2026; 4(3): 2697. CrossRef
Physicochemical and antibacterial evaluation of novel nano α-TCP–AgNPs biocomposites for direct pulp-capping applications
Selviana Wulansari, Hendra Dian Adhita Dharsono, Nasrul Wathoni, Rosalina Tjandrawinata, Arief Cahyanto, Moehamad Orliando Roeslan
Frontiers in Oral Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Physicochemical effects of nano type-B bone substitute on pulp protective cement formulations
Njwan Fadhel SHEHAB
Dental Materials Journal.2026; 45(1): 92. CrossRef
Recycling waste for sustainability: The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bougainvillea glabra green waste, and the evaluation of their antioxidant, cytotoxic, catalytic, antibacterial and in-silico molecular docking properties
Hafsa Naleem, Mathivathani Kandiah, Beneli Gunaratne, Ominda Perera
Next Research.2026; 11: 101990. CrossRef
Biogenic hydroxyapatite and PLAL-derived nanoparticles as PEO electrolyte additives for TiO2 composite coatings
Laura Maria Echeverry-Cardona, Jhoan Mauricio Moreno-Vargas, Miguel Angel Gómez- Aristizaba, Juan Pablo Velásquez Tamayo, Leonardo Bohorquez -Santiago, Elisabeth Restrepo-Parra
Ceramics International.2026; 52(25): 44851. CrossRef
Nanoemulsion synthesis of sulfate and zinc co-doped carbonated hydroxyapatite: Photoluminescence, anticancer activity, and cytocompatibility
Daniel G. Adekanmi, T.A. Afolabi, S.C. Esparza-Gonzalez, L.L. Samaniego-Arroyo, J.R.R. Sanchez, M. Gallardo-Heredia, C.M. Lopez-Badillo
Next Materials.2026; 13: 103555. CrossRef
Investigation of structural, photoluminescence, and electronic density of states of terbium-doped hydroxyapatite nanostructures
Thanigai Arul Kumaravelu, Ramana Ramya J, N.P. Rajesh, Akhil P. Khedulkar, Chi-Cheng Lee, Chung-Li Dong
Next Nanotechnology.2026; 10: 100852. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of compressive strength and morphological interface of carbonated hydroxyapatite with other pulp capping materials: An in vitro analysis
S. Swathi Priyadharshini, Chinnasamy Ragavendran, I. Anand Sherwood, Ramanaramya Jeyapalan
Endodontology.2025; 37(1): 90. CrossRef
Bioactive Dioxo-Phosphobetaines derived from the reaction of Dichlorodinitrobenzofuroxane with various phosphines
Irina V. Galkina, Haiyan Fan, Semen R. Romanov, Dmitriy I. Bakhtiyarov, Luisa M. Usupova, Svetlana N. Egorova, Yulia V. Bakhtiyarova, Enrico Benassi
Bioorganic Chemistry.2025; 163: 108695. CrossRef
Near-infrared laser-activated PLGA-PDA core-shell nanohybrids for synergistic photothermal antibacterial therapy and sustained ion release in orthodontic white spot lesions prevention
Zezhou Feng, Yujiang Liu, Silu Sun, Minmin Si, Di Huang, Zhiyuan Feng
Journal of Dentistry.2025; 162: 106078. CrossRef
Formation and utilization of soluble microbial products in denitrifying biofilters at different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios: Microbial community characteristics
Fangyuan Jiang, Xianyang Shi
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering.2025; 13(6): 119554. CrossRef
Bioactivity and biocompatibility of bioceramic-based pulp capping materials in laboratory and animal models
Rafiqul Islam, Md. Refat Readul Islam, Kenta Tsuchiya, Yu Toida, Hidehiko Sano, Monica Yamauti, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Atsushi Tomokiyo
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Graphene Nanoparticle-added Tricalcium Silicate Formulations: A Systematic Review
Soundaria Srinivasan, Deepa Gurunathan, Lakshmi Thangavelu
Journal of International Oral Health.2025; 17(6): 453. CrossRef
Advanced structural and compositional profiling of mineral trioxide aggregate incorporated with nano-carbonated hydroxyapatite: a comprehensive X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray investigation
Njwan Fadhel Shehab, Nadia Hameed Hasan, Alaa Edrees Dawood, Nawal Atiya Khalaf
Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry.2025; 12: 216. CrossRef

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Influence of glide path size and operating kinetics on time to reach working length and fracture resistance of Twisted File adaptive and Endostar E3 nickel-titanium file systems: Tamilkumaran Ramyadharshini, Inbaraj Anand Sherwood, V Shanmugham Vigneshwar, Prakasam Ernest Prince, Murugadoss Vaanjay; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(2):e22. Published online March 5, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e22

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study investigated the influence of glide path size and operating kinetics on the time to reach the working length and the fracture resistance of Twisted File (TF) and Endostar E3 files.

Materials and Methods

A total of 120 mandibular single-rooted premolars were selected. Two methods of kinetic motion (TF adaptive and continuous rotary motion) and file systems (TF and Endostar E3) were employed. The files were used in root canals prepared to apical glide path sizes of 15, 20, and 25. The time taken to reach the working length and the number of canals used before the instrument deformed or fractured were noted. Fractured instruments were examined with scanning electron microscopy.

Results

The TF system took significantly more time to reach the working length than the Endostar E3 system. Both systems required significantly more time to reach the working length at the size 15 glide path than at sizes 20 and 25. A greater number of TFs than Endostar E3 files exhibited deformation, and a higher incidence of instrument deformation was observed in adaptive than in continuous rotary motion; more deformation was also observed with the size 15 glide path. One TF was fractured while undergoing adaptive motion.

Conclusions

No significant difference was observed between continuous rotary and adaptive motion. The TF system and adaptive motion were associated with a higher incidence of deformation and fracture. Apical glide path sizes of 20 and 25 required significantly less time to reach the working length than size 15.

Citations

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Influence of the Adaptive Torque Control Motion on the Ability of Neolix EDMax to Reach Working Length When Used as a Single Shaping File—An In Vitro Study
Vlad Mircea Lup, Carlo Gaeta, Ashkan Tavakkoli, Andreas Louloudiadis, Simone Grandini, Gabriela Ciavoi
Dentistry Journal.2025; 13(6): 262. CrossRef
Glide Path in Endodontics: A Literature Review of Current Knowledge
Vlad Mircea Lup, Giulia Malvicini, Carlo Gaeta, Simone Grandini, Gabriela Ciavoi
Dentistry Journal.2024; 12(8): 257. CrossRef
Assessment of Different File Systems for Working Time Based on Glide Path, Operating Kinetics, and the Fracture Resistance
Ruchika Gupta, Divya Batra, Debkant Jena, Nandita Bansal, Alka Arora, Divya Gaurav Dudulwar
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2021; 22(1): 69. CrossRef

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