KACD
Articles
- Page Path
- HOME > Restor Dent Endod > Volume 38(3); 2013 > Article
- Open Lecture on Statistics Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Evaluation of measurement error 2: Dahlberg's error, Bland-Altman method, and Kappa coefficient
- Hae-Young Kim
-
2013;38(3):-185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.3.182
Published online: August 23, 2013
Department of Dental Laboratory Science & Engineering, Korea University College of Health Science, Seoul, Korea.
- Correspondence to Hae-Young Kim, DDS, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Dental Laboratory Science & Engineering, Korea University College of Health Science, San 1 Jeongneung 3-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea 136-703. TEL, +82-2-940-2845; FAX, +82-2-909-3502, kimhaey@korea.ac.kr
©Copyights 2013. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- 280 Views
- 2 Download
- 61 Crossref
In evaluation of measurement error, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is very useful in assessing both consistency and agreement as mentioned in the previous Statistical Notes. There are other useful and popular measures of measurement error, such as the Dahlberg error and Bland-Altman method for continuous variables, or the Kappa coefficient for categorical variables.
Inappropriate application: paired t-test, Pearson's correlation
There have been many researchers who reported nonsignificance from a paired t-test or a high correlation coefficient, and mistakenly interpreted the results as evidence of agreement between two corresponding measurements.1 Actually the paired t-test examines if the mean difference between two correlated data could be zero or not: Data with smaller variability may be more likely to get a conclusion of a significant difference by the paired t-test, while data with larger variability and the same mean difference may be less likely to do so. We can easily notice that it is irrelevant because larger variability indicates presence of paired measurements with larger amount of disagreement. Also, the Pearson's correlation coefficient is criticized for generally producing overestimated measures compared to ICC and/or may give totally erroneous results in some specific cases, i.e., when 1 measurement is always 1 mm larger than the other, the correlation is perfect but two measurements never agree. Therefore the paired t-test or the Pearson correlation coefficient should not be used in evaluation of agreement.
Dahlberg error and relative Dahlberg error: quantifying measurement error
The Dahlberg's formula proposed in 1940 provides a method of quantifying measurement error.2 It has been used the most frequently in assessing random errors in cephalometric studies. If we repeatedly measured the inter-canine width of N dental arches by twice, we may use the Dahlberg formula in calculating the size of measurement error. We can get an average squared difference, which is the sum of squared difference between the observed and the (imaginary) true values of the intercanine distances divided by N in either the first or the second measurements. The square-root of the averaged squared difference may be considered as the amount of measurement error, which is the Dahlberg error. However actually we never know the true values, and we may use two repeated measures in calculating the measurement error under assumption that there is no bias.
The variance of the difference between the second measure and the first measure is equal to the sum of variance of errors of the first and the second measures.
The relationship can be expressed as:
Therefore the Dahlberg error, D, is defined as:
Where di is the difference between the first and second measure; N is the sample size which was re-measured.
The Dahlberg error may be obtained by a simple calculation procedure above. Two important merits of the Dahlberg error include that the original unit is preserved and interpretation may be easy because of its similarity to standard error. One shortcoming may be that Dahlberg error does not distinguish between systematic and random errors, by assuming only random errors.
One of the difficulties in interpreting on the size of error is that there is almost no reference for acceptable range because it may depends on various clinical conditions. Frequently many researchers who have reported the Dahlberg error have concluded that "the amount of error was small enough" empirically, without any further explanation. Usually comparative interpretation is difficult when units of measurements are different or when values are quite different. Measurement error of 1 kg may be considered with a fairly different importance when we measure body weight of an infant or when we measure that of an adult. A relative form of Dahlberg error, proportion of Dahlberg error on the average of two comparative measures, may enable direct comparison of error sizes between measurements with different units or between measurements with different means. The relative Dahlberg error (RDE) can be defined as:
RDE may be used to compare size of random errors even among measures with different units.
Bland-Altman method: graphical evaluation of measurement error
The Bland-Altman method provides an intuitive method to evaluate if two methods can be used interchangeably or not.3 The Bland-Altman method is based on visualization of difference of the measurements by two methods using a graphical method to plot the difference against the mean of the measurements.
The Bland-Altman method calculates the mean difference between two methods of measurement and standard deviation (SD) of the difference, and compute '95% limit of agreement' as the mean difference ± 2 SD. The presentation of '95% limit of agreement' on the Bland-Altman plot enables visual judgment of how well two methods of measurement agree. Smaller range between the limit may be interpreted as better agreement. Figure 1 illustrates the Bland-Altman plot.
Kappa coefficient: agreement for categorical variables
For dichotomous variables which have only two levels, i.e., dead or alive, presence or absence, etc., the Kappa coefficient can be used in evaluation of agreement.4 In a situation that two examiners evaluate whether a patient has an active dental caries or not, intuitively we could think "overall proportion of agreement", simple proportion of same responses in their ratings to assess agreement. However there may be a possibility of agreement only by chance depending on the prevalence of the disease. The Kappa coefficient considers the possible agreement by chance in the equation.4 For example, suppose the prevalence of active dental caries is approximately 20% in 12-year old children. Data of dental caries examination by two examiners may be displayed like Table 1. Overall proportion of agreement, Po, is simply (15 + 70) / 100 = 0.85. However we would expect that some degree of agreement may be possible only by chance, Pe, even though no association between two examiners was assumed. The expected number is calculated by multiplying marginal numbers and dividing the total number of observation; the top left cell would have (25 × 20) / 100 = 5 expected numbers, and bottom right cell would have (75 × 80) / 100 = 60 expected numbers. Kappa corrects the expected agreement in the formula:
where Po is the observed proportion of agreement and Pe is the proportion expected by chance.
In this case, Pe = (5 + 60) / 100 = 0.65 and Po = (15 + 70) / 100 = 0.85. Therefore, the Kappa coefficient is calculated as κ = (0.85 - 0.65) / (1.0 - 0.65) = 0.571.
The same Kappa coefficient may be obtained using SPSS, following procedure:
- 1. Donatelli RE, Lee SJ. How to report reliability in orthodontic research: Part 1. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;144:156-161.ArticlePubMed
- 2. Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for medical and biological students. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1940. p. 122-132.
- 3. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurements. Lancet 1986;1:307-310.PubMed
- 4. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 1960;20:37-46.ArticlePDF
REFERENCES
Tables & Figures
REFERENCES
- 1. Donatelli RE, Lee SJ. How to report reliability in orthodontic research: Part 1. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;144:156-161.ArticlePubMed
- 2. Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for medical and biological students. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1940. p. 122-132.
- 3. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurements. Lancet 1986;1:307-310.PubMed
- 4. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 1960;20:37-46.ArticlePDF
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Feasibility of occlusal plane in predicting the changes in anteroposterior mandibular position: a comprehensive analysis using deep learning-based three-dimensional models
Bingran Du, Kaichen Li, Zhiling Shen, Yihang Cheng, Jiayan Yu, Yaopeng Pan, Ziyan Huang, Fei Hu, Xiaohui Rausch-Fan, Yuanpeng Zhu, Xueyang Zhang
BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Craniocervical Posture and Cervical Curvature Variations in Adult Females with Different Vertical Facial Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study
Jeongeun Chang, Sun-Hyung Park, Jae Hyun Park, Sanghee Lee, Hyung-Seog Yu, Kee-Joon Lee, Chooryung J. Chung, Kyung-Ho Kim
Applied Sciences.2025; 15(5): 2391. CrossRef - Automatic Landmark Annotation and Measurement of 3D Mandibular Morphology Using Non-Rigid Registration: A Preliminary Exploration and Accuracy Assessment
Zhewei Chen, Bowen Lei, Binghang Li, Hengyuan Ma, Yehong Zhong
The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Predictability of the Orthodontic-Surgical Planning: A Comparative Study Between the Post-Operative Outcome and the Visual Treatment Objective
Vernucci Roberto Antonio, Valentini Leda Miriam, De Stefano Adriana, Di Giorgio Roberto, Galluccio Gabriella
FACE.2024; 5(2): 324. CrossRef - Smartphone-generated 3D facial images: reliable for routine assessment of the oronasal region of patients with cleft or mere convenience? A validation study
Pradeep Singh, Richard Tai‑Chiu Hsung, Deepal Haresh Ajmera, Noha A. Said, Yiu Yan Leung, Colman McGrath, Min Gu
BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Three-dimensional analysis of posterior tooth inclinations in transverse and sagittal relationships: A cross-sectional study
Guto de Oliveira e Silva, Thiago Santos Mendes, Diego Patrik Alves Carneiro, Carolina Carmo de Menezes, Silvia Amélia Scudeler Vedovello, Ana Paula Terossi de Godoi
International Orthodontics.2024; 22(1): 100824. CrossRef - Three-dimensional analysis of presurgical nasoalveolar molding outcomes in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: A preliminary study using LED surface scanning technology
Jun-Young Kim, Hwangyu Lee, Jin-Kyu Kim, Jungmin Cho, Jin Hoo Park, Hwi-Dong Jung, Young-Soo Jung
Journal of Dentistry.2024; 151: 105384. CrossRef - Is Hooke’s law applicable to an orthodontic cantilever?
Hyung-Kyu Noh, Chang-Seok Park, Ho-Jin Kim, Hyo-Sang Park
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2024; 166(5): 458. CrossRef - Occlusal Plane, Mandibular Position and Dentoalveolar Changes during the Orthodontic Treatment with the Use of Mini-Screws
Julián David Gómez-Bedoya, Pablo Arley Escobar-Serna, Eliana Midori Tanaka-Lozano, Andrés A. Agudelo-Suárez, Diana Milena Ramírez-Ossa
Dentistry Journal.2024; 12(9): 278. CrossRef - Occlusal contact changes in patients treated with clear aligners: A retrospective evaluation using digital dental models
Erica Shapiro Frenkel, Mariam Mustafa, Roozbeh Khosravi, Heather Woloshyn, Lloyd Mancl, Anne-Marie Bollen
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2024; 165(6): 680. CrossRef - Changes in the alveolar bone morphology among different patterns of incisor inclination during the alignment phase in orthodontic treatment without premolar extraction
Oleksandr Kobylyanskyy, Linda Schwarz, Marco Aoqi Rausch, Alina Kobylyanska, Oleh Andrukhov, Xiaohui Rausch‐Fan
Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research.2024; 27(4): 645. CrossRef - Changes in pharyngeal airway space and hyoid bone position after Bionator treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusions
Mioko Tanaka, Yoshiko Seto, Sakurako Kobayashi
Australasian Orthodontic Journal.2023; 39(2): 71. CrossRef - Cephalometric changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions after functional treatment with twin block versus myobrace appliances in developing skeletal class II patients: a randomized clinical trial
Ahmed M. Madian, Dina Elfouly
BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - The Effect of Two-Generation Exposure to a High-Fat Diet on Craniofacial Morphology in Rats
Saranya Serirukchutarungsee, Ippei Watari, Pornchanok Sangsuriyothai, Masato Akakura, Takashi Ono
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(5): 1903. CrossRef - Can smartphones be used for routine dental clinical application? A validation study for using smartphone-generated 3D facial images
Pradeep Singh, Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung, Deepal Haresh Ajmera, Yiu Yan Leung, Colman McGrath, Min Gu
Journal of Dentistry.2023; 139: 104775. CrossRef - Learning Effects in Air Displacement Plethysmography
Paul Muntean, Anca Popa, Monica Miclos-Balica, Falk Schick, Oana Munteanu, Vasile Pupazan, Adrian Neagu, Monica Neagu
Life.2023; 13(6): 1315. CrossRef - Absence of melatonin during development impairs craniofacial and dental onset in rats
Bruno Calsa, Ludmilla Scodeler de Camargo, Tainá Jaqueline Bortolança, Camila Andrea de Oliveira, Rosana Catisti, Fernanda Gaspar do Amaral, Milton Santamaria-Jr
Clinical Oral Investigations.2023; 27(9): 5353. CrossRef - Dimensional accuracy, mechanical property, and optical stability of zirconia orthodontic bracket according to yttria proportions
Changbum Park, Hai-Van Giap, Jae-Sung Kwon, Kyung-Ho Kim, Sung-Hwan Choi, Joon Sang Lee, Kee-Joon Lee
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Cranial asymmetry in odontocetes: a facilitator of sonic exploration?
Maíra Laeta, João A. Oliveira, Salvatore Siciliano, Olivier Lambert, Frants H. Jensen, Anders Galatius
Zoology.2023; 160: 126108. CrossRef - Three-dimensional assessment of facial asymmetry in class III subjects, part 2: evaluating asymmetry index and asymmetry scores
Deepal Haresh Ajmera, Congyi Zhang, Janson Hoi Hei Ng, Richard Tai‑Chiu Hsung, Walter Yu Hang Lam, Wenping Wang, Yiu Yan Leung, Balvinder S. Khambay, Min Gu
Clinical Oral Investigations.2023; 27(10): 5813. CrossRef - Impact of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on volumetric root resorption of maxillary incisors in patients treated with clear aligner therapy: A retrospective study
Ra’ed AL-DBOUSH, Antonio ROSSI, Tarek EL-BIALY
Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Influence of mandibular incisor agenesis and growth pattern on symphysis characteristics: A retrospective cephalometric study
Saori Yoshida, Shin Ota, Sakurako Kobayashi
Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research.2023; 26(3): 393. CrossRef - Prognostic utility and characterization of left ventricular hypertrophy using global thickness
Magnus Lundin, Einar Heiberg, David Nordlund, Tom Gyllenhammar, Katarina Steding-Ehrenborg, Henrik Engblom, Marcus Carlsson, Dan Atar, Jesper van der Pals, David Erlinge, Rasmus Borgquist, Ardavan Khoshnood, Ulf Ekelund, Jannike Nickander, Raquel Themudo,
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Validation of the Parental Understanding and Misperceptions about BAby's Sleep Questionnaire using auto‐videosomnography
Eunyeong Jang, Solbi Kang, Bei Bei, Seockhoon Chung, Michael Gradisar, Michal Kahn, Natalie Barnett, Sooyeon Suh
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.2023; 64(8): 1222. CrossRef - Intermittent hypoxia in neonatal rodents affects facial bone growth
Eung-Kwon Pae, Ronald M. Harper, Ewa Tomaszewska
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(10): e0282937. CrossRef - How efficient is customized lingual orthodontics? An assessment of treatment outcome
Clara Fontinha, Paolo M. Cattaneo, Marie A. Cornelis
Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research.2022; 25(1): 73. CrossRef - A Prospective Registry Analysis on Soft-to-Hard Tissue Ratios in Profile View; Midline Changes in the Lip Region after Mono- and Bimaxillary Repositioning Surgery
Alexander Bral, Sergio Olate, Carlos Zaror, Gertjan Mensink, Giuseppe Coscia, Natalie Loomans, Maurice Y. Mommaerts
Craniomaxillofacial Research & Innovation.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and bone mineral density in adult orthodontic populations
Mira Daljeet, Stephen Warunek, David A. Covell, Alberto Monegro, Terry Giangreco, Thikriat Al-Jewair
CRANIO®.2022; : 1. CrossRef - An assessment of surgical and 10-year follow-up vertical changes after contemporary Class II and III orthognathic surgery
Michael G. Woods
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2022; 161(4): e380. CrossRef - A semi-automatic approach for longitudinal 3D upper airway analysis using voxel-based registration
Alexandru Diaconu, Michael Boelstoft Holte, Paolo Maria Cattaneo, Else Marie Pinholt
Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Three-dimensional assessment of facial asymmetry in Class III subjects. Part 1: a retrospective study evaluating postsurgical outcomes
Deepal Haresh Ajmera, Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung, Pradeep Singh, Natalie Sui Miu Wong, Andy Wai Kan Yeung, Walter Yu Hang Lam, Balvinder S. Khambay, Yiu Yan Leung, Min Gu
Clinical Oral Investigations.2022; 26(7): 4947. CrossRef - Does the floor of the maxillary sinus affect tooth movement for premolar extraction space closure?
Suraj Prasad Sinha, Manish Bajracharya, Chiung-Shing Huang, Ellen Wen-Ching Ko
Clinical Oral Investigations.2022; 27(1): 299. CrossRef - Effects of the Forsus fatigue-resistant device and mandibular anterior repositioning appliance in Class II malocclusion treatment
Cinthya Quagliato Nogueira, Kelly Fernanda Galvão Chiqueto, Thais Maria Freire Fernandes, José Fernando Castanha Henriques, Guilherme Janson
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2022; 162(6): 814. CrossRef - Equation for Tooth Size Prediction from Mixed Dentition Analysis for Taiwanese Population: A Pilot Study
See Yen Chong, Lwin Moe Aung, Yu-Hwa Pan, Wei-Jen Chang, Chi-Yang Tsai
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(12): 6356. CrossRef - Alveolar Bone Loss Analysis on Dental Digital Radiography Image
Makara Journal of Health Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Self-assessment of Competence in Endoscopy: Challenges and Insights
Michael A Scaffidi, Rishad Khan, Samir C Grover, Nikko Gimpaya, Catharine M Walsh
Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology.2021; 4(4): 151. CrossRef - Mandibular symphysis dimensions in different sagittal and vertical skeletal relationships
Amal I. Linjawi, Ahmed R. Afify, Hosam A. Baeshen, Dowen Birkhed, Khalid H. Zawawi
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2021; 28(1): 280. CrossRef - Effect of N95 filtering facepiece respirators on dental health professionals with an emphasis on pulmonary function and heart rate: an intrasubject comparison
Ibrahim Eid Alroudhan, Kiran Kumar Ganji, May Othman Hamza, Manay Srinivas Munisekhar, Mohammed G. Sghaireen, Mohammad Khursheed Alam
British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2021; 59(10): 1302. CrossRef - Precisión en identificación de puntos cefalométricos asistido por computadora: caso residentes de postgrado ortodoncia de la Universidad de Carabobo
Oswaldo Mejías Rotundo, Yngris Araque Uzcátegui, Rafael Concho Castillo, Edna Gallardo López, Guevara Gómez Yaurelis, Gerdi Santoyo Chassaigne, María Sosa Lalaguna, Lenny Uztariz Risquez
ODOUS Científica .2021; 22(1): 19. CrossRef - Reliability of Repeated Trials Protocols for Body Composition Assessment by Air Displacement Plethysmography
Paul Muntean, Monica Micloș-Balica, Anca Popa, Adrian Neagu, Monica Neagu
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(20): 10693. CrossRef - A multicentre randomized controlled follow-up study of the effects of the underwater traction therapy in chronic low back pain
Tamás Gáti, Éva Czímer, Györgyi Cserháti, Judit Fehér, Mihály Oláh, Ágota Kulisch, Zsuzsanna Mándó, Tamás Bender
International Journal of Biometeorology.2020; 64(8): 1393. CrossRef - Stability of Class II malocclusion treatment with the distal jet followed by fixed appliances
Sorileé Carlina Ramon Pujols, Cinthya Quagliato Nogueira, Rachelle Simões Reis, Camilla Fiedler Fonçatti, José Fernando Castanha Henriques, Guilherme Janson
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2020; 158(3): 363. CrossRef - A prospective study of soft- and hard-tissue changes after mandibular advancement surgery: Midline changes in the chin area
Alexander Bral, Sergio Olate, Carlos Zaror, Gertjan Mensink, Giuseppe Coscia, Maurice Y. Mommaerts
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2020; 157(5): 662. CrossRef - Computed tomographic morphometry of the biceps brachii muscle tendon of dogs affected by the medial coronoid disease
Armands Veksins, Oskars Kozinda, Charlotte Sandersen
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia.2020; 49(2): 196. CrossRef - Designing 3D prosthetic templates for maxillofacial defect rehabilitation: A comparative analysis of different virtual workflows
Taseef Hasan Farook, Nafij Bin Jamayet, Johari Yap Abdullah, Jawaad Ahmed Asif, Zainul Ahmad Rajion, Mohammad Khursheed Alam
Computers in Biology and Medicine.2020; 118: 103646. CrossRef - Thermographic assessment of facial temperature in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery
Toshiya Endo, Akira Komatsuzaki, Yukio Miyagawa, Takeshi Kamoda, Sho Goto, Katsunori Koide, Masutaka Mizutani
Journal of Oral Science.2019; 61(2): 321. CrossRef - The effect of tube voltage combination on image artefact and radiation dose in dual-source dual-energy CT: comparison between conventional 80/140 kV and 80/150 kV plus tin filter for gout protocol
Ji Young Jeon, Sheen-Woo Lee, Yu Mi Jeong, Han Joo Baek
European Radiology.2019; 29(3): 1248. CrossRef - Assessment of uterine artery geometry and hemodynamics in human pregnancy with 4d flow mri and its correlation with doppler ultrasound
Eileen Hwuang, Marta Vidorreta, Nadav Schwartz, Brianna F. Moon, Kirpal Kochar, Matthew Dylan Tisdall, John A. Detre, Walter R.T. Witschey
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.2019; 49(1): 59. CrossRef - Prevalence and patterns of tooth agenesis among malocclusion classes in a Japanese orthodontic population
Shin Ota, Chika Hirakata, Toshiya Endo
Journal of Oral Science.2019; 61(4): 504. CrossRef - Reliability of colour and hardness clinical examinations in detecting dentine caries severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Larry Hon, Ahmed Mohamed, Edward Lynch
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Skeletal-versus soft-tissue-based cephalometric analyses: is the correlation reproducible?
Oliver Ploder, Robert Köhnke, Heinz Winsauer, Carolin Götz, Oliver Bissinger, Bernhard Haller, Andreas Kolk
Acta Odontologica Scandinavica.2019; 77(2): 135. CrossRef - Horizontal change of philtrum after orthognathic surgery in patients with facial asymmetry
Yewon Joh, Hyun Soo Park, Hoon Joo Yang, Soon Jung Hwang
Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Compliance and Effectiveness in Cervical Headgear
Goksu TRAKYALI, Nurten DAYIOĞLU
Cumhuriyet Dental Journal.2019; 22(2): 147. CrossRef - Lip Morphology in Patients With Facial Asymmetry Can Be Corrected by 2-Jaw Surgery
Iyo Aoyama, Takashi Oikawa, Kazutoshi Nakaoka, Toshiko Sekiya, Yoshiki Hamada, Yoshiki Nakamura
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2018; 76(11): 2404. CrossRef - Geometrical accuracy of metallic objects produced with additive or subtractive manufacturing: A comparative in vitro study
Michael Braian, David Jönsson, Mir Kevci, Ann Wennerberg
Dental Materials.2018; 34(7): 978. CrossRef - Comparison of ELISA and flow cytometry for measurement of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α
Aysun Çetin, Ahmet Şen, Ihsan Çetin, Behzat Çimen, Leyla Cimen, Göktug Savas, Ahmet Öztürk, Mustafa Yavuz Koker
Turkish Journal of Biochemistry.2018; 43(5): 540. CrossRef - Comparison of astigmatism prediction error taken with the Pentacam measurements, Baylor nomogram, and Barrett formula for toric intraocular lens implantation
Dae-Young Park, Dong Hui Lim, Sungsoon Hwang, Joo Hyun, Tae-Young Chung
BMC Ophthalmology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - The average value of mandible measurements in panoramic radiographs: a comparison of 14–35 and 50–70 year old subjects
D T Rachmadiani, B N Makes, H H B Iskandar
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2017; 884: 012049. CrossRef - Back pain beliefs in adolescents and adults in Australasia: A cross-sectional pilot study of selected psychometric properties of paper-based and web-based questionnaires in two diverse countries
Boon-Kiang Tan, Angus Burnett, Jonathan Hallett, Amy Ha, Andrew M. Briggs
Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation.2016; 29(3): 565. CrossRef - Cranial-base morphology in adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion
Seetala Sanggarnjanavanich, Toshiko Sekiya, Yoshiaki Nomura, Takahiro Nakayama, Nobuhiro Hanada, Yoshiki Nakamura
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2014; 146(1): 82. CrossRef - Mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases: how useful are medical textbooks, eMedicine, and YouTube?
Samy A. Azer
Advances in Physiology Education.2014; 38(2): 124. CrossRef
ePub Link
Cite
XML DownloadStatistical notes for clinical researchers: Evaluation of measurement error 2: Dahlberg's error, Bland-Altman method, and Kappa coefficient
Figure 1 Illustration of the Bland-Altman plot: Difference against for PEER data.3
Figure 1
Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Evaluation of measurement error 2: Dahlberg's error, Bland-Altman method, and Kappa coefficient
Incidence of dental caries rated by two examiners
Table 1 Incidence of dental caries rated by two examiners
