RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RESIN COMPOSITES ACCORDING TO THE CHANGE OF MONOMER AND FILLER COMPOSITIONS

Article information

Restor Dent Endod. 2004;29(6):520-531

Publication date (electronic) : 2004 January 14

doi : https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2004.29.6.520

In-Bog Lee , Jong-Hyuck Lee , Byung-Hoon Cho , Sang-Tag Lee , Chung-Moon Um ^,

Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University

^*Corresponding author: Chung-Moon Um, Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University 28 Yoengun-dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul, Korea, 110-749, Tel : 82-2-2072-3953, 2651 Fax : 82-2-2072-3859, E-mail : inboglee@snu.ac.kr

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Objectives.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of monomer and filler compositions on the rheological properties related to the handling characteristics of resin composites.

Methods.

Resin matrices that Bis-GMA as base monomer was blended with TEGDMA as diluent at various ratio were mixed with the Barium glass (0.7 um and 1.0 um), 0.04 um fumed silica and 0.5 um round silica. All used fillers were silane treated. In order to vary the viscosity of experimental composites, the type and content of incorporated fillers were changed.

Using a rheometer, a steady shear test and a dynamic oscillatory shear test were used to evaluate the viscosity (η) of resin matrix, and the storage shear modulus (G′), the loss shear modulus (G″), the loss tangent (tanδ) and the complex viscosity (η *) of the composites as a function of frequency ω = 0.1-100 rad/s. To investigate the effect of temperature on the viscosity of composites, a temperature sweep test was also undertaken.

Results.

Resin matrices were Newtonian fluid regardless of diluent concentration and all experimental composites exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with increasing shear rate. The viscosity of composites was exponentially increased with increasing filler volume%. In the same filler volume, the smaller the fillers were used, the higher the viscosities were. The effect of filler size on the viscosity was increased with increasing filler content. Increasing filler content reduced tanδby increasing the G′further than the G″ . The viscosity of composites was decreased exponentially with increasing temperature.

Keywords: Rheology; Resin composites; Storage shear modulus; Loss shear modulus; Complex viscosity

Figure 1.

Relationship between shear storage modulus (G′), shear loss modulus (G″), complex shear modulus (G*) and loss tangent (tanδ) in a complex plane.

Figure 2-a.

Viscosity of monomer blends of varying diluent’s concentration as a function of shear rates at 25℃.

Figure 2-b.

Steady shear viscosity, η, and dynamic complex viscosity, η*, of Bis-GMA only and Bis-GMA 6 : TEGDMA 4 blend at 25℃ and 35℃.

Figure 2-c.

Viscosity as a function of diluent fraction at temperature 25℃ and 35℃.

Figure 3-a.

Complex viscosity of experimental composites of varying filler contents (weight%) as a function of frequency.

Figure 3-b.

The effect of filler size and filler volume% on the complex viscosity of experimental composites at ω= 10 rad/s.

Figure 3-c.

Exponential regression curve, y = ae^bx, can be fitted on the complex viscosity of experimental composite with 0.5 um Silica as a function of filler volume fraction.

Figure 4-a.

The change of storage modulus G′and loss modulus G″with increasing filler content in 0.7um Ba glass.

Figure 4-b.

Loss tangent (Tanδ) of experimental composites as a function of filler volume %.

Figure 5.

Complex viscosity of experimental composites is exponentially decreased with increasing temperature.

Figure 6.

Complex viscosity of experimental and commercial composites as a function of frequency.

Figure 7-a.

Phasor representations of complex modulus G* and phase angle, δ, G*e^iδ= G*∠δ, of experimental and commercial composites at ω= 10 rad/s in a polar coordinate system.

Figure 7-b.

Locus of frequency domain phasor plots, G*(ω )e^iδ=G*(ω )∠δ, of composites at ω= 0.1 - 100 rad/s in a complex plane.

Table 1.

Monomers and inorganic fillers used to make experimental composites and commercial composites.

Table 2.

The experimental composites were made with various types, size and weight% (the unit of the numbers in the parenthesis are volume%) of fillers added to resin matrix (Bis-GMA 6 : TEGDMA 4).

Table 3.

The shear viscosity of monomer blends at 25 ℃ and 35℃.

Table 4.

The phasor presentation of complex modulus G* and phase angle δ, G*(ω )e^iδ=G*(ω )∠δ , and the complex viscosity η* of experimental and commercial composites at 25℃.

Table 5.

Regression analysis of the complex viscosity of the experimental composites as a function of filler volume fraction. The exponential equation, y = ae^bx, was fitted to the data of Figure 3-b. Where y is the complex viscosity of composites and x is filler volume fraction.

References

1. Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJ. et al. A characterization of firstgeneration flowable composites. JADA 129:567–577. 1998;

2. Leinfelder KF, Prasad A. A new condensable composite for the restoration of posterior teeth. Dent Today 17(2):112–6. 1998;

3. Leinfelder KF, Radz GM, Nash RW. A report on a new condensable composite resin. Compendium 19(3):230–237. 1998;

4. Opdam NJM, Roeters JJM, Peters TCRB. et al. Consistency of resin composites for posterior use. Dent Mater 12:350–354. 1996;

5. Jacobsen PH, Whiting R, Richardson PCA. Viscosity of setting anterior restorative materials. Brit dent J 143:393. 1977;

6. Ferracane JL, Moser JB, Greener EH. Rheology of composite restoratives. J Dent Res 60(9):1678–85. 1981;

7. Lee IB, Son HH, Um CM. Rheological Properties of flowable, conventional hybrid, and condensable composite resins. Dent Mater 19:298–307. 2003;

8. Tyas MJ, Jones DW, Rizkalla AS. The evaluation of resin composite consistency. Dent Mater 14:424–428. 1998;

9. Al-sharaa KA, Watts DC. Stickiness prior to setting of some light cured resin composites. Dent Mater 19:182–187. 2003;

10. Willems G, Lambrechts P, Braaem M. et al. A classification of dental composites according to their morphological and mechanical characteristics. Dent Mater 8:310–319. 1992;

11. Craig RG. Restorative dental materials. 1993. Saunders co.. 10th edith ed. p. 77–83.

12. Duran RL, Powers JM, Craig RG. Viscoelastic and dynamic properties of soft liners and tissue conditioners. J Dent Res 58(8):1801–1807. 1979;

13. Goldberg AJ. Viscoelastic properties of silicon, polysul-fide, and polyether impression materials. J Dent Res 53(5):1033–39. 1974;

14. Watt DC. Elastic moduli and visco-elastic relaxation. J Dent 22:154–158. 1994;

15. McCabe JF, Bowman AJ. The rheological properties of dental impression materials. Brit dent J 151:179. 1981;

16. Braden M. Viscosity and consistency of impression rubbers. J Dent Res 46(2):429–433. 1967;

17. Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K. An introduction to rheology. 1989. Elsevier Science Publishing co.

18. 문탁 진. 유변학. 1988. 민음사 1st edith ed. p. 7–80. p. 190–195.

19. 김상 용. 고분자물리학. 1994. 서울대학교출판부 2nd edith ed. p. 7–26.

20. 한국유변학회. 유변학의 이론과 응용 2001. 1st edith ed. p. 3–103. p. 175–191.

21. Taylor DF, Kalachandra SK, Sankarapandian M, McGrath JE. Relationship between filler and matrix resin characteristics and the properties of uncured composite pastes. Biomaterials 19:197–204. 1998;

22. Silikas N, Watts DC. Rheology of urethane dimethacrylate and diluent formulations. Dent Mater 15:257–261. 1999;

23. Tavas MA, Watts DC. The use of a cone and plate viscometer for determination of flow properties of unfilled resins and etching gels. J of Oral Rehabil 16:185–192. 1989;

24. Kim SW, Kim OY, Jang JS. Rheological properties of fumed silica filled Bis-GMA dispersions. Polymer Eng and Sci 38:1142–1148. 1998;

25. Schulze KA, Zaman AA, Soderholm KJ. Effect of filler fraction on strength, viscosity and porosity of experimental compomer materials. J of Dent 31:373–382. 2003;

26. Musanje L, Ferracane JL. Effects of resin formulation and nanofiller surface treatment on the properties of experimental hybrid resin composite. Biomaterials 25:4065–4071. 2004;

27. Ikejima I, Nomoto R. McCabe. Shear punch strength and flexural strength of model composies with varying filler volume fraction, particle size and silanation. Dent Mater 19:206–211. 2003;

28. Dulik D, Bernier R, Brauer GM. Effect of diluent monomer on the physical properties of Bis-GMA based composites. J Dent Res 60:983–989. 1981;

29. Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A. Influence of UEDMA, BisGMA and TEGDMA on selected mechanical properties of experimental resin composites. Dent Mater 14:51–56. 1998;

30. Braem M, Finger W, Doren VE, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. Mechanical properties and filler fraction of dental composites. Dent Mater 5:346–349. 1989;

31. Soderholm KJM. Influence of silane treatment and filler fraction on thermal expansion of composite resins. Dent Res 63:1321–1326. 1984;

32. Lim BS, Ferracane JL, Condon JR, Adey JD. Effect of filler fraction and filler surface treatment on wear of microfilled composites. Dent Mater 18:1–11. 2002;

33. Mohsen NM, Craig RG. Effect of silanation of fillers on their dispersability by monomer systems. J of Oral Rehab 22:183–189. 1995;

34. Kwon TM, Jhon MS, Choi HJ. Viscosity of magnetic particle suspension. J mole liquid 75:115–126. 1998;

35. Halvorson RH, Erickson RL, Davidson CL. The effect of filler and silane content on conversion of resin based composite. Dent Mater 19:327–333. 2003;

36. Beatty MW, Swartz ML, Moore BK, Phillips RW, Roberts TA. Effect of microfiller fraction and silane treatment on resin composite properties. J Biomed Mater Res 40:12–23. 1998;

Article information Continued

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.