Rheological characterization of composites using a vertical oscillation rheometer

In-Bog Lee; Byung-Hoon Cho; Ho-Hyun Son; Sang-Tag Lee; Chung-Moon Um

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.6.489

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Original Article Rheological characterization of composites using a vertical oscillation rheometer: In-Bog Lee, Byung-Hoon Cho, Ho-Hyun Son, Sang-Tag Lee, Chung-Moon Um; Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry 2004;29(6):489-497.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.6.489
Published online: November 30, 2004

Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Korea.

Corresponding author: Chung-Moon Um. Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yoengun-dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul, Korea, 110-749. Tel: 82-2-2072-3953, 2651, Fax: 82-2-2072-3859, inboglee@snu.ac.kr

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the viscoelastic properties related to handling characteristics of composite resins.
Methods
A custom designed vertical oscillation rheometer (VOR) was used for rheological measurements of composites. The VOR consists of three parts: (1) a measuring unit, (2) a deformation induction unit and (3) a force detecting unit. Two medium viscous composites, Z100 and Z250 and two packable composites, P60 and SureFil were tested. The viscoelastic material function, including complex modulus E^* and phase angle δ, were measured. A dynamic oscillatory test was used to evaluate the storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E") and loss tangent (tanδ) of the composites as a function of frequency (ω) from 0.1 to 20 H_z at 23℃.
Results
The E' and E" increased with increasing frequency and showed differences in magnitude between brands. The E^*s of composites at ω = 2 H_z, normalized to that of Z100, were 2.16 (Z250), 4.80 (P60) and 25.21 (SureFil). The magnitudes and patterns of the change of tanδ of composites with increasing frequency were significantly different between brands. The relationships between the complex modulus E^*, the phase angle δ and the frequency ω were represented by frequency domain phasor form, E^* (ω) = E^*e^iδ = E^*∠δ.
Conclusions
The viscoelasticity of composites that influences handling characteristics is significant different between brands. The VOR is a relatively simple device for dynamic, mechanical analysis of high viscous dental composites. The locus of frequency domain phasor plots in a complex plane is a valuable method of representing the viscoelastic properties of composites.
Keywords: VOR; Viscoelasticity; Composite; Complex modulus; Frequency domain phasor plot

REFERENCES

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Figure 1-a

Diagram of the VOR (vertical oscillatory rheometer)

Figure 1-b

The geometry of measuring unit

Figure 2

The relationship between strain ε(t), stress σ(t) and phase angle δ in dynamic oscillatory test

Figure 3

The relationship between storage (real) modulus E', loss modulus (imaginary) modulus E", complex modulus E^* and phase angle δ in a complex plane

Figure 4

Storage modulus E' increased with increasing the frequency and showed differences in magnitude between brands

Figure 5

Loss modulus E" increased with increasing the frequency and showed differences in magnitude between brands

Figure 6

Complex modulus E^* increased with increasing the frequency and showed differences in magnitude between brands

Figure 7

Phase angle δ of composite. The patterns of the change of δ of samples with increasing frequency showed the different characteristics of the composites between brands

Figure 8

Loss tangent as a function of frequency

Figure 9

Relative complex modulus of composites normalized to that of Z1 at ω = 2 Hz

Figure 10

Phasor presentation of E^* and δ, E^*e^iδ= E^*∠δ, of composites at ω = 2 Hz in a polar coordinate system

Figure 11

Locus of frequency domain phasor plots, G^*(ω)e^iδ = ∣ G^*(ω) ∣ ∠δ of composites in a complex plane

Table 1

Phasor presentation of the complex modulus E^* and phase angle (δ) of composite resins at various frequencies, E^* (dyn/cm²) ∠δ(°)

Table 2

Phasor presentation of the complex shear modulus G^* and phase angle (δ) of composite resins at various frequencies, G^* (dyn/cm²) ∠δ(°)

Tables & Figures

REFERENCES

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Rheological characterization of composites using a vertical oscillation rheometer

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2004;29(6):489-497. Published online November 30, 2004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.6.489

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Figure

Rheological characterization of composites using a vertical oscillation rheometer

Figure 1-a Diagram of the VOR (vertical oscillatory rheometer)

Figure 1-b The geometry of measuring unit

Figure 2 The relationship between strain ε(t), stress σ(t) and phase angle δ in dynamic oscillatory test

Figure 3 The relationship between storage (real) modulus E', loss modulus (imaginary) modulus E", complex modulus E* and phase angle δ in a complex plane

Figure 4 Storage modulus E' increased with increasing the frequency and showed differences in magnitude between brands

Figure 5 Loss modulus E" increased with increasing the frequency and showed differences in magnitude between brands

Figure 6 Complex modulus E* increased with increasing the frequency and showed differences in magnitude between brands

Figure 7 Phase angle δ of composite. The patterns of the change of δ of samples with increasing frequency showed the different characteristics of the composites between brands

Figure 8 Loss tangent as a function of frequency

Figure 9 Relative complex modulus of composites normalized to that of Z1 at ω = 2 Hz

Figure 10 Phasor presentation of E* and δ, E*eiδ= E*∠δ, of composites at ω = 2 Hz in a polar coordinate system

Figure 11 Locus of frequency domain phasor plots, G*(ω)eiδ = ∣ G*(ω) ∣ ∠δ of composites in a complex plane

Figure 1-a

Figure 1-b

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

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Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Rheological characterization of composites using a vertical oscillation rheometer

Table 1

Phasor presentation of the complex modulus E^* and phase angle (δ) of composite resins at various frequencies, E^* (dyn/cm²) ∠δ(°)

Table 2

Phasor presentation of the complex shear modulus G^* and phase angle (δ) of composite resins at various frequencies, G^* (dyn/cm²) ∠δ(°)

Table 1 Phasor presentation of the complex modulus E* and phase angle (δ) of composite resins at various frequencies, E* (dyn/cm2) ∠δ(°)

Table 2 Phasor presentation of the complex shear modulus G* and phase angle (δ) of composite resins at various frequencies, G* (dyn/cm2) ∠δ(°)