Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-12.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
The influence of pH and lactic acid concentration on the formation of artificial root caries in acid buffer solution


Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

The influence of pH and lactic acid concentration on the formation of artificial root caries in acid buffer solution

Article information

Restor Dent Endod. 2007;32(1):47-60
Publication date (electronic) : 2007 January 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.1.047
Hyun-Suk Oh, Byoung-Duck Roh, Chan-Young Lee
Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea.
Corresponding Author: Chan-Young Lee. Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Ku, Seoul, Korea, 120-752. Tel: 82-2-2228-8700, Fax: 82-2-313-7575, chanyoungl@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr
Received 2006 October 26; Revised 2006 December 04; Accepted 2007 January 09.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to compare and to evaluate the effect of pH and lactic acid concentration on the progression of artificial root caries lesion using polarizing microscope, and to evaluate the morphological changes of hydroxyapatite crystals of the demineralized area and to investigate the process of demineralization using scanning electron microscope.

Artificial root caries lesion was created by dividing specimens into 3 pH groups (pH 4.3, 5.0, 5.5), and each pH group was divided into 3 lactic acid concentration groups (25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM). Each group was immersed in acid buffer solution for 5 days and examined. The results were as follows:

1. Under polarized microscope, the depth of lesion was more effected by the lactic acid concentration rather than the pH.

2. Under scanning electron microscope, dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals were increased as the lactic acid concentration increased and the pH decreased.

3. Demineralized hydroxyapatite crystals showed peripheral dissolution and decreased size and number within cluster of hydroxyapatite crystals and widening of intercluster and intercrystal spaces as the pH decreased and the lactic acid concentration increased.

4. Under scanning electron microscope evaluation of the surface zone, clusters of hydroxyapatite crystals were dissolved, and dissolution and reattachment of crystals on the surface of collagen fibrils were observed as the lactic acid concentration increased.

5. Under scanning electron microscope, demineralization of dentin occurred not only independently but also with remineralization simultaneously.

In conclusion, the study showed that pH and lactic acid concentration influenced the rate of progression of the lesion in artificial root caries. Demineralization process was progressed from the surface of the cluster of hydroxyapatite crystals and the morphology of hydroxyapatite crystals changed from round or elliptical shape into irregular shape as time elapsed.

Keywords: Root caries; Acid buffer solution; pH; Lactic acid concentration; Demineralization; Hydroxyapatite; Scanning electron microscope

References

1. Darby ET. The etiology of caries at the gum margin and labial and buccal surfaces of the teeth. Dental Cosmos 1984. 26218–232.
2. Katz S, Park KK, Palenik CJ. In vitro root surface caries studies. J Oral Med 1987. 4240–48.
3. Katz RV, Hazen SP, Chilton NW, Mumma RD Jr. Prevalence and intraoral distribution of root caries in an adult population. Caries Res 1982. 16265–271.
4. Beck JD, Hunt R, Hands JS, Field HM. Prevalence of root and coronal caries in a noninstitutionalized older population. J Am Dent Assoc 1985. 111964–968.
5. Tohda H, Fejerskov O, Yanagisawa T. Transmission electron microscopy of cementum crystals correlated with Ca and F distribution in normal and carious human root surfaces. J Dent Res 1996. 75949–954.
6. Hayashi Y. High resolution electron microscopy of enamel crystallites demineralized by initial dental caries. Scanning Microsc 1995. 9199–205.
7. Holmen L, Thylstrup A, Featherstone JDB, Fredebo L, Shariati M. A scanning electron microscopic study of surface changes during development of artificial caries. Caries Res 1985. 1911–21.
8. Carter WJ, Dunn JK, Fosdick LS, Moore BW. The formation of lactic acid in dental plaque. J Dent Res 1956. 35778–785.
9. Theuns HM, van Dijk JWE, Driessens FCM, Groeneveld A. Effect of the pH of buffer solutions on artificial carious lesion formation in human tooth enamel. Caries Res 1984. 187–11.
10. Theuns HM, van Dijk JWE, Driessens FCM, Groeneveld A. Effect of time, degree of saturation, pH and acid concentration of buffer solutions on the rate of in vitro demineralization of human enamel. Arch Oral Biol 1985. 3037–42.
11. Margolis HC, Zhang YP, Lee CY, Kent RL Jr, Moreno EC. Kinetics of enamel demineralization in vitro. J Dent Res 1999. 781326–1335.
12. Margolis HC, Murphy BJ, Moreno EC. Development of caries-like lesions in partially saturated lactate buffers. Caries Res 1985. 1936–45.
13. Silverstone LM, Johnson NW, Hardie JM, Williams RA. Dental caries, aetiology, pathology and prevention 1981. the MacMillan Press; 176–177.
14. Aamdal-Scheie A, Luan WM, Dahlen G, Fejerskov O. Plaque pH and microflora of dental plaque on sound and carious tooth surface. J Dent Res 1996. 751901–1908.
15. Feagin FF, Graves CN. Evaluation of the effects of F in acidified gelatin gel on root surface lesion development in vitro. Caries Res 1988. 22145–149.
16. Hoppenbrouwers PM, Driessens FCM, Borggreven JMPM. The vulnerability of unexposed human dentin roots to demineralization. J Dent Res 1986. 65955–958.
17. Hoppenbrouwers PM, Driessens FCM, Borggreven JMPM. The mineral solubility of human tooth roots. Arch Oral Biol 1987. 32319–322.
18. Shellis RP. Effects of a supersaturated pulpal fluid on the formation of caries-like lesions on the roots of human teeth. Caries Res 1994. 2814–20.
19. Featherstone JD. Diffusion phenomena during artificial carious lesion formation. J Dent Res 1977. 56 Special DD48–D52.
20. Soni NN, Brudevold F. Microradiographic and polarized-light studies of artificially produced lesions. J Dent Res 1960. 39233–240.
21. Clarkson BH, Hall DL, Heilman JR, Wefel JS. Effect of proteolytic enzymes on caries lesion formation in vitro. J Oral Pathol 1986. 15423–429.
22. Clarkson BH, Wefel JS, Miller I. A model for producing caries-like lesions in enamel and dentin using oral bacteria in vitro. J Dent Res 1984. 631186–1189.
23. Clarkson BH, Krell D, Wefel JS, Crall J, Feagin FF. In vitro caries-like lesion produced by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus using sucrose and starch. J Dent Res 1987. 66795–798.
24. Shay K. Root caries in the older patient. Dent Clin North Am 1997. 41763–793.
25. Silverstone LM. Observations on the dark zone in early enamel caries and artificial caries-like lesions. Caries Res 1967. 1260–274.
26. Moreno EC, Zahradnik RT. Chemistry of enamel subsurface demineralization in vitro. J Dent Res 1974. 53226–235.
27. Wefel JS, Heilman JR, Jordan TH. Comparisons of in vitro root caries models. Caries Res 1995. 29204–209.
28. Phankosol P, Ettinger RL, Hicks MJ, Wefel JS. Histopathology of the initial lesion of the root surface: an in vitro study. J Dent Res 1985. 64804–809.
29. Schüpbach P, Guggenheim B, Lutz F. Human root caries - histopathology of initial lesions in cementum and dentin. J Oral Pathol Med 1989. 18146–156.
30. Wefel JS, Clarkson BH, Heilman JR. Natural root caries - a histologic and microradiographic evaluation. J Oral Pathol 1985. 14615–623.
31. Furseth R, Johansen E. The mineral phase of sound and carious human dental cementum studied by electron microscopy. Acta Odontol Scand 1970. 28305–322.
32. Westbrook JL, Miller AS, Chilton NW, Williams FL, Mumma RD Jr. Root surface caries - a clinical, histopathologic and microradiographic investigation. Caries Res 1974. 8249–255.
33. Takuma S, Ogiwara H, Suzuki H. Electron-probe and electron microscope studies of carious dentinal lesions with a remineralized surface layer. Caries Res 1975. 9278–285.
34. LeGros RZ. Formation and stability of synthetic apatites. Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine 1991. Karger; 82–107.
35. Buskes JA, Christoffersen J, Arends J. Lesion formation and lesion remineralization in enamel under constant composition conditions - A new technique with applications. Caries Res 1985. 19490–496.
36. Han WS, Lee CY. The effects of the fluoride concentration of acidulated buffer solutions on dentine remineralization 2004. Yonsei University;
37. Schüpbach P, Guggenheim B, Lutz F. Histopathology of root surface caries. J Dent Res 1990. 691195–1204.
38. Schüpbach P, Guggenheim B, Lutz F. Human root caries - histopathology of advanced lesions. Caries Res 1990. 24145–158.
39. Schüpbach P, Guggenheim B, Lutz F. Human root caries - histopathology of arrested lesions. Caries Res 1992. 26153–164.
40. Nyvad B, ten Cate JM, Fejerskov O. Microradiography of experimental root surface caries in man. Caries Res 1989. 23218–224.
41. Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Root surface caries - clinical, histopathological and microbiological features and clinical implications. Int Dent J 1982. 32311–326.
42. Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. In : Thylstrup A, Leach SA, Qvist V, eds. Active and inactive surface caries - structural entities? Dentine and dentine reactions in the oral cavity 1987. Oxford: IRL Press; 165–179.
43. Daculsi G, Kerebel B, Le Cabellec M, Kerebel L. Qualitative and quantitative data on arrested caries in dentine. Caries Res 1979. 13190–202.
44. Daculsi G, Le Geros RZ, Jean A, Kerebel B. Possible physico-chemical processes in human dentin caries. J Dent Res 1987. 661356–1359.
45. Arends J, Christoffersen J. The nature of early caries lesions in enamel. J Dent Res 1986. 652–11.
46. Dietz W, Kraft U, Hoyer I, Klingberg G. Influence of cementum on the demineralization and remineralization processes of root surface caries in vitro. Acta Odontol Scand 2002. 60241–247.
47. McIntyre JM, Featherstone JD, Fu J. Studies of dental root surface caries (2) - The role of cementum in root surface caries. Aust Dent J 2000. 4597–102.
48. Park JW, Hur B, Lee CY. The effects of the degree of saturation of acidulated buffer solutions in enamel and dentin remineralization and afm observation of hydroxyapatite crystals. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 2000. 25(3)459–473.

Article information Continued

Copyright © 2007 Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry
(open-access) :

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 1

Figure 1

Polarizing microscopic view of demineralized dentin of group pH 4.3 in acid buffer solution (5 day treatment, × 100, imbibed in water).

Figure 2

Figure 2

Polarizing microscopic view of demineralized dentin of group pH 5.0 in acid buffer solution (5 day treatment, × 100, imbibed in water).

Figure 3

Figure 3

Polarizing microscopic view of demineralized dentin of group pH 5.5 in acid buffer solution (5 day treatment, × 100, imbibed in water).

Figure 4

Figure 4

The effect of the pH and lactic acid concentration in buffer solution on the progression of artificial root caries (µm).

Figure 5

Figure 5

SEM image of demineralized pattern in root dentin (pH 4.3-Lactic acid 100mM).

Figure 6

Figure 6

SEM images of demineralized dentin of pH 4.3-Lactic acid 100 mM (zone A - zone F).

Figure 7

Figure 7

SEM images of demineralized dentin of peritubular dentin (× 50,000).

Figure 8

Figure 8

SEM images of demineralized dentin of intertubular dentin (× 100,000).

Table 1

The composition of initial demineralization solution of group pH 4.3

Table 1

Table 2

The composition of initial demineralization solution of group pH 5.0

Table 2

Table 3

The composition of initial demineralization solution of group pH 5.5

Table 3