Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-12.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
The levels of interleukin-2, interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and T lymphocyte subpopulations in rat pulpal inflammation induced experimentally by specific bacteria


Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

The levels of interleukin-2, interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and T lymphocyte subpopulations in rat pulpal inflammation induced experimentally by specific bacteria

Article information

Restor Dent Endod. 2002;27(1):1-11
Publication date (electronic) : 2002 January 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.1.001
Seon-Ah Kim, Sung-Sam Lim
Department of Conservative Dentistry, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Korea.

Abstract

Immune responses associated with bacterial infection involve various inflammatory cells. Clinical symptoms and pathologic features are particularly influenced by the predominant cells. Among inflammatory cells, T cells have the heterogenity. T cells may develop into the mature cells expressing the cell surface markers with different functions and T helper cells are categorized into Th1 and Th2 cells based on their different patterns of cytokine production. The objective of this study was to investigate the change of expression of surface markers on T cells and the Th1/Th2 immune response in pulpal inflammation associated with specific bacteria.

We experimentally induced pulpal inflammation in rat incisors by drilling without coolant and innoculated with Streptococcus mutans (S.M. group), Porphyromonas endodontalis (P.E. group), or only sterile cotton (control group). After 1, 2, and 5 days, mandibular incisors were extracted and the pulp tissues were extirpated. The expressions of IL-2 recepters (CD25) and ICAM-1 (CD54) on CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the pulps were determined using a flow cytometer, and the concentration of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The results were as follows;

1. In the S.M. group, CD4+ cells were more increased at 2nd day than 1st day and in the P.E. group, CD8+ cells were more increased at 2nd day than 1st day.

2. The percentages of CD4+, CD4+25+ and CD4+54+ cells were decreased in the pulp tissues at 5th day after irritation in all groups.

3. The ratios of CD4+/CD8+, CD4+/CD4+25+ and CD4+/CD4+54+ in the pulps at 2nd day after irritation by P. endodontalis were significantly lower than the other groups.

4. The higher concentrations of IFN-γ than IL-4 in the pulps at 2nd day after irritation by P. endodontalis showed that T helper 1 reaction were predominant in the early stage of the pulpal inflammation induced by P. endodontalis.

5. The higher concentrations of IL-4 than IFN-γ in the pulps at 1st day and 5th day after irritation by S. mutans were measured but the differences were not significant.

Keywords: Pulp; Streptococcus mutans; Porphyromonas endodontalis; T cells

References

1. Marton IJ, Kiss C. Characterization of inflammatory cell infiltrate in dental periapical lesions. Int Endod J 1993. 26131–136.
2. Fouad AF. IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha expression in early periapical lesions of normal and immunodeficient mice. J Dent Res 1997. 76(9)1548–1554.
3. Back SH, Lim SS. An immunohistochemical study on the immunoglobulin g subclasses of the experimentally induced rat pulp and periapical pathoses. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 1991. 1641–59.
4. Kopp W, Schwarting R. Differentiation of T lymphocyte subpopulations, macrophages, and HDA-DR-restricted cells of apical granulatuib tissue. J Endod 1989. 1572–75.
5. Stashenko P, Yu SM, Wang CY. Kinetics of immune cell and bone resorptive responses to endodontic infections. J Endod 1992. 18422–426.
6. Kawashima N, Okiji T, Kosaka T. Kinetics of macrophages and lymphoid cells during the development of experimentally induced periapical lesions in rat molars; a quantitative immunohistochemcial study. J Endod 1996. 22311–316.
7. Matsuo T, Ebisu S, Shimabukuro Y. Quantitative analysis of immunocompetent cells in human periapical lesions; Correlations with clinical findings of the involved teeth. J Endod 1992. 8497–500.
8. Oh TS, Lim SS. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte and cycling cell distribution in periapical lesions. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 1993. 18317–340.
9. Sol MA, Tkaczuk J. Voigt JJ Characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations in periapical lesions by flow cytometry. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998. 13253–258.
10. Abbs AK, Murphy KM, Sher A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 1996. 383787–793.
11. Yamasaki M, Nakane A, Kumazawa M. Endotoxin and Gram-negative bacteria in the rat periapical lesions. J Endod 1992. 18(10)501–504.
12. Gemmell E, Winning TA, Bird PS. Cytokine profiles of lesional and splrenic T cells in Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in a murine model. J Periodontol 1998. 691131–1138.
13. Byun HY, Lim SS, Park DS. Levels of tnf-α,-β, il-1β, tgf-β1 and their relationship with the presence of specific black pigmented bacteria in periapical and pulpal diseases. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 1999. 241–12.
14. Hren NI, Gubina M, Ihan A. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes versus streptococcal colonization in periapical granulomas. J Endod 1999. 25239–242.
15. Speer ML, Madonia JV, Heuer MA. Quantitative evaluation of the immunocompetence of the dental pulp. J Endod 1977. 3418–423.
16. Jontell M, Gunraj N, Bergenholtz G. Immunocompetent cells in normal dental pulp. J Dent Res 1986. 661149–1153.
17. Pulver WH, Taubman MA, Smith OJ. Immune components in normal and inflamed human dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 1977. 22103–111.
18. Lee WC, Lim SS. Lymphocytes population in relation to clinical symptoms in irreversible pulpitis. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 1995. 20235–249.
19. Hahn CL, Falkler WA, Siegel MA. A study of T and B cells in pulpal pathosis. J Endod 1989. 1520–26.
20. Mangkornkarn C, Steiner JC, Bohman R, Lindemann RA. Flow cytometric analysis of human dental pulp. J Endod 1991. 1749–53.
21. Kotylo HA, Sample RB, Redmond NL. Reference ranges for lymphocyte subsets. A comparison of standard vs rapid whole-blood lysis techniques. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991. 115181–184.
22. Kim SA, Bae KS, Lim SS. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes in normal and inflamed pulp. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 1997. 22374–387.
23. Okiji T, Morita I, Sunada I, Murota S. Involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites in increases in vascular permeability in experimental dental pulpal inflammation in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1989. 34523–528.
24. Bergenholtz G, Nagaoka S, Jontell M. Class II antigen expressing cells in experimentally induced pulpitis. Int Endod J 1991. 248–14.
25. Okiji T, Morita I, Kobayashi C, Sunada I, Murota S. Arachidonic-acid metabolosm in normal and experimentally-inflamed rat dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 1987. 32(10)723–727.
26. Hashimoto S, Maeda M, Yamakita J, Nakamura Y. Effects of zinc oxide-eugenol on leucocyte number and lipoxygenase products in artificially inflamed rat dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 1990. 3587–93.
27. Suzuki N, Okiji T, Suda H. Enhanced expansion of activation - association molecules on macrophages of heterogeneous populations in expanding periapical lesions in rat molars. Arch Oral Biol 1999. 4467–79.
28. Rauschenberger CR, Bailey JC, Cootauco CJ. Detection of human IL-2 in normal and inflamed dental pulps. J Endod 1997. 23366–370.
29. Nguyen T, Wang R, Russeu JH. IL-12 enhances IL-2 function by inducing CD2 expression through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway. Eur J Immunol 2000. 301445–1452.
30. Okiji T, Morita I, Sunada I, Murota S. The role of Leukotriene B4 in neutrophil infiltration in experimentally-induced inflammation of rat tooth pulp. J Dent Res 1991. 70(1)34–37.
31. Wedenberg C, Borstein R. Pulpal reactions in rat incisors to Caridex. Aust Dent J 1990. 35(6)505–508.
32. Kettering JD, Torbinejad M, Jones SL. Specificity of antibodies present in human periapical lesions. J Endod 1991. 17213–216.

Article information Continued

Copyright © 2002 Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry
(open-access) :

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Lymphocytes were gated(R1) on FSC(cell size) versus SSC(cell granularity) plot.

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Two-color fluorescence analysis of CD25 (FL1-Height) and CD4 (FL3-Height) in left plot and two-color fluorescence analysis of CD54 (FL2-Height) and CD4 (FL3-Height) is shown in right plot. UL: upper left, UR: upper right, LL: lower left, LR: lower right, % Gated: percentage in the gated area, % Total: percentage in all particles.

Fig. 3

Fig. 3

The percentages of CD4+ cells.

Fig. 4

Fig. 4

The percentages of CD4+25+ cells.

Fig. 5

Fig. 5

The percentages of CD8+ cells.

Fig. 6

Fig. 6

The percentages of CD8+25+ cells.

Fig. 7

Fig. 7

The ratios of CD4+/CD8+.

Fig. 8

Fig. 8

The ratios of CD4+/CD4+25+.

Fig. 9

Fig. 9

The concentration of IFN-γand IL-4.

Fig. 10

Fig. 10

The pulp tissue in the P.E. group at 2nd day after irritation (H&E stain ×400).

Fig. 11

Fig. 11

The pulp tissue in the P.E. group at 5th day after irritation (H&E stain ×400).

Table 1

The percentages and standard deviations of CD4+ cells in the gated area

Table 1

*,#,∾,$ in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by One-way ANOVA) between groups.

+,‡ in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by One-way ANOVA) in the group.

Table 2

The percentages and standard deviations of CD8+ cells in the gated area

Table 2

*,# in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by One-way ANOVA) between groups.

+,‡ in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by One-way ANOVA) in the group.

Table 3

The mean ratios of cell populations

Table 3

*,#,∾,$ in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by One-way ANOVA) between groups.

+,‡ in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by One-way ANOVA) in the group.

Table 4

The average concentrations of cytokines

Table 4

*,# in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by One-way ANOVA) between groups.

+,‡ in the same line; statistically significant (p<0.05; by paired t-test) in the group.